PART I

PART I: TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Objectives:
Evaluate integrals by applying
i. Integration by parts
ii. Tabular integration
iii. Integration of complex trigonometric functions
iv. Trigonometric substitutions
v. Completing the square
vi. Partial fraction
vii. Improper integration
viii. Numerical integration



1-1

CHAPTER 1: INTEGRATION BY PARTS & TABULAR INTEGRATION


1.1 Integration by Parts

This technique is useful when integrands involve products of algebraic functions, for examples

_x lnx Jx , _x c
x
Jx, _c
x
cos x Jx

The formula of integration by parts is derived by reversing the Product Rule.

(u:)
i
= u:
i
+ u:
Or
J
Jx
(u:) = u
J:
Jx
+
Ju
Jx
:


Rearrange the terms:
u
J:
Jx
=
J
Jx
(u:)
Ju
Jx
:

Integrate both sides with respect to x:
_u
J:
Jx
Jx = u: _
Ju
Jx
: Jx


Integration by part formula:
_u J: = u: _: Ju


Steps to integrate by parts:
1. Decompose the entire integral (including dx) into two factors.
2. Let the factor without dx equal to u and the factor with dx equal dv.
3. Differentiate u to find du, and integrate dv to find v.
4. Use the formula ]u J: = u: ]: Ju.
5. Evaluate the right side of this equation to solve the integral.



1-2

Example 1.1:
Evaluate ]x lnx Jx.

Solution:
1. Decompose the integral into ln x and x dx.
2. Let u = ln x and dv = x dx.
3. Differentiate ln x to find dx and integrate x dx to find v:
Let u = ln x Let uv = x ux
du
dx
=
1
x
]J: = ]x Jx
Ju =
1
x
Jx : =
1
2
x
2


4. Substitute the values for u, du, v and dv into the formula:
]x lnx Jx. = (ln x) [
1
2
x
2
][
1
2
x
2
[
1
x
Jx
=
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
2
]x Jx


5. Evaluate the integral on the right:
=
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
2
[
1
2
x
2
+ C
=
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
4
x
2
+ C.



Example 1.2:
Evaluate ]lnx Jx.


Practice Problem 1.1:
Evaluate ]
(lnx)
2
Jx.

Answer: x(lnx)
2
2(x lnx x) + C



Example 1.3:
Evaluate ]x c
x
Jx. Hence determine the value ] x c
x
Jx
1
0
.


Practice Problem 1.2:
Evaluate ]x c
-x
Jx.

Answer: xc
-x
c
-x
+ C



1-3

Example 1.4:
Evaluate ]x sinx Jx.



Example 1.5:
Evaluate ] x
2
cos x Jx


Practice Problem 1.3:
Evaluate
a) ] x cos x
n2
0
Jx.
b) ] x
2
sinx
n2
0
Jx.

Answer: a)
1
2
n 1 , b) n 2



Example 1.6:
Evaluate ]c
x
cos x Jx.


Practice Problem 1.4:
Evaluate ]c
x
cos 2x Jx

Answer:
1
5
c
x
|cos 2x +2 sin2x] +C


1-4

1.2 Tabular Integration

The following integration

]x
n
c
ux
Jx, ]x
n
sinox Jx and ]x
n
cos ox Jx

needs repeated integrations and differentiations (as we seen in example 1.5 & 1.6 ). The
calculations are tedious and complicated. We can solve these problems using tabular method,
which is a special case of integration by parts.


If we have an integral like

_(x)g(x) Jx








The ](x)g(x) Jx can be integrated by using integration by part method. Tabular integration is
used when the repetition work are tedious.


Example 1.7:
Find ]x
2
e
x
Jx by tabular integration.


Example 1.8:
Find ]x
3
sinx Jx by tabular integration.



Practice Problem 1.5: utm pg 285
Evaluate by using tabular integration
a) ]x
3
e
2x
Jx
b) ]x
2
sinSx Jx
c) ] x sec
2
x
n4
0
Jx
d) ] x
2
(x 2)
32
6
2
Jx

Answer: a)
1
8
|4x
3
6x
2
+ 6x S]c
2x
+ C , b)
1
3
x
2
cos Sx +
2
9
x sinSx +
2
27
cos Sx + C
c)
1
4
n
1
2
ln2 , d)
98048
315


Can be
differentiated
repeatedly to
become zero
Can be
integrated
repeatedly
without difficulty
1-5

The technique of tabular integration also applies to integrals of the form ](x)g(x) Jx when
neither function can be differentiated repeatedly to become zero.

In this case, we stop the differentiation-integration process until we obtain a multiple of f(x) &
g(x) in the same row.


Example 1.9: (neither function can be differentiated repeatedly to become zero)
Find ]e
2x
cos x Jx by tabular integration.



Practice Problem 1.6: utm pg 287
Evaluate by using tabular integration
a) ]e
3x
cos 2x Jx
b) ]cos Sx sin4x Jx

Answer: a)
c
3x
13
(2 sin2x + S cos 2x) + C , b)
4
9
cos Sx cos 4x +
5
9
sinSx sin4x + C