DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

Islanding Detection of Wind Farms by THD

H. Kazemi Karegar, A. Shataee
induction motor starting have no effects on the proposed islanding detection method. In addition, noisy condition of wind is considered and the algorithm will detect the islanding network within 2 sec. according to IEEE 1547 and 1021. The data of wind turbines type V47/Vestas are used for evaluating the new method. In section 2, the theoretical base of THD and the proposed algorithm will be explained and the system model will be illustrated in section 3. The simulation results by PSCAD/EMTDC software under various conditions will be introduced in section 4. II. THEORETICAL BASE AND PROPOSED ALGORITHM When WTs are disconnected from a distribution power system and working in islanding condition, then small disturbances could be detected on phase currents. Therefore, examining the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of WTs phase currents might be suitable. THD value of a signal is given in expression (1).
THDt =
Abstract--One of the most main protection requirements of grid connected Wind Turbines (WTs) is islanding detection and anti-islanding protection. In this paper, a new method for islanding detection of WTs based on THD of asynchronous generator currents is proposed. The new features of the proposed method are its application for wind farms with a large number of wind turbines under noisy windy conditions and appropriate for asynchronous type of wind turbine generators. The proposed method monitors the generator currents and calculates their THD then base on an algorithm the status of the WTs will be detected. The proposed method has been evaluated under different conditions such as load changing, noisy windy conditions, induction motors starting and capacitors switching by using PSCAD/EMTDC software. In this research, data of WTs are according to the real data of V47/Vestas wind turbines working in the Manjil site. Index Terms-- Islanding Detection, THD, Wind Turbines

I. INTRODUCTION LTHOUGH, WTs have positive aspects for distribution power systems, islanding working of WTs should be detect due to the several reasons regarding power quality, reliability of power system, personal safety and safe operation of the power system [1-3]. In general, there are two main methods for islanding detection of distributed generations: active and passive methods. In active methods, small disturbances are injected into the power system and its responses due to the injected disturbances are monitored. These methods change the balancing power between loads and generations, reduce the power quality of the power systems and are not suitable for wind farms with numerous wind turbines [4-7]. However passive methods are based on the measuring parameters of the power system and setting thresholds for the measured parameters. The main argue in passive methods is selecting suitable thresholds such that the islanding detection algorithm will not operate under noisy conditions [4-6]. Several passive methods such as over/under voltage threshold, rate of change of frequency, rate of change of active power, THD of voltage and so on have been proposed, but most of them will not work properly when DGs size and demand loads are close [3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11]. This paper introduces a new passive islanding detection method for WTs with asynchronous generators type. The number of WTs, load changing, capacitor switching and

I
h= 2

2 h

I1

100

(1)

Where: I1: rms value of the first component of the signal Ih: rms value of the hth component of the signal H: number of harmonics During each cycle with N sampling, the average of THD will be obtained by the equation (2).
THDavgt = 1 N

THD
i =0

N 1

ti

(2)

Where: N: number of samples in each cycle THD avgt: one cycle average of THD During normal operation, the difference between THDt and THDavgt is small and tolerates around small values, but when WTs are disconnected from the distribution network it is expected that the difference will be enough high to distinguish the islanding network. Therefore, a normalized parameter based on the difference of THDt and THDavgt will be defined.
Delta = THD avgs THD avgt THD avgs

H. Kazemi Kargar is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ,Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Tehran, Iran (h_kazemi@sbu.ac.ir) A. Shataee is with the Department of Electrical Engineering ,Zanjan University (ZNU), Zanjan , Iran( a.shataee@znu.ac.ir)

(3)

978-7-900714-13-8/08/ 2008DRPT

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If the Delta be more than a given threshold then the islanding conditions have happened. Therefore, the islanding detection of WTs will be based on the value of expression (3) and its threshold. The proposed algorithm is shown in Fig. 1. The algorithm starts by sampling of three-phase currents and calculates their THD. When the distribution power system is working in a balance condition then the only one phase sampling is adequate otherwise sampling of three-phase currents is necessary. For each cycle, the THDt, THDavgt and Delta are calculated. If the value of Delta be between 0.5 and -3 at least for 3 cycles then the islanding detection algorithm issues a trip command. Furthermore, if the voltage or frequency of the network is beyond the values defined by IEEE standard, then algorithm will directly issue a trip command without any THD calculations.

III.

SYSTEM MODEL

The system under consideration is the part of a wind farms in Manjil site in Iran as shown in Fig. 2. Four 660 kW wind turbines are connected to the 20 kV busbar by 800KVA 0.69/20 kV voltage transformer and supply a 2.4 MVA local load with the power factor of 0.8. The 20 kV busbar is connected to the main power system through a 20 km of 20 kV line through a 20/63 kV 15 MVA transformer. The model of a WT in PSCAD/EMTDC is also shown in Fig. 3 [12].

Fig. 1.Proposed algorithm for islanding detection

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Network 63 kV 15 MVA Xt=%13.5 20 kV

Main Transformer Zline 20 kV Tr1 0.66 kV WT1 Tr2 Tr3

Tr4

Local Load

WT2

WT3

WT4

Fig. 2. Wind farm under study

0.0 1.0

A B

Ctrl = 1

1.0

W S IM Iabc BRK t0 TL 3 Phase RMS

Ctrl CNT

0.66 MVA /690V

* -1 Power B A Wind Turbine MOD 2 Type

in

Vw Vw W

Tm Tm0 P Pout0

pg0

Beta Vmachine0 * 157 CNT WTOS1 CNT Te0 Vmachine0 BRK Beta0 Beta pg0 N N/D D 0.66 Pg Wind Turbine Governor MOD 2 Type

Fig. 3. Simulated of WT in PSCAD/EMTDC software

IV.

CASE STUDY

- Noisy Windy Conditions A. Capacitor Bbank Switching Large capacitor bank switching in distribution power system initiates disturbances. These disturbances propagate in the distribution system and affect currents harmonics. In order to test the proposed algorithm, a large 2 Mvar capacitor bank is switched at 20 kV busbar in a non-islanding case. The variation of THD is shown in Fig. 4.

The main purpose of the islanding detection algorithm is to accurately distinguish between the islanding and non-islanding cases. Therefore, several disturbances have been created on the system in islanding and non-islanding conditions. The studied cases are: - Capacitor Bank Switching - Induction Motor Starting - Load Changing

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C. Load Changing As stated before, the main purpose of the islanding detection algorithm is to accurately distinguish between the islanding and non-islanding cases. When in islanding conditions, the production and consumption is close to each other then the algorithm may fall into error. The THD currents of the network in the islanding conditions are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 4 THD of large capacitor bank switching

As can be seen, at the time of switching the THD reaches to 18% but after few cycles it reduces to less than %0.5. Although the value of THD at the switching time is enough high (more than %3) to make an error decision by the proposed algorithm, but the algorithm is robust to this variation and does not issue a trip signal. B. Induction Motor Starting Large induction motors change the THD current of distribution system and invoke the islanding detection algorithm to issue a fall trip. To study the reliability of the proposed algorithm, a 1 MW induction motor is connected to 20 kV busbar via a step down transformer in a non-islanding case. The THD variations of the induction motor starting is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 6 THD of islanding condition

As Fig. 6 shows, the THD value is increased after islanding, but its value remains less than %3. In this case, the power generations and electric consumptions of the network are in balance. However, the proposed algorithm detects the islanding conditions and a signal trip issues. D. Noisy Windy Conditions In most wind farms, wind variations are almost unpredictable and induce some disturbances on three-phase currents. In this case, the working of the proposed method is investigated under noisy windy conditions. The wind variations and the THD currents are shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 consequently.

Fig. 5 THD of Induction motor starting

Fig. 5 shows that the current THD of the wind farms reaches 2.5% at the starting time and decreases after a few cycles. In this case the proposed algorithm also main robust and does not issue a trip signal.

Fig. 7 Noisy wind

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Rajabi G., A. P. and M. F.F.M., Investigating the effects of reactive power on islanding detection, IEEE, Power System Technology, Power International Conference, pp. 1067 1071, Vol.2, 21-24 Nov., 2004. [5] Funabashi T., Koyanagi K. and Yokoyama R., A review of islanding detection methods for distributed resources, IEEE, Power Tech. Conference Proceedings, page(s)6, Vol.2, 23-26 June, 2003. [6] Huili S., Lopes L.A.C. and Zhixiang L., Analysis and comparison of islanding detection methods using a new load parameter space, IEEE, 30th Annual Conference, pp.1172 1177, Vol. 2, 2-6 Nov., 2004. [7] H.H. Zeineldin, T. Abdel-Galili, E.F. El-saadany, M.M.A. Salama," Islanding detection of grid connected distributed generators using TLSESPRIT", Electric Power Research, pp. 155-162, Vol. 77, 2007. [8] IEEE STANDARD, std 1021-1988 IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interconnection of Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems [9] IEEE Standard, std 1547TM-2003 IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems [10] Ropp M.E., Begovic M., Rohatgi A., Kern G.A., Bonn R.H. and Sr. Gonzalez S., Determining the relative effectiveness of islanding detection methods using phase criteria and nondetection zones, IEEE, Energy Conversion, pp. 290 296, Sept., 2000. [11] Sung-Il J. and Kwang-Ho K., An islanding detection method for distributed generations using voltage unbalance and total harmonic distortion of current, Power Delivery IEEE, pp.745 752, April, 2004. [12] A. Shatee, An islanding detection method for Wind Farms Post graduated thesis, Zanjan University, 2006 [4]

Fig. 8 THD of islanding condition for noisy wind condition

The Fig. 8 shows that the THD variations will be increased after islanding. The proposed algorithm correctly detects the islanding conditions even if the THD currents before islanding be high. V. CONCLUSION This paper proposed a new passive islanding detection algorithm for wind farms with asynchronous generators type based on THD. The load changing, capacitor bank switching and induction motor starting and noisy wind conditions were tested and shown the proposed algorithm distinguished correctly the islanding condition. The data of wind turbine type V47/Vestas are used for evaluating the new method. VI. REFERENCES
[1] Jun Y., Liuchen C. and Diduch C., Recent developments in islanding detection for distributed power generation, IEEE, Large Engineering systems Conference, pp. 124 128, 28-30 July, 2004. Ishibashi A., Imai M., Omata K., Sato S., Takagi, T. Ogawa, S. and Nakachi, Y., New type of islanding detection system for distributed generation based on voltage angle difference between utility network and distributed generation site, IEEE, Developments in Power System Protection, pp. 542 - 545 Vol.2, 5-8 April, 2004. Jang, S.I. and Kim, K.H., A new islanding detection algorithm for distributed generations interconnected with utility networks, IEEE, Developments in Power System Protection, Eighth IEE International Conference,pp.571574,5-8April,2004.

VII.

BIOGRAPHIES

Hossein Kazemi Kargar was born in Tehran, Iran in 1969. He received the B.Sc. and M.SC. degree in electrical engineering in 1993 and 1996, respectively, from Sharif and IUST University in iran. He recieived phd degree in electrical engineering in 2002 from Amir Kabir University of Technology in Iran. He is now as Professor Assistance of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Department of Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Iran. His research of interests is power system protection and power quality.

[2]

A. Shataee was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1983. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from IUST University, Iran, in 2004 his M. Sc. from Zanjan University, Iran in 2006. His research interests include power system protections and renewable energy.

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