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Introduction
30
Formula
Handbook
including
Engineering
Formulae,
Mathematics,
Statistics
and
Computer Algebra
Name__________________________
Course__________________________
http://ubuntuone.com/p/ZOF/ - pdf
http://ubuntuone.com/p/dAn - print
http://ubuntuone.com/p/ZOE/ - OOo
(edit)
Introduction
This handbook was designed to provide engineering students at Aberdeen College
with the formulae required for their courses up to Higher National level (2nd year
university equivalent).
In order to use the interactive graphs you will need to have access to Geogebra
(see 25 ). If you are using a MS Windows operating system and you already have
Java Runtime Environment loaded then no changes will be required to the registry.
This should mean that no security issues should be encountered. If you have
problems see http://www.geogebra.org/cms/en/portable
It is typed in LibreOffice Writer. Future developments will include more
hyperlinks within the handbook and to other maths sites, with all the illustrations
in it produced with Geogebra (see 25) or LibreOffice.
Any contributions will be gratefully accepted and acknowledged in the handbook.
If you prefer, you can make changes or add to the handbook within the terms of
the Creative Commons licence
. Please send me a copy of your work and be
prepared to have it incorporated or adapted for inclusion in my version.
My overriding concern is for the handbook to live on and be continuously improved.
I hope that you find the handbook useful and that you will enjoy using it and that
that you will feel inspired to contribute material and suggest hyperlinks that could
be added.
Many thanks to my colleagues at Aberdeen College for their contributions and help
in editing the handbook. Special thanks are due to Mark Perkins at Bedford College
who adopted the handbook for his students, helped to format the contents and
contributed to the contents. Without Mark's encouragement this project would
have never taken off.
If you find any errors or have suggestions for changes please contact the editor:
Peter K Nicol. (p.nicol@abcol.ac.uk) (peterknicol@gmail.com)
Contents
Peter K Nicol BSc, BA, MIMA
Aberdeenshire,
Scotland
Contents
1 Recommended Books........................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Maths........................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering ............................................................................3
2 Useful Web Sites..................................................................................................................4
3 Evaluation - Accuracy,Precision, Units and Rounding................................................................6
4 Areas and Volumes............................................................................................................... 7
5 Electrical Formulae and Constants .........................................................................................8
5.1 Basic ........................................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Electrostatics................................................................................................................ 8
5.3 Electromagnetism .........................................................................................................8
5.4 AC Circuits ...................................................................................................................9
6 Mechanical Engineering.......................................................................................................10
6.1.1 Dynamics: Terms and Equations.................................................................................................10
6.1.2 Conversions.................................................................................................................................... 10
8 Combinational Logic............................................................................................................ 16
8.1.1 Basic Flowchart Shapes and Symbols........................................................................................16
10 Laws of Mathematics......................................................................................................... 19
10.1 Algebra..................................................................................................................... 20
10.1.1 Sequence of operations..............................................................................................................20
10.1.2 Changing the subject of a Formula (Transposition)................................................................21
16 Trigonometry.................................................................................................................... 29
16.1.1 Notation for Trigonometry...........................................................................................................29
9 Notation
24 Computer Input
21 Statistics.......................................................................................................................... 60
21.1.1 Notation for Statistics................................................................................................................... 60
22 Financial Mathematics.......................................................................................................66
23 Recommended Computer Programs...................................................................................67
24 Computer Input ................................................................................................................ 68
24.1 wxMaxima Input........................................................................................................ 69
24.1.1 Differential Equations................................................................................................................... 69
24.1.2 Runge-Kutta.................................................................................................................................. 69
25 Calibration Error................................................................................................................ 72
26 SI Units - Commonly used prefixes......................................................................................73
27 Electrical Tables................................................................................................................ 73
28 THE GREEK ALPHABET...................................................................................................74
Contents p1
9 Notation
24 Computer Input
1 Recommended Books
referred to by author name in this handbook
1.1 Maths
General pre-NC and NC : Countdown to Mathematics; Graham and Sargent
Vol. 1 ISBN 0-201-13730-5, Vol. 2 ISBN 0-201-13731-3
NC
K Singh
www.palgrave.com/science/engineering/singh
J Bird
Degree
Mechanical Engineering
NC and HN
Electrical Engineering
NC and HN
Contents p1
9 Notation
24 Computer Input
Freestudy
matek.hu
Mathcentre
MC
QuickMath
Mathway
Mathsnet
BetterExplained
BE
WolframAlpha
Khan Academy
Contents p1
9 Notation
24 Computer Input
Read the text very carefully on all the pages and then go to
http://mathschoices.open.ac.uk/routes/p6/index.html and try the
quizzes.
Plus Magazine
Waldomaths
HND Engineer
If you come across any Engineering or Mathematics sites that might be useful
to students on your course please tell me (Peter Nicol) - p.nicol@abcol.ac.uk
Contents p1
9 Notation
24 Computer Input
4 possible answers
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Units
Treat units as algebra 1
m
2
for example KE = m v where m=5 kg and v=12 .
2
s
2
1
12m
Standard workshop
KE = 5kg
2
s
2
2
1
12 m
KE = 5kg
tolerance 0.2 mm
2
2
s
2
1
kgm
2
KE = 512
2
2
s
2
kg m
KE =360 2
KE =360 J
s
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rounding
Do not round calculations until the last line.
Round to significant figures preferably in engineering form
2
d
Example:
where d =40
A=
4
3
A=1256.637061
A=1.25663706110
3
A=1.25710 rounded to 4 sig fig ( A=1257 )
There should be at least 2 more significant figures in the calculation than in
the answer.
Contents p1
9 Notation
24 Computer Input
Rectangle
A=l b
Area
length
l
V =A l
h
Triangle
1
A= b h
2
Circle
d2
A=
= r 2
4
r
d
C= d =2 r
Cylinder
d2
2
V=
h= r h
4
d2
Total surface area = A= d h+2
4
side + 2 ends
A=2 r h+2 r 2
Cone
l
d2h r2h
V=
=
12
3
Sphere
dl
= r l
2
= r l r 2
Total surface
area = d 2 =4 r 2
d 3 4 r3
V=
=
6
3
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
R T =R1 R 2R 3 .
Parallel Resistors
1
1
1
1
= .
R T R1 R2 R 3
Potential Difference
V =I R
Power
V2
P= I V or P= I R or P=
R
W =P t
J or kWh
Frequency
f=
1
T
Hz
-------------------------------------------------------
5.2 Electrostatics
Series Capacitors
1
1
1
1
= .
CT C1 C2 C3
Parallel Capacitors
C T =C 1C 2C 3 .
Charge
Q=I t or Q=C V
Capacitance
C=
A A 0r
=
d
d
12
08.85410
Absolute Permittivity
F/m
------------------------------------------------------5.3 Electromagnetism
Magnetomotive Force
F=I N
Magnetisation
H=
Reluctance
S=
At or A
IN
At/m or A/m
l
l
=
A o r A
At/Wb or A/Wb
0=4 10
Absolute Permeability
H/m
-------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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5.4 AC Circuits
Unit Symbol
Force on a conductor
F =B I
Electromotive Force
E= B v
Instantaneous emf
e= E sin
Induced emf
e= N
RMS Voltage
V rms=
Average Voltage
2
V AV = V peak
Angular Velocity
=2 f
d
dt
e= L
di
dt
1
V
2 peak
V rms0.707 V peak V
V AV 0.637 V peak V
rad/s
16.4.2
Transformation Ratios
V s Ns I p
=
=
V p N p Is
Potential Difference
V =I Z
Power Factor
pf =cos
Capacitive Reactance
X C=
1
2 f C
Inductive Reactance
X L=2 f L
Admittance
Y=
True Power
P=V I cos
Reactive Power
Q=V I sin
VAr
Apparent Power
S=V I *
1
Z
= P j Q
VA
Contents p1
9 Notation
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6 Mechanical Engineering
[K Singh(1) 298 especially 32 40 and 69 - 73 (2) 2-99]
6.1.1
Linear
Angular
(m)
s= displacement
= angular displacement (rad)
1= initial velocity
(m/s)
(rad/s)
u= initial velocity
2= final velocity
(m/s)
(rad/s)
v= final velocity
2
(m/s )
(rad/s2)
= acceleration
a= acceleration
(s)
(s)
t= time
t = time
-------------------------------------------------------6.1.2
Conversions
Displacement
s=r
Velocity
v=r
Acceleration
a=r
v=
s
t
360
o
2 radians = 1 revolution = 360 , i.e. 1 rad =
57.3 see 16.4.1
2
2 N
If N = rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm), then =
rad/s
60
o
--------------------------------------------------------
Angular
v=ua t
2= 1 t
1
s= uvt
2
1
= 12 t
2
1
s=ut a t 2
2
1
=1 t t 2
2
v 2=u 22 a s
22= 212
a=
vu
t
2 1
t
-------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
Angular
F =ma
T=I
where T = F r , I =m k 2
and k = radius of gyration
--------------------------------------------------------6.3.1
Centrifugal Force
m v2
r
CF=m 2 r
CF=
--------------------------------------------------------
Work Done
Linear
Angular
WD= F s
WD=T
Work done
Time taken
Fs
=
t
=F v
P=
Power
P=T
--------------------------------------------------------
6.5 Energy
Linear
Angular
Kinetic Energy
1
KE= m v 2
2
1
KE= I 2
2
1
KE= m k 2 2
2
Potential Energy
PE=m g h
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
Angular
Ft=m2 v m 1 u
Tt= I 2 2 I 1 1
F = m g cos m g sin m a
F =m gm a=m ga
F = m gm a
T app =T F F r I
Winch drum torque
--------------------------------------------------------
E= Stress / Strain
F
A
l
x
or =
l
l
E=
Bending of Beams
M E
= =
I
y R
b d3
I=
A h2
12
Torsion Equation
T G
= =
J r
L
D4 d 4
J=
32
32
nd
9 Notation
12
24 Computer Input
m=
A V , or
Bernoullis Equation
p C2
z = constant
g 2g
or
m=
AC
p 1 C 21
p 2 C 22
z 1=
z 2z F
g 2g
g 2g
Q=A v
2gh
A1
1
A2
Efunda Calculator
2gh
Q= A0 c d
V D
v
4 f l v2
,
h=
2gd
Re=
Reynolds number
Darcy formula for head loss
m
1
f
m
1
f
4
D
1 0
D1
VD
Efunda calculator
4 f l v2
energy loss
h=
2d
Re=
Efunda Calculator
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 R 1 h 1 2 k 1
2 k 2 2 R 3 h 3
Q=
Through a slab
Through a composite
Through a cylindrical pipe
where
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
6.11 Thermodynamics
Boyles Law
p 1 V 1= p 2 V 2
Charless Law
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
p1 V 1 p 2 V 2
=
T1
T2
Perfect Gas
pV =m R T
m=
AC
Polytropic Process
pV n = constant
Isentropic Process
(reversible adiabatic)
pV = constant
Gas constant
R=c p c v
Enthalpy (specific)
h=u p v
C2 C1
m
Q=
h 2 h 1 g z 2 z 1 W
2
2
Vapours
v x= x v g
where =
cP
cV
u x =u f x u g u f
h x =h f xh g h f
or
h x =h f x h f g
___________________________________________________________________
Thanks to Richard Kaczkowski and Scott Smith, Aberdeen College.
Contents p1
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14
24 Computer Input
a to the base n
a 10
decimal; denary
( a d)
a2
binary
( a b)
a 16
hexadecimal
( a h)
a8
octal
( a o)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 3
(1000)
10 6
kilo
2 10
1024
kilobyte
Mega
2 20
1024 2
megabyte
Giga
2 30
1024 3
gigabyte
Tera
2 40
1024 4
terabyte
but
10
1012
5
Peta
petabyte
2 50 1024
_____________________________________________________________
7.1.1
Notation for Set Theory and Boolean Laws
1015
universal set
A={ a , b , c }
a A
a is a member of A
{ }
B A
E
A
.a
.b
.c
B A
E
A
B is a subset of A
A B A B
Set theory
Boolean
union
OR
intersection
AND
E
A
A B AB
E
A'
complement of A
NOT
A'
Contents p1
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15
24 Computer Input
8 Combinational Logic
A0= A
A0=0
A1=1
A1= A
AA= A
A A= A
A A=0
A A=1
A= A
AB=BA
A B= B A
A BC = AB AC
A BC = A B AC
A BC =C AB
A BC=C AB
A AB= A
A AB= A
De Morgan's Laws
ABC...= ABC...
A BC...= ABC...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.1.1
Basic Flowchart Shapes and Symbols
Start / End
Input / Output
Action or Process
Connector
Decision
Flow Line
______________________________________________________________
Contents p1
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16
24 Computer Input
p
; p , q
q
..
therefore
w.r.t.
with respect to
not equal to
approximately equal to
a xb
ab
abbreviation for ab or ab or ab
a10n
n!
n factorial
Contents p1
nn 1n 2n3...1
9 Notation
17
24 Computer Input
AB
infinity
implies
-------------------------------------------------------9.1.1
Notation for Indices and Logarithms
an
k a
k th root of a number a .
ex
log e x
log 10 x
see 19.1
1
2
x= x = x 0.5
3 8=2 k a=a k .
-------------------------------------------------------9.1.2
Notation for Functions
f x
f 1 x
g f
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
10 Laws of Mathematics
Associative laws - for addition and multiplication
abc=abc
a b c=a b c
ab=ba
but
a bba
a b=b a
but
a b
b a
bc b c
=
a
a a
a bc=a ba c
-------------------------------------------------------Arithmetical Identities
x 0= x
x0=0
x 1=x
-------------------------------------------------------Algebraic Identities
K Singh pp 73 75
ab2=abab=a 22 a bb 2
a 2 b 2= abab
a
a 1
=ab=
b
1 b
a b=ab
ab=ab=ab
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------
a c a d b c
=
b d
bd
a c ac
=
b d bd
see 20.3.9, 5
a c a d
=
b d b c
MC
FOIL
--------------------------------------------------------
MC
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
10.1 Algebra
10.1.1
Sequence of operations
[K Singh (1) 40-43 (2) 40-43]
Division
comes before
------------------------------------------------------------------
Addition
comes before
Subtraction
-------------------------------------------------------------------
x squared
times a
plus b
right bracket
sine of the result ( sin a x 2b )
times 3
minus 5
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
10.1.2
An equation or formula must always be BALANCED whatever mathematical operation you do to one side of an equals sign
must be done to other side as well. (to all the terms)
5a - 7
3b
You cant move a term (or number) from one side of the equals sign to
the other.
You must UNDO it by using the correct MATHEMATICAL operation.
UNDO
with
AND
with
UNDO
with
AND
with
UNDO
with x 2
AND
x2
with
UNDO
xn
with
AND
with
xn
UNDO
UNDO
ex
with ln x
ln x with
UNDO
10 x
dy
dx
UNDO
with
dx
AND
AND
ex
log 10 x with 10 x
dy
dx with dx
etc
Generally (but not always) start with the terms
FURTHEST AWAY from the new subject FIRST.
Think of the terms in the formula as layers of an onion
- take the layers off one by one.
a x 2 b
Try http://www.mathsnet.net/algebra/equation.html for getting started.
MC
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
y
y2
( x2 , y2 )
+ve gradient
dy
y1
c
( x1 , y1 )
-ve gradient
dx
x1
x2
y =m xc
where the gradient
m=
or
y2 y1
x 2 x 1
or
dy y 2 y 1
=
. See 20.1.1, 20.2 and 16.3
dx x 2 x 1
Also:
A straight line, gradient m passing through a , b has the equation:
yb=m xa
Also see 24.3.1, back to 20.2.3, 20.5, 21.2.1, 20.3.10, 13,
MC
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
12 Quadratic Equations
[K Singh (1,2) 86 - 90 & (1) 109 - 113 (2) 110-113]
x=
b
2a
-ve a
2
y=a x b xc
+ve a
x1
x2
Focus
b (b 4 a c1)
F=
,
2a
4a
2a
2a
b b2 4 a c
x=
or
2 a
Definition of a root:
The value(s) of x which make y equal to zero.
.........................................................................................................................
Also:
a x 2 b xc=0
b
c
2
x x =0
a
a
2
b
a
x
2
where
c
d 2=
a
b
a
2
see 22.4
d =0
Geogebra
back to 13,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
General method:
Write down both equations and label (1) and (2).
a 1 xb 1 y=c1 1
a 2 xb 2 y=c 2 2
Multiply every term on both sides of (1) by a 2 and every term on
both sides of (2) by a 1 and re-label as (3) and (4).
a 2 a1 xa 2 b1 y =a 2 c 1 3
a 1 a 2 xa1 b 2 y=a 1 c 2 4
Multiply every term on both sides of (4) by -1 and re-label.
a 2 a1 xa 2 b 1 y=a 2 c 1
3
a1 a 2 xa 1 b 2 y=a1 c 2 5
Add (3) to (5) to eliminate x
Calculate the value of y
Substitute the value of y into equation (1)
Calculate the value of x
MC
y2
a 2 xb 2 y=c2
y1
x1
x2
9 Notation
24
24 Computer Input
14 Matrices
[K Singh (1) pp 507 566 (2) 560-635]
Notation:
[ ]
1 0 0 ..
0 1 0 ..
Identity =
0 0 1 ..
. . . ..
a ij
a 11 a 12
b 11 b12
and B=
a 21 a 22
b 21 b 22
If
A=
then
A B=
and
A B=
[
[
a 11b11 a 12b12
a 21b 21 a 22b22
a 11 b11a 12 b 21 a 11 b 12a 12 b 22
a 21 b11a 22 b 21 a 21 b 12a 22 b 22
Columns A=Rows B
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Solution of Equations 2 x 2
If A X = B then X = A1 B
If
A=
[ ]
a b
c d
A =
1
d b
, a d b c0
det A c a
where
MC
det A=
a b
=ad bc
c d
--------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
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25
24 Computer Input
Start with
]
[ ]
a 11 a12 a 13 1 0 0
a 21 a22 a 23 0 1 0
a 31 a32 a 33 0 0 1
1 0 0 b 11 b12 b13
0 1 0 b 21 b22 b23
0 0 1 b 31 b32 b33
b 11 b12 b13
1
where b 21 b22 b 23 = A
b 31 b32 b33
Determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix
a 11 a 12 a13
a
a 23
a
a
a
a
det A= a 21 a 22 a 23 =a 11 22
a 12 21 23 a 13 21 22
a32 a 33
a 31 a 33
a 31 a 32
a 31 a 32 a33
a 11 a 12 a 13 a 11 a 12 a 13 a 11 a 12
det A= a 21 a 22 a 23 = a 21 a 22 a 23 a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32
+
detA=a 11 a 22 a 33 a 12 a 23 a 31 a 13 a 21 a 32
a 31 a 22 a 13 a 32 a 23 a 11 a 33 a 21 a 12
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
[ ]
a b c
A= d e f
g h i
A1=
1
(adjA)
detA
cf (a)=det
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
e
h
f
i
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
cf (b)=det d
g
cf (d )=det b c
h i
cf (e)=det a
g
cf ( g)=det b
e
cf (h)=det a
d
c
f
Co-factor Matrix
f
i
c
i
c
f
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
cf (c)=det d
g
e
h
cf ( f )=det a
g
cf (i)=det a
d
b
e
[ ]
+ +
+
+ +
Contents p1
cf (a) cf (d ) cf (g )
C = cf (b) cf (e) cf (h) = adjA
cf (c) cf ( f ) cf (i )
T
9 Notation
27
24 Computer Input
b
h
15 The Circle
A
Minor Sector
Minor Segment
C
A
D
Major Sector
Major Segment
-------------------------------------------------------y
(x,y)
r
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15.1.1
Radian Measure
r
A radian: The angle subtended (or
r
made by) an arc the same
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
16 Trigonometry
[K Singh (1) 167-176 (2) 171-234]
16.1.1
Labelling of a triangle
sin
cos
tan
=sin1 b
value is b . 90oo90 o or
2
2
=cos1 b
=tan1 b
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R 2=a 2b 2
or
R= a b
2
R
2
--------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
sin =
O
H
cos =
A
H
tan =
O
A
MC
see also 18.1
and 11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16.3.1
Sine and Cosine Rules and Area Formula
[K Singh (1) 187-192 (2) 195-191]
A
In any triangle ABC, where A is the
angle at A, B is the angle at B and C
is the angle at C the following hold:
C
B
Sine Rule
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
sin A sin B sin C
=
=
a
b
c
or
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/seigen/seigen.html
Cosine Rule
b 2c 2 a 2
cos A=
2b c
or
a 2=b 2c 2 2 b ccos A
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/yogen1/yogen1.html
Area Formula
Area =
b c sin A
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
y=sin (t)
Calculator answer
y=cos(t )
Calculator answer
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
y=sin x o
Calculator answer
Geogebra Sine wave slider
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphSinX/graphSinX.html
y=cos x o
Calculator answer
Geogebra Cosine wave slider
Contents p1
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphCosX/graphCosX.html
9 Notation
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24 Computer Input
y=tan x o
Calculator answer
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16.4.1
Degrees - Radians Conversion
[K Singh (1) 192-195 (2) 201-204]
0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180, 210, 225, 240, 270, 300 315, 330, 360
2 3 5
7 5 4 3 5 7 11
2
6 4 3 2 3
4
6
6
4
3
2
3
4
6
Degrees to radians
x 180= rad
r
Radians to degrees
rad 180=x
=1 radian
Geogebra Radians
BE degrees and radians
see 6.1.2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
33
24 Computer Input
16.4.2
Sinusoidal Wave
[K Singh (1) 195-202 (2) 204-212]
V =R sin t
Period =
Frequency =
= phase shift
+
+
1
sin()
cos()
(-)
(-)
(-)
Unit Circle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Odd Function
Even Function
Saw Tooth
Square Wave
Contents p1
9 Notation
34
24 Computer Input
tan A=
sin A
cos A
cot A=
1
cos A
=
, (the cotangent of A )
tan A sin A
--------------------------------------------------------
sec A=
1
1
, (the secant of A ), cosec A=
, (the cosecant of A )
cos A
sin A
-------------------------------------------------------2
tan Atan B
1 tan A tan B
tan A B=
tan Atan B
1tan A tan B
tan 2 A=
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
--------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
35
24 Computer Input
1
cos Asin B= sin ABsin AB
2
1
cos Acos B= cos A Bcos A B
2
1
sin Asin B= cos ABcos A B
2
--------------------------------------------------------Sums to Products
A B
A B
cos
2
2
AB
A B
sin
2
2
AB
A B
cos
2
2
A B
A B
sin
2
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
36
24 Computer Input
17 Complex Numbers
[K Singh (1) 463-506 (2) 513-559]
symbol representing
a j b
=arg z =tan1
Argument,
b
a
(or angle)
Re
Argand Diagram
Addition
a jbc j d =ac j bd
Multiplication
a jbc jd
Division
a jbc jd
c jd c jd
Polar Multiplication
z 1 z 2=r 1 1r 2 2=r 1 r 2 12
Polar Division
z 1 r 1 1 r 1
=
= 12
z 2 r 2 2 r 2
r = r 2
http://www.justinmullins.com/home.htm
____________________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
37
24 Computer Input
18 Vectors
Notation for Graphs and Vectors
x , y
AB
a vector
a i b j
a
b
---------------------------------------------------------
Vectors
y
x (a,b)
bj
ai
A vector v=
A point a , b
a
c
ac
=
b
d
bd
Vector Addition
a
or v=r
b
ab=abcos
b
Dot Product
ab=a 1 b 1a 2 b 2a 3 b 3 ...
b1
a1
b
a
where a= 2 and b= 2
a3
b3
.
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
38
24 Computer Input
Rectangular to Polar
P to R
Polar to Rectangular
r to
x
to r ( x jy to r )
y
x
( r to x jy )
y
x SHIFT , y ) =
r
out
x
out
y
R to P SHIFT Pol(
or
MATH
P to R r 2ndF ,
or
MATH
2ndF r
1
out
2ndF x y
2
r out
x out
y out
P to R r SHIFT P R
Contents p1
9 Notation
39
24 Computer Input
Texet - albert 2
R to P x INV x y y
P to R r INV x y
) EXE
ALPHA J EXE
) EXE
ALPHA J EXE
Pol(
x , y ) EXE r , out
R to P OPTN F2
Texas - 36X
R to P x
x y y 3rd R P r out
x y out
P to R r
x y 2nd P R x out
x y y out
Contents p1
9 Notation
40
24 Computer Input
R Pr ( x , y ) ENTER r out
2nd Angle R P (
x , y ) ENTER out
P to R 2nd Angle P R x (
r , ) ENTER x out
2nd Angle P R y (
r , ) ENTER y out
Sharp Graphics
R to P MATH (D)CONV (3) xy r (
x , y ) ENTER r out
x , y ) ENTER out
r , ) ENTER x out
r , ) ENTER
y out
Insert the keystrokes for your calculator here (if different from above)
R to P
P to R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Degrees to Radians
180 Radians to degrees
180
_____________________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
41
24 Computer Input
19 Functions
19.1 Indices and Logarithms
notation
Rules of Indices:
1.
a ma n
9.1.1
MC
=a m n
2.
am
an
3.
a m n
=a mn
4.
= a
5.
k an
=a mn
m
n
a = a
1
n
k
an
Also,
1
2
a 0=1
x= x = x
a 1=a
a=b bn =a
0.5
and
a= a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Definition of logarithms
If N =a n
then n=log a N
--------------------------------------------------------Rules of logarithms:
MC
1.
2.
log
3.
log A n
=n log A
4.
log a N
A
B
=log A log B
log b N
log b a
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
exp xe x
log e xln x
log 10 xlg x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
42
24 Computer Input
x x2 x3 x 4 x5 x6 x7
e =1 ...
1! 2! 3 ! 4 ! 5! 6! 7 !
x
for x
jx
e e
sin x=
j2
jx
cos x=
ln x=
e e
2
x
x
x
=x ...
3! 5! 7 !
jx
=1
x
x
x
...
2! 4! 6!
x1 x12 x13
...
1
2
3
for x
for x
for 0 x2
--------------------------------------------------------Hyperbolic Functions
- definitions
[K Singh (1) 246-247 (2) 259-260]
pronunciation
MC
x
sinh x=
e e
2
x
=x
cosh x=
e e
2
tanh x=
e x e x
e x ex
x
x
x
...
3! 5! 7!
2
=1
x
x
x
...
2! 4! 6!
shine x
cosh x
thaan x
______________________________________________________________
y = cosh x
y = ex
y=x
y = sinh x
y = ln x
y = tanh x
y = tanh x
y = sinh x
ke
ax
slider
k lna x
slider
Contents p1
9 Notation
43
24 Computer Input
Contents p1
9 Notation
44
24 Computer Input
y=a x 3b x 2c xd
y=a x 4b x 3c x 2d x f
a
y= b
x
y=x 2 and y= x
y=k 1e t
Contents p1
y=k e tb
9 Notation
45
24 Computer Input
20 Calculus
20.1.1
Differentiation
dy
dx
f ' x
D u
d2 y
dx 2
f '' x
z
x
dy
dy
of
dx
dx
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Integration
f x dx
f x dx
F x
L[ f t]
9 Notation
discovring pi - betterexplained.com
46
24 Computer Input
dy
or f ' x
dx
y or f x
See 11 , 11
________________________________________________
xn
n x n1
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
ex
ex
ln x
1
x
________________________________________________
k xn
k n x n1
sin a x
a cos a x
cos a x
a sin a x
ea x
a ea x
ln a x
a 1
=
ax x
________________________________________________
k a xbn
k n a a xbn1
k sin a xb
k a cos a xb
k cosa xb
k a sin a xb
k tan a xb
k a sec 2 a xb=
k e axb
k a e ax b
k ln a xb
ka
a xb
ka
cos a xb
2
gradient slider
________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
47
24 Computer Input
y or f x
______________________________________________
f ' x
f x
ln [ f x]
sin1
x
a
1
,
2
2
a
x 2a 2
x
a
1
,
2
2
a x
x 2a 2
x
a
a
a x2
cos
tan
sinh a xb
a cosha xb
cosh a xb
a sinh a xb
tanh a xb
a sech (a x+b)
sinh
cosh
tanh
x
a
1
x a2
x
a
1
,
x a2
x
a
a
,
2
a x
x 2a 2
x 2a 2
_____________________________________________________________
Differentiation as a gradient function (tangent to a curve).
y=k x n c
dy
=k n x n1
dx
c
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
48
24 Computer Input
20.2.1
dy
= f ' x=0
dx
Determine the nature (max, min or saddle) of the turning points by evaluating
gradients locally (i.e. close to turning point).
MC
dy
dx
d2 y
dx2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.2
Differentiation Rules
[K Singh (2) 274285 (2) 286-302]
D [k f x]=k f ' x ,
k a constant
MC
D uv=
Addition Rule
du dv
=u ' v '
dx dx
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
D uv=v
Product Rule
du
dv
u =v u ' u v '
dx
dx
MC
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
du
dv
u
u
dx
dx vu ' uv '
D
=
=
2
v
v
v2
Quotient Rule
MC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
49
24 Computer Input
20.2.3
Set
xn
f x 0 f ' ' x 0
f x n
[ f ' x 0]2
see 11
see 9 - modulus
f x n
f ' x n
(where f ' x n 0 )
f ' xn
x n1= x n
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.4
Partial Differentiation
[K Singh (1) 695-725, (2) 772-805]
z
z
z
x
y... where
is the partial derivative of z
x
y
x
z
w.r.t. x and
is the partial derivative of z w.r.t y .
see 9
y
such that z
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.5
Implicit Differentiation
[K Singh (1) 298-306 (2) 315-325]
z
x
dy
If z = f x , y then
=
dx
z
y
Also dy = 1
dx
dx
dy
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.6
Parametric Differentiation
[K Singh (1) 291-296 (2) 308-315]
x= f t
dx
= f ' t
dt
If
and y=g t
dy
=g ' t
and
dt
dy
dt
dx
dy g ' t
dy
f ' t , 0
=
=
or
MC
dx
dx f ' t
dt
dx
dt
______________________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
50
24 Computer Input
dy
or f x
dx
y or
f x dx
or F x + c
____________________________________________________
x n1
n1
cos x
sin x
ex
xn
sin x
cos x
ex
1
= x1
x
ln x
n1
(when n=1 )
____________________________________________________
kx
kx n1
n1
cos a x
a
sin a x
a
ax
e
a
k xn
sin a x
cos a x
e ax
k
=k x1
x
k ln x
n1
(where n=1 )
___________________________________________________
k a xb
k a xbn1
n1a
k cos a xb
a
k sin a xb
a
k tan a xb
a
a xb
ke
a
k ln a xb
a
k sin a xb
k cos a xb
k sec2 a xb
k e a xb
k
a xb
n1
n=1
_____________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
51
24 Computer Input
dy
or f x
dx
or F x + c
________________________________________________________
dy
dx
y
y or
f x dx
f ' x
f x
ln f x
1
2
2
,
x
a
a 2 x 2
1
2
2
a x
sin1
ln y
x
a
1
x
tan1
a
a
1
cosh a xb
a
1
sinh a xb
a
1
tanh a xb
a
x
sinh1
or ln x x 2a 2
a
x
cosh1
or ln x x 2a 2
a
a x
1
x
1
tanh1
ln
or
a
a
2 a a x
xa
1
x
1
coth 1
ln
or
a
a
2 a xa
sinh a xb
cosh a xb
sech 2 a xb
1
, x 2a 2
2
x a
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
x a
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
a x
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
x a
2
______________________________________________________________
Addition Rule
f x g x dx= f x dx g x dx
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.1
Integration by Substitution
[K Singh (1) 368 (2) 414]
f g x dx
f u du
MC
du
du
= g ' x and dx=
g ' x
dx
x=b
u when x=b
f g xdx to
x=a
f udu
u when x=a
du is a function of u or du
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.2
Integration by Parts
[K Singh (1) 388-395 (2) 432-440]
u dv=u v v du
see 20.6
MC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
52
24 Computer Input
20.3.3
Indefinite Integration
dy
= f x
dx
dy= f x dx
1dy= f x dx
y=F xc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------y
20.3.4
Area under a Curve
y = f(x)
- Definite Integration [K Singh (1) 442 (2) 489]
b
f x dx
a
=[ F x c ]a
= F bc F ac
F(b) - F(a)
a
Procedure
+ve
+ve
R1
-ve
R2 b x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.5
Mean Value
[K Singh (1) p 445 (2) 492]
If y= f x then y ,
the mean (or average) value of y
over the interval x=a to x=b is
y = f(x)
y=
1
y dx
ba a
a
x
b
-------------------------------------------------------20.3.6
1
2
y rms=
y dx
ba a
where y= f x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
53
24 Computer Input
20.3.7
Volume of Revolution
around the x axis
b
V = y dx
[J Bird 207-208]
where y= f x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.8
Centroid
[J Bird 208 - 210]
y = f(x)
x y dx
x=
and
y dx
y=
1
2
y dx
2 a
y dx
Centroid = (x, y)
x
b
a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.9
Partial Fractions
[K Singh (1) 396-410 (2) 440-455]
f x
A
B
see 10
xa xb x a x b
f x
A
B
C
2
2
xa xb xa xa xb
f x
Ax
B
C
2
2
x a xb x a x a xb
2
MC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
54
24 Computer Input
20.3.10
20.3.10.1
Simpson's Rule
w=
y = f(x)
ba
n
yn
y1 y2 y3
yn-1 yn
x1 x2 x3
a
b
xn-1 xn
f x dx Area 3 y 14 y 22 y 32 y n14 y n y n1
a
( n is even)
Multiplier m
Product m y n
1 y 1
1
1
4 y 2
2
4
2 y 3
3
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
y n1
2 y n1
.
2
n1
yn
4 y n
.
4
n
y n1
1 y n1
1
n1
b
Sum =
w =
3 =
---------------------------------------------------------
20.3.10.2
b
xn
a
aw
a2w
yn
y1
y2
y3
Trapezium Method
f xdx y 12 y 22 y 3......2 y n y n1
2
a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
55
24 Computer Input
L[ f (t )] is defined by
f t est dt
0
f t
1
tn
ea t
1ea t
t ea t
t n ea t
sin ( t )
cos ( t )
10
1cos( t)
11
t sin ( t )
12
sin ( t) t cos ( t )
13
e a t sin( t )
14
ea t cos( t)
a
ea t (cos ( t) sin ( t ))
sin ( t+)
16
17
a
ea t + sin ( t)cos( t)
Contents p1
9 Notation
and is written as F s
L[ f t ]
15
L [ f (t)]
56
1
L[0]=0
s
1
s2
n!
s n1
1
sa
a
s sa
1
sa2
n!
san1
2
s 2
s
2
2
s
2
s(s 2+2)
2 2 s
s 22 2
23
s 22 2
2
2 see 13
sa
sa
2
2
sa
s
2
2
sa
ssin cos
2
2
s
a 22
sa s 2 2
24 Computer Input
f t
18
sinh (t )
19
cosh(t )
20
e a t sinh( t)
21
ea t cosh(t )
L[ f t]
2
s 2
s
2
2
s
2
2
sa
sa
2
2
sa
[ ]
dy
=s L[ y ] y 0 where y 0 is the value of y at t=0
dt
see also 26.1 Diff Eq
[ ]
2
d y
dy
L
=s 2 L[ y ] s y0 y ' 0 where y ' 0 is the value of
at t =0
2
dt
dt
MC
Efunda Calculator
Efunda - Laplace
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eulers method
y 1= y 0h y ' 0
Range x=ahb
11
x0
y0
( y ' )0
( )
dy
dx
y 1= y 0+h( y ' )0
9 Notation
57
24 Computer Input
2
T
f t =a 0 a n cosn t b n sin n t
n=1
where
a 0=
1
T
T
2
f t dt
T
2
see 20.3.2
a n=
b n=
2
T
2
T
T
2
f t cosn t dt
n=1, 2, 3
f t sin n t dt
n=1, 2, 3
T
2
T
2
T
2
a 0 constant, c n = a 2nb 2n
and n=tan
()
an
bn
Contents p1
9 Notation
58
24 Computer Input
20.6.1
T 2 1
,
,
and
2 T T
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!!
use (type as w ) in input, not a number.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
an
2
f t cosn w t
T
T
T
Integrate between
and
2
2
Input
T
T
and 0 and 0 and
2
2
or smaller intervals
Add the parts of a n
---------------------------------------------------
bn
2
f tsin n w t
T
T
T
Integrate between
and
2
2
Input
1
f t
T
Integrate between
T
T
and
2
2
as above.
Contents p1
9 Notation
59
24 Computer Input
21 Statistics
[K Singh (1) 726-796 9 (2) 806-887]
21.1.1
sample size
x
xi
a population statistic
frequency
df
x!
x x1 x2 x 31, x
Range
Quartiles
k
1
n .
100
2
Mode
9 Notation
60
24 Computer Input
fx
f
or x=
xi
f is frequency
n is the sample size
BE - averages
x i x2
f d2
f
n
d = xi x
s=
xi x2
n1
f xi
x x
f xx
f xx 2=
f xi =
x =
f xi =
s=
f xx 2 =
n1
-------------------------------------------------------Coefficient of Variation
s
100
x
of a sample (as a %)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIR=
Semi-interquartile Range
Q 3Q 1
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
61
24 Computer Input
21.2.1
Regression Line
- see 11 and 24.3.1
a=
y b x
b=
n xy x y
2
n x x
r=
n xy x y
n x 2 x
n y 2 y
1r1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z=
Z Scores
e x
P X = x=
x!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21.2.2
T Test
1 sample
Standard Error of the Mean
SE x=
t=
s
n
x
SE x
s1 s 2
n1 n2
x x 1 2
t= 1 2
SE x 1 x 2
SE x 1x 2=
n 1 1 s 1n2 1 s 2
sp=
n1n 22
1 2
SE x 1x 2=s p
n1 n 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
62
24 Computer Input
21.2.3
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9987
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9987
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9990
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990
z
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
1
P{Z to } Z
Z
P{Z to } Z
P{Z to }
2.0 0.02275
3.0 0.001350
4.0 0.00003167
Z
P{Z to }
5.0 2.867E-7
2.1 0.01786
3.1 0.0009676
4.1 0.00002066
5.5 1.899E-8
2.2 0.01390
3.2 0.0006871
4.2 0.00001335
6.0 9.866E-10
2.3 0.01072
3.3 0.0004834
4.3 0.00000854
6.5 4.016E-11
2.4 0.00820
3.4 0.0003369
2.5 0.00621
3.5 0.0002326
2.6 0.004661
3.6 0.0001591
2.7 0.003467
3.7 0.0001078
2.8 0.002555
3.8 0.00007235
4.8 7.933E-7
9.0 1.129E-19
2.9 0.001866
3.9 0.00004810
4.9 4.792E-7
9.5 1.049E-21
9 Notation
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21.2.4
2 sample test
1-tailed testing
0.05 0.01
df 0.1
5
2.015 2.571 4.032
0.1
0.05
0.01
1.476
2.015 3.365
1.440
1.943 3.143
1.415
1.895 2.998
1.397
1.860 2.896
1.383
1.833 2.821
10
1.372
1.812 2.764
11
1.363
1.796 2.718
12
1.356
1.782 2.681
13
1.350
1.771 2.650
14
1.345
1.761 2.624
15
1.341
1.753 2.602
16
1.337
1.746 2.583
17
1.333
1.740 2.567
18
1.330
1.734 2.552
19
1.328
1.729 2.539
20
1.325
1.725 2.528
21
1.323
1.721 2.518
22
1.321
1.717 2.508
23
1.319
1.714 2.500
24
1.318
1.711 2.492
25
1.316
1.708 2.485
26
1.315
1.706 2.479
27
1.314
1.703 2.473
28
1.313
1.701 2.467
29
1.311
1.699 2.462
30
1.310
1.697 2.457
40
1.303
1.684 2.423
50
1.299
1.676 2.403
60
1.296
1.671 2.390
80
1.292
1.664 2.374
1.290
1.660 2.364
1.289
1.658 2.358
1.282
1.645 2.327
http://facultyweb.berry.edu/vbissonnette/tables/tables.html
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21.2.5
y=
1
2
x
2 2
1sd68%
2sd95 %
3 sd99.7 %
Geogebra Normal Dist slider
Geogebra Skewed Dist
---------------------------------------------------------------------------21.2.6
Binomial Theorem
n
x y =
k=0
x yn= x n
n nk k
x y
k
where
n!
n
=
k k ! n k !
n!
n!
n!
x n1 y 1
x n2 y 2...
x 1 y n1 y n
1!n1!
2 ! n2!
n1! 1!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21.2.7
Permutations and Combinations
The number of ways of selecting r objects from a total of n
BE - permutations and combinations
Permutations
Repetition allowed
P r =nr
No repetition
Pr=
n!
nr !
No repetition
Cr=
n!
r !nr !
Repetition allowed
Cr=
nr1!
r !r1!
Combinations
______________________________________________________________
Thanks to Gillian Cunningham, Aberdeen College.
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22 Financial Mathematics
Notation for Financial Mathematics
Principal
Accrued amount
Amount
Sn
NPV
irr
r=1i
A= P 1i n
A= P 1 d n
a r n 1
S n=
r1
a1r n
S n=
1r
or
a 1 rn
P=
r1
(annuities)
BE - visual guide to interest rates
Efunda Calculator
______________________________________________________________
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23
wxMaxima
http://wxmaxima.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Windows: download maxima 5.24.0 (or later version)
http://portableapps.com/node/18166 (portable application)
A open source free download computer algebra system. It is being constantly
updated. You are not allowed implicit multiplication.
5e 2t3sin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SMath
free (Closed Source)
MS Windows and Linux
http://en.smath.info/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=1158
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24 Computer Input
wxMaxima and Geogebra are recommended .
Most of this also applies to spreadsheets and online maths sites.
Spreadsheet programs are not recommended (except for statistical
calculations).
Calculator key
x2
(Shift 8)
/
/
/
^2
^2
^2
(Shift 6 then 2)
(Shift 6 then 2)
x or ^ or x y
or y x
sqrt() (also on
drop down list)
sqrt( )
5sin x o30o
(1)
ln
100.7
sin1 0.5
means
arcsin(0.5)
n
1
1
^
^
x
x
Calculator toolbar
o
o
5sin x 30
5*sin(x/180*%pi+
o symbol from 5sin x deg 30 deg
30/180*%pi)
ln
CTRL g
10 CTRL g*0.7
%e^( )
or
exp( )
log
%pi
10*%pi*0.7
asin(0.5)
asin(0.5)
asin(0.5)
(1) As all programs work in radians by default you must change every input
into degrees (if you have to work in degrees).
(2) Also available on toolbars.
(3) Only x allowed as variable
(4) See also 17.5
(5) In wxMaxima typing pi will produce as a variable NOT 3.1415...
The same is true for e .
Back to 2 Web Sites
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Zoom in
Alt I
Insert Text Box
F6
Zoom out
Alt O
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copy as an Image to a
Edit - Select All
Spreadsheet File
Right click Copy as Image...
Paste onto a worksheet
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assign
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ][ ]
Matrix multiplication
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Newton Raphson
load(newton1)
newton f x , x , x 0, p . Start with precision p=0.1 and then
p=0.01 etc. until outputs are identical to
significant figures required
--------------------------------------------------------24.1.1
Differential Equations
see also 20.4 (2nd page)
dy
dx
typed as
d2 y
typed as
d x2
diff(y,x)
diff(y,x,2)
rk f x , y , y , y 0, [ x , x 0, x end , h]
where
dy
= f (x , y)
dx
20.5
To plot result:
wxplot2d([discrete,%o#],[style,points])
you can replace points with line. %o# is a previous output line.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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m
s2
24.3 SMath
This entry will be expanded but at the moment have a look at the SMath
Primer by Bernard V Liengme
http://people.stfx.ca/bliengme/SMath/SmathPrimer.pdf
This is a truly remarkable program that looks and works like Mathcad and
should be of use to engineers in particular. It is also available as a live
program - no download required although that particular version may have a
few bugs.
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x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
y3
x4
y4
etc
etc
Highlight
Select
Chart Type
Titles
(Chart Location
(Right click on plot
Right click on data point
Type
Options
Options
Rt click on trendline
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24.4.2
Euler's Method
dy
= f ( x , y) ,
dx
A
1
step size
dy/dx
y1=y0+hX(dy/dx)
x0
y0
f (x 0 , y 0 )
=B3+$C$1*C3
=A3+$C$1
=D3
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25 Calibration Error
Output
Output
IDEAL
Input = Output
Zero Error
Input
Input
Output
Output
Linearity Error
Span Error
Input
Input
Output
Output
Linearity Error
Zero-Span
Error
Input
Input
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multiple
1000000000000000
1000000000000
1000000000
1000000
1000
1
1015
1012
109
106
103
100
1000
prefix
Peta
symbol
kilo
P
T
G
M
k
10 3
milli
1000000
10 6
micro
1000000000
109
nano
1000000000000
1012
pico
Tera
Giga
Mega
27 Electrical Tables
Table of Resistivities
Material
Resistivity
m at 20o C
Silver (Ag)
Copper (Cu)
Gold (Au)
Tungsten (W)
Nickel (Ni)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Carbon (C)
15.9109
17.2109
24.4109
56.0109
69.9109
100109
220109
35000109
Material
Vacuum
Air
Diamond (C)
Salt (NaCl)
Graphite (C)
Silicon (Si)
Dielectric
Constant r
1
1.00054
5.5 - 10
3 - 15
10 - 15
11.68
Permeability
(H/m)
Electrical Steel
Ferrite (Nickel Zinc) (Ni Zn)
Ferrite (Manganese Zinc) (Mn Zn)
Steel
Nickel (Ni)
Aluminium (Al)
5000106
20 800106
800106
875106
125106
1.26106
9 Notation
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A
B
E
Z
H
I
K
M
N
Examples of use
Alpha
Beta
angles
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
efficiency, viscosity
Theta
Iota
inertia
Kappa
compressibility
Lambda
Mu
Nu
velocity
Xi
damping coefficient
Omicron
Pi
PRODUCT, 3.141592654...., C= d
Rho
density, resistivity
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
admittance
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
_____________________________________________________________
This work, to be attributed to Peter K Nicol, Aberdeen College is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ (click on icon below) or send a letter to
Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
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