4/20/12 List of states with nuclear weapons - Wikipedia, the free encclopedia

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Li of ae ih nclea eapon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
There are currently eight states that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons. Five are considered to be "nclea-eapon ae"
(NWS) under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons these are: the
United States, Russia (successor state to the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, France, and China. Nations that are known or
believed to possess nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the cea cb.
Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, three states that were not parties to the Treaty have conducted nuclear tests, namely India,
Pakistan, and North Korea. North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003. Israel is also widely believed to have
nuclear weapons, though it has refused to confirm or deny this, and is not known to have conducted a nuclear test.
[1]
South Africa has the unique status of a nation that developed nuclear weapons but has since disassembled its arsenal before joining the
NPT.
Conen
1 Statistics
2 Five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT
3 Other states declaring they have nuclear weapons
4 Other states believed to possess nuclear weapons
5 Nuclear weapons sharing
6 States formerly possessing nuclear weapons
6.1 Former Soviet countries
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Saiic
The following is a list of states that have admitted the possession of nuclear weapons, the approximate number of warheads under their control, and the year they tested their first weapon. This list is informally known in global
politics as the "Nuclear Club." With the exception of Russia and the United States (which have subjected their nuclear forces to independent verification under various treaties) these figures are estimates, in some cases quite
unreliable estimates. Also, these figures represent total warheads possessed, rather than deployed. In particular, under the SORT treaty thousands of Russian and U.S. nuclear warheads are in inactive stockpiles awaiting
processing. The fissile material contained in the warheads can then be recycled for use in nuclear reactors.
From a high of 65,000 active weapons in 1985, there are now nearly 8,000 active nuclear warheads and more than 22,000 total nuclear warheads in the world in 2010. Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply
stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed.
[2]
As of 2009, the total number was expected to continue to decline by 30%50% over the next decade.
Con Wahead acie/oal
[nb 1]
Yea of fi e CTBT a
[3]
The fie nclea-eapon ae nde he NPT
United States 1,950 / 8,500
[4]
1945 ("Tii ") Signatory
Russia (former Soviet Union) 2,430 / 10,000
[4]
1949 ("RDS-1 ") Ratifier
United Kingdom
160 / 225
[4]
1952 ("Hicae ") Ratifier
France 290 / 300
[4]
1960 ("Gebie Bee ") Ratifier
China 180 / 240
[4]
1964 ("596 ") Signatory
Non-NPT nclea poe
India n.a. / 80100
[4]
1974 ("Siig Bddha ") Non-signatory
Pakistan n.a. / 90110
[4]
1998 ("Chagai-I ") Non-signatory
North Korea n.a. / <10
[4]
2006 (2006 test) Non-signatory
Undeclaed nclea poe
Israel n.a. / 80200
[4][5]
possibly 1979 (See Vela Incident) Signatory
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Fie nclea-eapon ae nde he NPT
See a: Hi f cea ea
Unied Sae
Mai aice: Ncea ea ad he Uied Sae ad Uied Sae ad ea f a deci
The United States developed the first atomic weapons during World War II in co-operation with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the
fear that Nazi Germany would develop them first. It tested the first nuclear weapon in 1945 ("Trinity"), and remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons against
another nation, during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It was the first nation to develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an experimental version in 1952 ("
Mike") and a deployable weapon in 1954 ("Castle Bravo"). Throughout the Cold War it continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been
involved primarily in a program of Stockpile stewardship.
[6][7][8]
At its Cold War height, the US nuclear arsenal is estimated to have contained over 32,000 warheads (in
1966).
[9]
Soie Union / Rian Fedeaion
Mai aice: Ria ad ea f a deci
The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("Joe-1") in 1949, in a crash project developed partially with espionage obtained during and after
atomic bomb project). The USSR was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for their weapons development was to achieve
a balance of power during the Cold War. It tested its first megaton-range hydrogen bomb ("RDS-37") in 1955. The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful explosive ever
detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bomba"), with a theoretical yield of 100 megatons, intentionally reduced to 50 when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet weapons
entered officially into the possession of the Russian Federation.
[10]
At its maximum, the Soviet nuclear arsenal is estimated to have contained some 45,000 warheads (in
1988).
[9]
Unied Kingdom
Mai aice: Ncea ea ad he Uied Kigd ad Uied Kigd ad ea f a deci
The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricane") in 1952, drawing largely on data gained while collaborating with the United States during the
Project. The United Kingdom was the third country in the world after the USA and USSR to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was motivated to have an independent deterrent against the USSR, while
also maintaining its status as a great power. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 (Operation Grapple), making it the third country to do so after the USA and USSR.
strategic bombers and ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold War. It currently maintains a fleet of four
SLBMs. The British government announced a replacement to the current system to take place between 2007-2024.
Fance
Mai aice: Face ad ea f a deci
France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue"), based mostly on its own research. It was motivated by the Suez Crisis diplomatic tension
USSR and the Free World allies United States and United Kingdom. It was also relevant to retain great power status, alongside the United Kingdom, during the post-colonial
Cold War (see: Force de frappe). France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1968 ("Opration Canopus"). After the Cold War, France has disarmed 175 warheads with the
reduction and modernization of its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and medium-range air-to-surface
missiles (Rafale fighter-bombers). However new nuclear weapons are in development and reformed nuclear squadrons were trained during
Afghanistan. In January 2006, President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or the use of weapons of mass destruction against France would result in a nuclear
counterattack.
[13]
China
Mai aice: Pee' Rebic f Chia ad ea f a deci
China tested its first nuclear weapon device ("596") in 1964 at the Lop Nur test site. The weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the
Union. Two years later, China had a fission bomb capable of being put onto a nuclear missile. It tested its first hydrogen bomb ("Test No. 6
testing its first nuclear weapon (the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history).
[14]
The country is currently thought to have had a stockpile of around 240
warheads, though because of the limited information available, estimates range from 100 to 400.
[15][16][17]
China is the only NPT nuclear-weapon state to give an unqualified
negative security assurance due to its "no first use" policy.
[18]
Ohe ae declaing he hae nclea eapon
India
Mai aice: Idia ad ea f a deci
India is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. India tested what it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 1974 (which became known as "
test was the first test developed after the creation of the NPT, and created new questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes
(dual-use technology). India's secret development caused great concern and anger particularly from nations, such as Canada, that had supplied its nuclear reactors for peaceful and power generating needs. It appears to
have been primarily motivated as a general deterrent, as well as an attempt to project India as a regional power.
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Though India maintained that its nuclear capability was primarily "peaceful", it apparently weaponized two dozen nuclear weapons for delivery by air between 1988 and 1990.
nuclear warheads ("Operation Shakti"), including a thermonuclear device.
[20]
In July 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced plans to conclude an Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement
to fruition through a series of steps that included Indias announced plan to separate its civil and military nuclear programs in March 2006,
India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act by the U.S. Congress in December 2006, the conclusion of a U.S.-India nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2007,
approval by the IAEA of an India-specific safeguards agreement,
[24]
agreement by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to a waiver of export restrictions for India,
U.S. Congress
[26]
and culminating in the signature of U.S.-India agreement for civil nuclear cooperation
[27]
in October 2008. The U.S. State Department
clear that we will not recognize India as a nuclear-weapon state".
[28]
The United States is bound by the Hyde Act with India and may cease all cooperation with India if India
detonates a nuclear explosive device. The US had further said it is not its intention to assist India in the design, construction or operation of sensitive nuclear technologies through
the transfer of dual-use items.
[29]
In establishing an exemption for India, the Nuclear Suppliers Group reserved the right to consult on any future issues which might trouble it.
As of June 2011, India was estimated to have had a stockpile of around 80100 warheads.
[4]
Pakian
Mai aice: Paia ad ea f a deci
Pakistan also is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over decades, beginning in the late 1970s. Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the
establishment of its first nuclear power plant near Karachi with equipment and materials supplied mainly by western nations in the early 1970s.
can build nuclear weapons then Pakistan would too, "even if we have to eat grass." The United States continued to certify that Pakistan did not possess nuclear weapons until 1990, when sanctions were imposed under
the Pressler Amendment, requiring a cutoff of U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan.
[31]
In 1998, Pakistan conducted its first
India a few weeks before. Over the years, Pakistan has developed into a crucial nuclear power.
In 2004, the Pakistani metallurgist A.Q. Khan, a key figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, confessed to heading an international
Khan had been selling gas centrifuge technology to North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Khan denied complicity by the Pakistani government or Army, but this has been called into question by journalists and IAEA officials,
and was later contradicted by statements from Khan himself.
[32]
Noh Koea
Mai aice: Nh Kea ad ea f a deci
North Korea was a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but announced a withdrawal on January 10, 2003, after the United States accused it of having a secret
assistance under the 1994 Agreed Framework. In February 2005 the North Koreans claimed to possess functional nuclear weapons, though their lack of a test at the time led many experts to doubt the claim. However,
in October 2006, North Korea stated that due to growing intimidation by the USA, it would conduct a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status. North Korea reported a successful nuclear test on October 9, 2006 (see
2006 North Korean nuclear test). Most U.S. intelligence officials believe that North Korea did, in fact, test a nuclear device due to radioactive isotopes detected by U.S. aircraft; however, most agree that the test was
probably only partially successful.
[33]
The yield may have been less than a kiloton, which is much smaller than the first successful tests of other powers;
which is sufficient to start deuterium-tritium fusion in the boost gas at the center; the fast neutrons from fusion then ensure a full fission yield. North Korea conducted a second, higher yield test on May 25, 2009 (see
2009 North Korean nuclear test).
Ohe ae belieed o poe nclea eapon
Iael
Mai aice: Ncea ea ad Iae
Israel is widely believed to be the sixth country in the world to develop nuclear weapons, having assembled crude, but likely operational, nuclear weapons in 1967.
not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Israel engages in strategic ambiguity, saying it would not be the first country to "introduce" nuclear weapons into the region,
but refusing to otherwise confirm or deny a nuclear weapons program or arsenal. This policy of "nuclear opacity" has been interpreted as an attempt to get the benefits of
deterrence with a minimum political cost.
[35][34]
In 1968, the Israeli Ambassador to the United States, Yitzhak Rabin, affirmed to the United States State Department that Israel
would "not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the Middle East." Upon further questioning about what "introduce" meant in this context, however, he said that "he
would not consider a weapon that had not been tested a weapon," and affirmed that he did not believe that "an unadvertised, untested nuclear device" was really "a nuclear
weapon." He also agreed, however, that an "advertised but untested" device would be considered "introduction." This has been interpreted to mean that official Israeli policy
was that the country could possess a nuclear weapon without technically "introducing" it, so long as it did not test it, and as long as it was "unadvertised".
There is extensive evidence Israel has nuclear weapons or a near-ready nuclear weapons capability. There is also speculation that Israel may have tested a nuclear weapon
along with South Africa in 1979, but this has never been confirmed, and interpretation of the Vela Incident is controversial. The stated purpose of the
Center near Dimona is to advance basic nuclear science and applied research on nuclear energy.
[38]
In 1986, a former Dimona technician, Mordechai Vanunu, disclosed extensive information about the nuclear program to the British press, including photographs of the secret
areas of the nuclear site, some of which depicted nuclear weapons cores and designs. Vanunu gave detailed descriptions of lithium-6 separation required for the production of
tritium, an essential ingredient of fusion-boosted fission bombs, as well as information about the rate of plutonium production. Vanunu's evidence was vetted by experienced technical experts before publication, and is
considered to be among the strongest evidence for the advanced state of the Israeli nuclear weapons program.
[35][39]
According to the Natural Resources Defense Council
Israel likely possesses around 75200 nuclear weapons.
[40][5]
In May 2008, former US President Jimmy Carter stated that "Israel has 150 or more [nuclear weapons]."
Nclea eapon haing
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Belgim, Geman, Ial, Neheland, Tke
Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing, the United States has provided nuclear weapons for Belgium,
[42]
Germany,
[42]
Italy, the Netherlands
to deploy and store.
[43]
This involves pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practicing, handling, and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs, and
adapting non-U.S. warplanes to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs. U.S. nuclear weapons were also deployed in Canada until 1984, South Korea until 1991, and in
Greece until 2001 for nuclear sharing purposes.
[44]
Members of the Non-Aligned Movement have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear sharing for
military purposes under any kind of security arrangements."
[45]
The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly
violating Articles I and II of the NPT, arguing that "these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear weapons directly or indirectly to
others."
[46]
NATO has argued that the weapons' sharing is compliant with the NPT because "the U.S. nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession
and under constant and complete custody and control of the United States."
[47]
Sae fomel poeing nclea eapon
Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging grounds under control of other powers. However, in only one instance has a nation given up nuclear weapons after being in control of them; in most cases
this has been because of special political circumstances. The fall of the USSR, for example, left several former Soviet republics in possession of nuclear weapons.
Soh Afica
Mai aice: Sh Afica ad ea f a deci
South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but disassembled them in the early 1990s. In 1979, there was a putative detection of a clandestine nuclear test in the
Indian Ocean, and it has long been speculated that it was possibly a test by South Africa, perhaps in collaboration with Israel, though this has never been confirmed (see
Incident). South Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.
[48]
Fome Soie conie
Bela had 81 single warhead missiles stationed on its territory after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. They were all transferred to Russia by 1996. Belarus has signed the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
[49]
Kaakhan inherited 1,400 nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union, and transferred them all to Russia by 1995. Kazakhstan has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty.
[50]
Ukaine has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Ukraine inherited about 5,000 nuclear weapons when it became independent from the USSR in 1991, making its nuclear arsenal the third-largest in the
world.
[51]
By 1996, Ukraine had voluntarily disposed of all nuclear weapons within its territory, transferring them to Russia.
[52]
See alo
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear latency states who have the capability of producing nuclear weapons quickly but have not done so
Nuclear proliferation states who are accused of attempting to acquire nuclear weapons
Nuclear war
Nuclear terrorism
Noe
1. ^ All numbers are estimates from the Natural Resources Defense Council, published in the Bei f he Aic Sciei, unless other references are given. The latest update was on
February 19, 2011. If differences between active and total stockpile are known, they are given as two figures separated by a forward slash. If specifics are not available (n.a.), only one
figure is given. Stockpile number may not contain all intact warheads if a substantial amount of warheads are scheduled for but have not yet gone through dismantlement; not all "active"
warheads are deployed at any given time. When a range of weapons is given (e.g., 010), it generally indicates that the estimate is being made on the amount of fissile material that has
likely been produced, and the amount of fissile material needed per warhead depends on estimates of a country's proficiency at nuclear weapon design.
Refeence
1. ^ Harding, Luke (2006-12-12). "Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe Israel and the Middle East | Guardian Unlimited"
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1970616,00.html) . London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1970616,00.html. Retrieved 2009-05-15
2. ^ Webster, Paul (July/August 2003). "[1] (http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2009/sep/06/nuclear-weapons-world-us-north-korea-russia-iran)
3. ^ "Status of Signature and Ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty" (http://www.ctbto.org/the-treaty/status-of-signature-and-ratification/)
treaty/status-of-signature-and-ratification/. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
4. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j
"Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces" (http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html)
http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
5. ^
a

b
There are a wide range of estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal. Most sources put 200 as the highest possible value. One source in 1997 suggested "more than 400",
but this has not been echoed in later analysis. For a compiled list of estimates, see Avner Cohen, The W-Ke Sece: Iae' bagai ih he Bb
2010), Table 1, page xxvii.
6. ^ Hansen, Chuck (1988). U.S. cea ea: The ece hi. Arlington, TX: Aerofax. ISBN 0-517-56740-7.
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7. ^ Hansen, Chuck (1995). The Sd f Aagedd: U.S. cea ea deee ice 1945 (http://www.uscoldwar.com/) . Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications
http://www.uscoldwar.com/.
8. ^ Stephen I. Schwartz, ed., Aic Adi: The C ad Ceece f U.S. Ncea Wea Sice 1940 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998).
9. ^
a

b
Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006 (http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/c4120650912x74k7/fulltext.pdf)
Scientists 62, no. 4 (July/August 2006), 64-66.
10. ^ Holloway, David (1994). Sai ad he bb: The Sie Ui ad aic eeg, 1939-1956. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN
11. ^ Gowing, Margaret (1974). Ideedece ad deeece: Biai ad aic eeg, 1945-1952. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0333157818.
12. ^ Arnold, Lorna (2001). Biai ad he H-bb. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 0312235186.
13. ^ France 'would use nuclear arms' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4627862.stm) (BBC, January 2006)
14. ^ John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai, Chia Bid he Bb (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988). ISBN 0-8047-1452-5
15. ^ [2] (http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukef&f/database/nukearsenals.cfm) [3] (http://cns.miis.edu/research/china/nuc/nstock.htm) [4] (http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/387/how-many-
chinese-nuclear-weapons-redux-3)
16. ^ Norris, Robert S. and Hans M. Kristensen. "Chinese nuclear forces, 2006 (http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/1w035m8u644p864u/?
p=e5726a0b55264b31817ed20a1931b193&pi=16) ," Bei f he Aic Sciei 62:3 (May/June 2006): 60-63.
17. ^ Lewis, Jeffery. "The ambiguous arsenal (http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/1l02746205r708t6/?p=6a4c0db635ba4099a629226cec492972&pi=12)
Sciei 61:3 (May/June 2005): 52-59.
18. ^ http://nuclearthreatinitiative.org/db/china/nfuorg.htm
19. ^ George Perkovich, Idia' Ncea Bb: The Iac Gba Pifeai (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 293297.
20. ^ "India's Nuclear Weapons Program: Operation Shakti" (http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html) . 1998. http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html
Retrieved 2006-10-10.
21. ^ "Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh" (http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050718-6.html)
Whitehouse.gov. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050718-6.html. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
22. ^ Implementation of the India-United States Joint Statement of July 18, 2005: Indias Separation Plan (http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/press_release/2006/Mar/sepplan.pdf)
23. ^ U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative Bilateral Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/89552.htm)
24. ^ "IAEA Board Approves India-Safeguards Agreement" (http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2008/board010808.html) . Iaea.org.
http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2008/board010808.html. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
25. ^ Statement on Civil Nuclear Cooperation with India (http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Final_NSG_Statement_India_20080906.pdf)
26. ^ Congressional Approval of the U.S.-India Agreement for Cooperation Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement)
(http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/10/110554.htm)
27. ^ Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Indian Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee At the Signing of the U.S.-India Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement
(http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/10/110916.htm)
28. ^ Interview With Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Robert Joseph (http://www.armscontrol.org/interviews/20060518_Joseph)
May 2006.
29. ^ Was India misled by America on nuclear deal? (http://www.indianexpress.com/story/356926.html) , Idia Ee.
30. ^ ACA: Final NSG Statement (http://www.armscontrol.org/system/files/20080906_Final_NSG_Statement.pdf)
31. ^ "Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism: Pakistan" (http://www.iie.com/research/topics/sanctions/pakistan.cfm) . Iie.com. http://www.iie.com/research/topics/sanctions/pakistan.cfm
Retrieved 2009-05-15.
32. ^ See A.Q. Khan: Investigation, dismissal, confession, pardon and aftermath, for citations and details.
33. ^ "CIA's Hayden: North Korea Nuke Test 'Was a Failure'" (http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/3/28/83234.shtml) . Newsmax.com. 2007-03-28
http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/3/28/83234.shtml. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
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a

b
NTI Israel Profile (http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Israel/Nuclear/index.html) Retrieved July 12, 2007.
35. ^
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b
Avner Cohen (2010). The W-Ke Sece: Iae' bagai ih he Bb. Columbia University Press.
36. ^ Memcon, "Negotiations with Israel - 4F and Advanced Weapons," November 8, 1968 and Memcon, "Negotiations with Israel - F4 and Advanced Weapons," November 12, 1968, both
part of National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 189 (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/index.htm) , "Israel Crosses the Threshold" (April 28, 2006)
37. ^ Avner Cohen and William Burr, "The Untold Story of Israel's Bomb (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/28/AR2006042801326_pf.html)
P, April 30, 2006; B01.
38. ^ "Nuclear Research Center NEGEV - NRCN" (http://iaec.gov.il/English/NRCN/Pages/default.aspx) . Israel Atomic Energy Commission.
http://iaec.gov.il/English/NRCN/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved February 01, 2012.
39. ^ "Vanunu 'wanted to avert holocaust'" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3758693.stm) . BBC News. May 29, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3758693.stm
40. ^ Israel's Nuclear Weapons (http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/index.html) , Federation of American Scientists (August 17, 2000)
41. ^ "Israel 'has 150 nuclear weapons'" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7420573.stm) . BBC Ne. 2008-05-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7420573.stm
42. ^
a

b

c

d
Murphy, Philip D. (12 November 2009). "NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR HEUSGEN ON AFGHANISTAN, MIDDLE EAST, IRAN, DETAINEES, RUSSIA, NUKES AND
BALKANS" (http://www.webcitation.org/5udZJ4Ro6) . Cabegae. Wikileaks. Archived from the original (http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/cable/2009/11/09BERLIN1433.html#par8)
November 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5udZJ4Ro6. Retrieved 30 November 2010. "a withdrawal of nuclear weapons from Germany and perhaps from Belgium and the Netherlands
could make it very difficult politically for Turkey to maintain its own stockpile"
43. ^ "Berlin Information-center for Transatlantic Security: NATO Nuclear Sharing and the N.PT - Questions to be Answered" (http://www.bits.de/public/researchnote/rn97-3.htm)
http://www.bits.de/public/researchnote/rn97-3.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
44. ^ Hans M. Kristensen (February 2005). U.S. Ncea Wea i Ee (http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf) . Natural Resources Defense Council
http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf. Retrieved 2006-05-23
45. ^ Statement on behalf of the non-aligned state parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/statements/npt02malaysia.pdf)
May 2005
46. ^ ISSI - NPT in 2000: Challenges ahead (http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2000_files/no_4/article/6a.htm) , Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, The Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad
47. ^ NATO's Positions Regarding Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament and Related Issues (http://www.nato.int/issues/nuclear/position.html)
48. ^ Nuclear Weapons Program (South Africa) (http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/rsa/nuke/index.html) , Federation of American Scientists (May 29, 2000).
49. ^ Belarus Special Weapons (http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/belarus/index.html) , Federation of American Scientists
50. ^ Kazakhstan Special Weapons (http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/kazakhstan/index.html) , Federation of American Scientists
51. ^ Ukraine Special Weapons (http://globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/ukraine/index.html) , GlobalSecurity.org
52. ^ Ukraine Special Weapons (http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/) , Federation of American Scientists
4/20/12 List of states with nuclear weapons - Wikipedia, the free encclopedia
6/6 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons
Eenal link
Archive of Nuclear Data (http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab19.asp) - List of warheads by country
Globalsecurity.org World Special Weapons Guide (http://globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/index.html)
The Nuclear Weapon Archive (http://nuclearweaponarchive.org)
Nuclear Notebook (http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/0096-3402/?sortorder=asc&Article%20Category=Nuclear%20Notebook)
U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A review of post-Cold War policy, force levels, and war planning (http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/contents.asp)
Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer:Tracking Nuclear Proliferation (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/)
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