CHAPTER 4

Metals & Non-Metals

Elements can be classified into Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids. Metals such as iron, copper, tin ETC. Hard, shiny in appearance. Non metals such as sulphur, phosphorus Etc. Metalloids such as arsenic, germanium and antimony These show some properties of metals and some of non-metals thus called metalloids. Definition Metals are defined as elements which form positive ions by losing electrons. They contain 1,2 or 3 valence electrons. Non-metals are defined as elements which form negative ions by gaining electrons. These usually contain 5,6 or 7 valance electrons. Metalloids are defined as elements which have 4 valance electrons. Occurrence Of Metals Almost all rocks contain metallic minerals. Sometimes to little amount is their to mine. If metallic mineral is high in amount it is profitable to mine it these are called ores. Impurities present in the minerals are known as gangue. Sometimes you have metals present in free state and dont react these are known as noble metals.

Occurrence of non metals A. Hydrogen Most abundant element in the universe Chief element, makes up all the stars. On earth mainly found in water. B. Nitrogen Mainly in free state in the atmosphere. C. Oxygen Most abundant element on earths crust. Mostly present in water and air. D. Carbon In its free state usually occurs as graphite, diamond and coal. Diamond is the purest form of coal known to man. Carbon is the central element of all living things. E. Silicon Second most abundant element on earths crust. It does not occur in the free state. F. Sulphur Occurs in free state in the earths crust. It also occurs as hydrogen sulphide.

Properties of Metals A. Physical State. It usually is solid state besides Mercury and gallium. B. Lusture. Metals have a shiny or lustrous appearance. C. Hardness and strength.

Metals are generally hard. Exceptions are Sodium and potassium. Which are very soft and can be easily cut with a knife. D. Malleability and ductility Malleability means the ability to be beaten into thin sheets of metals. Ductility means the ability to be drawn into wires. E. Conductivity. Metals are good conductors of electricity. F. Sonorous. When metals are struck against an object they create a ringing sound. G. Melting and boiling points. Metals usually have a high melting and boiling point.

FOR NON METALS ALL THE PROPERTIES ARE THE OPPOSITE TO WHAT I HAVE WRRITEN.

Properties of Metals and Non Metals A. Reaction with oxygen Oxygen reacts with metals to form Basic oxides. Oxygen reacts with non-metals to form acidic oxides. B. Reaction with water Water does not react non-metals. Water reacts with metals to form oxides or hydroxides with hydrogen C. Reaction with Dilute Acids

Metals react with HCl and H2SO4 to form a salt and effervescence of hydrogen. Non metals do not react with Dil. Acids.

Reactivity series

This reactivity series is used for displacement reaction. More reactive metals displace less reactive metals from their salts.