Paper presented at the 36th Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Engineering Symposium, University of Nevada, Las Vegas March

28-30, 2001 NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROTUNNELING by Steve Klein Principal Jacobs Associates San Francisco, CA

Abstract Microtunneling has become an established method for constructing pipelines in the US, particularly in urban areas. There have been and continue to be new developments in microtunneling that will extend this method to even a greater range of projects. Other new developments promise to improve the cost-effectiveness of this important construction method. This paper reviews some of these new developments with a focus on some of the more innovative equipment features, installation procedures, and design approaches that have been developed. INTRODUCTION Microtunneling is an underground method of constructing pipelines using a sophisticated, remotely controlled, laser guided, steerable boring machine. In microtunneling, the pipe is installed using pipe jacking methods by pushing pipe sections through the ground with hydraulic jacks from a shaft excavation called a jacking pit to another shaft called a receiving pit. Excavation is carried out by a microtunneling machine in front of the lead pipe section as the pipeline is pushed forward from the jacking pit. Microtunneling has many advantages over open cut construction methods. The most important of these is the ability to minimize construction impacts and disturbance to residents and businesses along the pipeline route. Other benefits include minimizing traffic disruption, reducing damage to existing utilities, minimizing surface settlement, avoiding the need for dewatering, and improving public safety because the hazards associated with trench excavations can be avoided. Microtunneling techniques were developed in Japan in the early 1970s primarily to install pipelines for short distances through saturated soils. Microtunneling was first used in the US in 1984 for a project located in Miami, Florida. Since 1984 there has been a growing interest in microtunneling methods and many projects have been completed throughout the country. More than 100,000 feet of pipe has been installed annually using microtunneling methods from 1995 to 2000. Microtunneling systems are currently available to install a wide range of pipe sizes from about 12 inches to 10 feet in diameter.

Demands by the construction industry and the public for trenchless construction methods have led to the rapid development of new microtunneling methods and equipment to extend this method to the full spectrum of geologic conditions and to achieve longer installations (or drives) with accurate control of line and grade. The objective of this paper is to review some of the new developments in microtunneling. Topics to be discussed include machine developments, new installation methods, geophysical investigation techniques, curved pipeline alignments, pipe friction/lubrication techniques, new jacking pipe materials, and shaft construction methods. MACHINE DEVELOPMENTS There have been several new machine developments that have extended microtunneling methods to more challenging geologic conditions, such as hard rock, and have also improved machine performance and production rates resulting in more cost effective installations. Today new machines have higher cutterhead power and torque, which has resulted in higher production rates, particularly in stiff or dense soils and rock. Microtunneling systems were initially developed to install pipelines in very soft, saturated soils. As the method has progressed, machines have been developed for a wide range of geologic conditions including rock. One of the most significant new developments in microtunneling are machines with special cutterheads that have the capability to bore through hard rock. Cutterheads for excavating rock can be equipped with drag teeth, picks, strawberry cutters, or disc cutters, however the mini-disc cutter, developed by the Colorado School of Mines, offers the greatest potential for the economical boring of hard rock with a microtunneling machine. Mini-disc cutters, 4 to 6 inches in diameter, were developed for excavating hard rock up to a compressive strength of 30,000 psi with a microtunneling machine (Friant and Ozdemir, 1994). Disc cutters cut the rock into chips, which results in more efficient cutting than other types of rock cutters that tend to grind the rock down into fine particles (sand-size or smaller). Disc cutters can also be used to cut through boulders (or other obstructions), which are too large for the machine to crush (i.e. typically greater than 20 to 30 percent of machine diameter). Average production rates of 10 to 15 feet/hour and maximum rates of up to 40 feet/hour were achieved at a recent project in Saudi Arabia that utilized mini-disc cutters. A 32-inch diameter slurry microtunneling machine equipped with 12, 6-inch diameter cutters was used to excavate through a sandstone formation with a compressive strength of about 10,000 psi and a quartz content of 25 percent (Friant, 1997). Hard rock was also successfully excavated with a microtunneling machine in northern Italy. This project involved completion of a 650-foot-long drive in very strong gneiss with a compressive strength in the range of 14,000 to 32,000 psi (Mahn, 1999). A Herrenknecht AVN 1600E microtunneling machine was used to install 5-foot inside diameter concrete pipe as a casing for a 48-inch diameter gas pipeline. Due to the length of the drive and strength of the rock, it was necessary for the machine to have the capability to change the disc cutters from inside the machine. The machine advanced at an average rate of 12 feet/hour in the soil overburden and the advance rate dropped to 3 feet/hour in the hard rock.

Cutter wear is usually not a problem for machines used in soft ground as worn or damaged cutters (or teeth) can be easily replaced from the front of the machine in between drives. However, in hard rock it may be necessary to replace worn cutters before completing the drive. Therefore, most machines used in hard rock have provisions for being able to change cutters from inside the machine. Where high groundwater pressures are present it is necessary to provide a bulkhead and an air lock so the face chamber can be put under compressed air. The slurry is pumped from the face chamber and is replaced with compressed air to balance the hydrostatic pressure. Personnel can enter the lock and change rear-loading disc cutters from behind the cutterhead. A minimum machine size of about 72 inches in diameter is required to provide this capability. Several machines have been fabricated with these provisions including the machines used at the Chelsea River Crossing in Boston and the Horden Sea Outfall in England (Clarke, 1997b). Another new development is high-pressure water jets positioned within the cutterhead. These water jets are very useful in stiff clays to break the soil up into chunks and increase production rates. The jets are directed towards the center of the machine to break up the clay and help clear material that tends to block the slurry discharge ports in this area. Production rates have been observed to increase by up to 50 percent with these jets. The larger slurry pumps and slurry lines that are currently in use also increase production. For example, 30 horsepower pumps and 3-inch diameter slurry lines were the standard for a 36inch diameter machine. Today 75 horsepower pumps and 4-inch diameter slurry lines are more typical. The larger slurry lines and higher pumping velocities allow larger materials to be pumped, which increases production because the ground does not have to broken down as much. New lasers have been developed with the capability to complete drives in excess of 2,000 feet. Lasers with an adjustable focus are particularly useful for long drives. This is important because drive lengths are increasing, particularly in Europe where drives of 1,500 to 3,000 feet are not that uncommon. Rotating lasers with a double target system that provide the operator a three dimensional view where the machine is heading is essential for completing curved alignments with satisfactory accuracy in both line and grade. NEW INSTALLATION METHODS A new microtunneling technique is the Trunk Mole developed by Iseki, Inc. in Japan. The Trunk Mole is a special type of microtunneling machine that can be used to simultaneously install a steel casing and carrier pipe (Figure 1). No thrust forces are applied to the carrier pipe because the jacking forces are only transmitted to the outer steel casing. The casing is only slightly larger than the carrier pipe, which reduces the size of the bore and results in a more efficient operation. Advantages of this technique include protection of the carrier pipe during installation, smaller bore size with less spoil, more efficient operation that saves time, and good installation accuracy. Tokyo Gas Co. has recently used this method to install over 6,500 feet of gas lines in the Yokohama area. They report cost savings of about 15 percent over open cut methods with this technique

and a 20 percent reduction in the time required to complete an installation (Yanagi and Takagi, 1997). Another new installation method is called the pilot tube method. This method is for installing smaller pipes in the range of 6 to 16 inches in diameter. The carrier pipe is

Figure 1. Trunk Mole Approach for Installing Casing and Carrier Pipe

installed in either a two- or three-phase process. In the first phase a steerable pilot tube is jacked into the ground displacing the soil. The pilot tube is guided and steered by a theodolite coupled to a TV camera. In the second phase a temporary steel casing (or the carrier pipe) is installed as the soil is removed with a continuous auger. Finally the carrier pipe is pushed into the ground behind the casing as the casing sections are removed at the receiving pit. This method was recently used to install 15,000 feet of 8 to 15 inch diameter PVC pipe in Cape Girardeau, Missouri (Clarke, 1997a). GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFYING OBSTRUCTIONS Obstructions are objects that conflict with the planned pipeline alignment and are capable of preventing the forward progress of the microtunneling machine. Typically, such obstacles may consist of boulders, cobbles, trees, and construction debris such as timber piles, sheetpiles, abandoned utilities, concrete, timber, bricks, and metal objects. Identifying such obstructions is important because of the serious consequences of encountering one with a microtunneling machine. It is potentially a fatal flaw if surface access is not available to recover the machine or remove the obstruction. It may be necessary to modify the pipeline alignment, require special machine provisions, have a provision for recovery shafts, or other contingency measures. In order to be able to adopt the proper approach it is critical to

evaluate the possibility of encountering obstructions and, if it is not possible to avoid the obstructions at least determine the nature and sizes of the obstructions. Due to the difficulty in being able to locate obstructions with conventional small-diameter boreholes, there is a considerable amount of interest in two geophysical investigation techniques that may be able to locate obstructions more effectively. One of these is a new seismic technique known as seismic imaging or the Site Uniformity Borehole Seismic (SUBS) method (Clark et al., 1995). This method has been used on some recent microtunneling projects on the West Coast. The SUBS method produces a seismic tomographic image of the seismic velocity distribution of materials around a borehole. This is achieved with detectors placed down a borehole at several depths, which record the response due to a surface energy source applied at various distances from the collar of the borehole (Figure 2). This recorded image allows subsurface features, such as obstructions, to be identified at distances from the borehole of up to about three times the borehole depth.

Figure 2. SUBS Concept for Detecting an Obstruction

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) uses the principle of the reflection of electromagnetic signals to locate buried objects (Figure 3). This technique has also been used for

identifying voids near the ground surface and for locating underground utilities. When the signals encounter a material with different dielectric properties a portion of the signal energy is reflected back to the surface. In order to be detectable an object must have sufficient electrical contrast with the surrounding ground. Therefore, metallic objects are generally easily detectable whereas wood or concrete may not have sufficient contrast to be detected. GPR measurements are obtained by towing an antenna over the ground surface. If the electromagnetic wave hits a buried object, it is reflected back to the ground surface and the signal is captured and recorded. One disadvantage of this technique is that the effective depth of a GPR survey can be limited. At some projects, the observed penetration in wet sand was about 30 feet, but in clay the penetration was only about 6 feet (Miller, 1996). Small amounts of clay in the formation or groundwater can quickly attenuate the signal.

Figure 3. GPR Survey Concept for Locating Obstructions

GPR surveys were conducted for the Tanner Creek Stream Diversion Project in Portland, Oregon to help address the potential for encountering obstructions in a 500-foot section of the 72-inch pipeline to be installed using microtunneling/pipe jacking methods where manmade fill materials with buried debris was known to be present. Three antennas were used for the survey at frequencies of 25, 50, 100 MHz. Ten potential obstructions, 2- to 12-foot wide, were identified at depths of 10 to 33 feet but only three at the depth of the proposed pipeline. The nature of these potential obstructions is unknown and pipeline could not be relocated to avoid these features, therefore provisions for obstruction removal shafts (sometimes called recovery or 911 shafts) were included in the contract documents. CURVED PIPELINE ALIGNMENTS Almost all microtunneling projects in the US have involved installing the pipe in a straight horizontal alignment. Straight alignments provide for more accurate control of line and

grade and reduce the risk of eccentric loads at the pipe joints, which could damage the pipe. Curves in a microtunnling alignment are extremely difficult and much more expensive than straight alignments. Despite the potential difficulties, it is technically feasible to utilize microtunneling methods to construct curved pipeline alignments and curved alignments will likely be more common in the future, in special situations. Most of the projects that have been completed with curved alignments are in Europe. One project completed in Switzerland involved installing 10-foot diameter concrete pipe in a tight 350-foot radius curve (Lambriggar, 1992). Another project in England involved the installation of a 5-foot diameter concrete pipeline following an "S" curve configuration with 1000- and 1300-foot radius curves (Atkin, 1991). Westcon Microtuneling Inc., Pleasant Valley, Utah will attempt the first curved alignment (a 1,300 horizontal curve) in the US this year for a project located in San Leandro, California. Most microtunneling installations have involved uniform grades. However several projects in Europe have been completed with vertical curves in the pipeline alignment. One project in England involved the installation of a sewage outfall beneath the ocean from a treatment plant site located on a cliff about 138 feet above the beach (Clarke, 1997b). The 1800-foot long concrete outfall pipe was installed from a jacking pit only 13 feet deep in a downward gradient of 7:1 (horizontal to vertical) for about 590 feet (Figure 4). A 3,900-foot radius vertical curve was then followed for about 300 feet, which transitioned back to a uniform grade of about 3.5 percent to the end of the drive. A special automatic guidance system with prisms was utilized to accurately determine the position of the machine and the need for steering adjustments. The drive was completed in three stages to allow the laser to be re-positioned for proper line of sight to the reference targets at the machine and at the jacking pit.

Figure 4. Vertical Curve in Horden Sea Outfall (after Clarke, 1997b)

Curved alignments require a more sophisticated laser guidance system in order to control line and grade of the pipeline. A guidance system using a laser as a reference works well for a straight alignment but the laser has to be reset in an alignment with horizontal or vertical curves whenever the beam does not land on the target. Resetting the laser requires a pipe size large enough for a survey crew to work in (approximately 5 feet in diameter and greater), so the laser can be physically repositioned inside the pipe string. Typical guidance systems used for a curved alignment involve the use of an automatic laser theodolite set up inside the pipe and prisms set up on the machine and behind the laser for a backsight (Poltinger and Hollinshead, 1997). These sophisticated guidance systems are usually computer controlled with an automatic data logger that can record the x, y, and z coordinates of the machine at specified time intervals (typically every one to two minutes). Improvements in microtunneling equipment, construction procedures, and jacking pipes will lead to greater capabilities to install pipelines with horizontal and vertical curves in the future. Some of the special considerations that must be evaluated for a curved microtunneling alignment include: An articulated microtunneling machine capable of negotiating the design curve radius. Pipe capable of articulation at the joints (i.e. no welded joints). Specially designed pipe joints with gaskets to provide a watertight joint at the required joint deflection. Adequate cushions to distribute jacking forces at the pipe joints. Shorter pipe lengths depending on the curve radius. Careful evaluation of pipe fabrication tolerances (consistent with pipe design). An appropriate guidance system for line and grade control.

PIPE FRICTION/LUBRICATION Pipe friction is an important consideration in microtunneling as it affects a number of key the issues that have direct impact on the success of installing the pipe (i.e. completing the drive) and also the cost of the project. When jacking a pipe through the ground the friction generated along the pipe is the fundamental factor as it determines the total jacking force required to install the pipe. The magnitude of the jacking force affects the pipe strength requirements, capacity of the main jacking system, maximum possible drive length, number of shafts required, the need for intermediate jacking stations, and the capacity of the thrust wall to provide a reaction for the main jacks. All of these factors will influence the feasibility, construction plans, and/or cost of the project. The magnitude of the pipe friction depends on the pipe material, type of soil, the depth of cover, the type and amount of pipe lubricant used, as well as the details of the microtunneling equipment and construction methods. Construction details such as the

amount of overcut by the microtunneling machine, misalignment of the pipes, steering corrections, dewatering of the shaft excavations, and duration of work stoppages can greatly influence observed pipe friction and jacking forces. Utilizing an effective pipe lubrication system can minimize pipe friction. Minimizing pipe friction and jacking loads has a number of important benefits such as promoting longer drive lengths, minimizing the number of shafts, and reducing the risk of pipe damage during installation. An effective pipe lubrication system involves providing adequate overcut to create annular space outside the pipe, use of appropriate pipe lubricants, and injecting lubricants continuously under pressure as the pipe is advanced. The quantity of lubricant injected should at least be equal to the theoretical volume of the overcut. When effective lubrication procedures are implemented jacking forces can be reduced by up to 50 percent. Because of the importance of minimizing pipe friction there is a considerable interest in utilizing appropriate pipe lubricants. As well as reducing pipe friction, pipe lubricants provide another important function, which is to stabilize the annular void created by the overcut around the pipe. Clay soils may swell around the pipe and gradually reduce the annular void, eventually contacting the pipe. Coarse-grained sands and gravels will collapse onto the pipe eliminating the overcut, unless the pipe lubricants injected outside the pipe can stabilize the soils and maintain the annular void. If the annular void is lost, pipe lubricants cannot be effectively injected around the pipe and jacking forces will increase considerably. Pipe lubricants typically employed include bentonite, polymers, and bentonite/polymer mixtures. The choice of the proper lubricant depends on the type of soil. Bentonite, which has traditionally been used for lubrication in all soils, is considered to be most effective for coarse-grained sands and gravels. In these soils, it is important to stabilize the annular void with the lubricant and sometimes additives are used to create a thick lubricating paste that will support the soil. For fine-grained cohesive soils, polymers are believed to provide better lubrication characteristics. These polymers can also be beneficial in stiff, high plasticity clays as they can reduce the swelling characteristics of the soil by maintaining the clay at its natural moisture content. For intermediate soil classifications, e.g. mixtures of fine- and coarse-grained materials, bentonite/polymer mixes are sometimes used. Polymers include a wide variety of organic and semisynthetic materials. Most polymers are bio-degradable and environmentally benign. A number of different polymers have been introduced into the market in the last few years in an effort to develop polymers with improved lubrication characteristics. One approach has been to carefully match the polymer with the soil and type of bentonite being used. Originally, jacking forces were estimated by multiplying a friction coefficient (depending on the type of soil) by the normal stress acting on the pipe. However, when the pipe lubrication procedures described above are implemented, jacking forces are considerably less than those estimated using this approach. Coller et al. (1996) evaluated jacking forces at ten recent microtunneling projects where effective pipe lubrication proceduress

were employed. The normalized jacking force, JF, which is defined as the total jacking force divided by the surface area of the pipe, was determined for each of these projects, as summarized in Table 1 for sand and clay soil conditions. Using this approach the total jacking force for a given drive is obtained by multiplying the normalized jacking force by the total surface area of the pipe. It should be noted that the maximum value of 0.125 tsf for clay soils was considered to be anomalous because it is so much higher than the other values for clay. If this value is disregarded, the average normalized jacking force in clay would be reduced to about 0.03 tsf or about 50 percent of the average pipe friction observed in sand soil conditions (Coller et al., 1996). Normalized jacking forces were determined for the Amarillo/Embarcadero Relief Sewer completed in Palo Alto last year. Pipe lubrication efforts were very effective resulting in jacking loads of only about 50 to 150 tons for drive lengths of 400 to 540 feet. The project involved the installation of 42inch ID polymer concrete pipe in clays soils ranging in strength from soft to stiff. Normalized jacking forces ranged from about 0.007 to 0.034 tsf and averaged 0.018 tsf for the six drives.

Table 1. Estimated Pipe Friction Values for Ten Case Histories Soil Type Sand Clay *tsf - tons per square foot Normalized Jacking Force, JF (tsf)* Range Average Value 0.025 - 0.110 0.057 0.008 - 0.125 0.043

JACKING PIPES One new pipe that has been used for several recent projects in California is polymer concrete jacking pipe made in Germany (Bloomfield, 1994). Polymer concrete pipe is constructed using polyester resin instead of cement as a bonding agent. It has high strength (typically 12,000 psi or higher) and is inherently resistant to corrosion due to chemical attack. In addition to its high strength, this pipe has numerous advantages for microtunneling, including a smooth pipe surface and very consistent and physical dimensions (i.e. tight tolerances). Both of these advantages minimize pipe friction and the high strength reduces the potential for damaging the pipe during installation. This is a very good pipe for sewer pipelines due to the excellent corrosion resistance of this pipe material. A new type of steel pipe manufactured in the US that could be used as a casing is called Permalok. This pipe has a mechanical joint that does not require welding, and is much easier and faster to install than a steel casing with welded joints (Argent et al. 1995). Permalok is also easier to steer than a welded steel casing because it is less rigid at the

joints. The manufacturer is working on developing a pressure joint design that is designed to be an acceptable carrier pipe in a low-pressure application. SHAFT CONSTRUCTION Some of the new developments in shaft construction involve the use of jet grouting and ground freezing methods for groundwater control and excavation support. These approaches may be necessary when dewatering cannot be allowed because of cost reasons such as where groundwater contamination is present, or where shafts are in close proximity to structures that could be damaged if settlement was to occur as a result of dewatering. Jet grouting involves pressure-injecting a water/cement grout into the ground and mixing it with the soil using rotating jet pipes under an extremely high pressure (typically 4,000 to 6,000 psi). This technique creates a mix of grout and soil that hardens to provide a compressive strength typically ranging from about 100 to 300 psi or more. Usually, the jet grout holes treat a 3- to 4- foot-diameter zone of soil and the holes are overlapped to stabilize a certain volume of soil. With proper use, jet grouting creates a relatively strong and homogeneous material with increased strength and reduced permeability. Jet grouting methods are applicable to almost all types of soils (Welsh, 1992). Usually a grid pattern is used to provide for overlap of the jet grout columns both at the base and/or along the sides of the shaft excavation. The Nimitz Highway Reconstructed Sewer microtunneling project in Honolulu used jet grouting extensively to provide a groundwater cutoff at the bottom of sheetpile-supported shafts (Kwong et al., 1999). Ground freezing is used to form a solid wall of frozen ground in unconsolidated waterbearing strata around the perimeter of a shaft excavation. Typically, freeze pipes through which brine is to be circulated are placed around the perimeter of a shaft excavation and the freezing proceeds outward from each pipe until the frozen zones around adjacent pipes overlap. This forms a continuous cylinder of frozen ground, which protects the area to be excavated from groundwater inflows and stabilizes of the excavation walls. Shaft excavation does not proceed until the freezing is complete, a period which may range from a few weeks to several months. In the US, ground freezing has usually been regarded as a last resort, as a remedial measure, or employed where dewatering or grouting either was not feasible or failed to provide adequate groundwater control. This is probably due to the relatively high cost and the specialized nature of this technique. Ground freezing was used for groundwater control in shaft excavations for the Duwamish River crossing located near Seattle that was constructed using microtunneling methods in 1994 (Post, 1997) and also for a recent project in Santa Monica, California. CONCLUSION The demand for improvements in microtunneling methods will continue to grow in the future due to the need to replace and upgrade our aging pipeline infrastructure and at the same do this in a way that minimizes construction impacts, traffic disruptions, and environmental disturbance. New developments in microtunneling will enhance our

capability to deliver these benefits and also improve the cost-effectiveness of this valuable construction method. Hopefully the new developments described in this paper will encourage many more in the future so that microtunneling can reach its full potential. REFERENCES Argent, M.E., D.A. Pecknold, and R.M. Haj Ali, 1995, Trenchless Installation of Steel Pipe Without Field Welding, Proceedings of North American No-Dig 95, NASTT, Toronto, Canada, May, Paper 5A-1. Atkin, R., 1991, "Mechanized Curved Pipe Jacking by Giro Compass," Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling, London, pp. 17.1 - 17.6. Bloomfield, T.D., 1994, Polymer Concrete Pipes, No-Dig International, Vol. 5, No. 9, October 1994, pp. 14-16. Clark, D.P., Browne, R., and R. Whitely, 1995, Seismic Resonance Testing - Greenlake Trunk, Proceedings of North American No-Dig 95, NASTT, Toronto, Canada, Session 2C2, pp. 2C-2:1-2C-2:12. Clarke, I., 1997a, Innovative Boring for Cape Girardeau Resewering, NO-DIG America, Mining Journal Ltd., London, England, Vol. 8, No. 4, April. Clarke, I., 1997b, Sewage Treatment for the Northeast, NO-DIG International, Mining Journal Ltd., London, England, Vol. 8, No. 8, August, pp. 10-12. Coller, P., Staheli, K., Bennett, D., and R. Post, 1996, Review of Jacking Forces in Theory and Practice, Parts I and II, No-Dig Engineering, Vol. 3, Nos. 5 and 6, Trenchless Technology, Inc., Peninsula, OH, September/October and November/December. Friant, J.E., 1997, Small Cutters for Harder Microtunnelling, Tunnels & Tunnelling International, Miller Freeman, London, England, April, pp. 22-24. Friant, J.E., and Ozdemir, L., 1994. Development of the High Thrust Mini-Disc Cutter for Microtunneling Applications, No-Dig Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, Trenchless Technology, Inc., Peninsula, OH, June, 1994, pp. 12-16. Kwong, J., Klein, S., Nagle, G., Okita, G., and Duke, S., 1999, Microtunneling Under Honolulu, Civil Engineering, ASCE, March, pp. 44-47. Lambriggar, E., 1992, "Hydraulic Pipe Jacking in Switzerland - State of the Art as Illustrated by the Driving of a Very Tight Curve in St. Gallen," Tunnels and Tunnelling, April, p. 49-54. Mahn, R., German Microtunneling in the Italian Alps, NO-DIG International, Mining Journal Lt.d, London, England, Vol. 10, No. 4, April, pp. 14-15.

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