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EDUACHIEVERS ACADEMY

CONJUNCTION

CONJUNCTION & MODALS


IntroductionA word that is used to join two clauses, sentences or word is called Conjunction. Conjunction join the words or clauses to make them compact and contracted. Instead of saying "India is a poor country and Pakistan is a poor country"we can say it in a more contracted way. Example : (a) Both India and Pakistan is a poor country. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSUNCTION Conjunction are classified as (a) Co-ordinating Conjunction and (b) Subordinating Conjunction.

(a) Co-ordinating ConjunctionThe conjunctions that join two independent statement are called co-ordintating conjunction; such as-and, but, for, or, only. Example : (a) I received home and it begins to rain. (b) Subordinating ConjunctionThe conjunctions which joins the dependent clause to the main clause is called subordinating conjunction. Some main subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if that, till. Example : (a) As he is my neighbour, I respect him. Co-ordinating conjunctions are of four types (a) Alternative to express choice as. Example : (a) You come here to read or go to school. (b) CumulativeIt only adds one statement to another. Example : (a) I arrived the station and the train left. (c) AdversativeIt is used for expressing contrast or opposition. Example : (a) She came here still she did not spoke a word with me. (d) IllativeIt gives inference. Example : (a) MCD must have ignored all sanitary measures for dengue has spreaded over the entire city in just two weeks. We must remember some points to avoid error in usage : 1. As soon as is used to denote two actions taking place at the same time. This conjunction is used in three tenses. 2. No sooner is always followed by than and not by but takes a verb in the interrogative in the principal clause. It is the negative of As soon as. It also denote simultaneous actions and is used in Present and Past tense. 3. Hardly and scarcely never take than in the adjoining clauses. They are always followed by when.

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MODALS
Interesting facts about Modals Use of Can (a) (b) (c)

4. The word unless conveys the meaning if not and is not followed by a negative form in any case. 5. Zest is a subordinate conjunction and express a negative purpose. It take should after it and in no case is followed by not. 6. Until means so long as not so it never must be followed by not. 7. Though and although is followed by yet and in some cases yet is omitted. 8. Supposing and if never go together in a sentence. 9. Word either and neither must be followed by or and nor respectively. 10. Correlative should be carefully and they are followed by the same part of speech.

IntroductionThe helping verbs that express the mode of action denoted by the main verb are called modals. Following are the modals can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, ought to, used to, need, dare. 1. Modals have no S in the third person singular number. For this reason they are also called as defective verbs. 2. They have no participle forms, they do not have the use of ing. They usually rely upon principal verb to convey meaning. 3. Modals are used to express action like ability, power, permission, request, possibility, willingness etc. Can means to be able to or know how to and possibility of something to take place. It is used as follow To express ability Example : (a) I can solve any problem of Algebra. (b) He cannot speak English fluently. To express permission Example : (a) You cannot go home without doing your work. (b) Can I take your pen? To express possibility and strength Example : (a) Can you come to help me? (b) Anyone can do the job. (c) He can jump over the boundary wall. In the form of phrase Example : (a) We cannot help laughing when she came in. (b) He cannot but obey his boss.

(d)

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EDUACHIEVERS ACADEMY

CONJUNCTION

(e)To express disposition Example : (a) She can speak truth this time. (b) They cant believe him because he can tell a lie. Cannot or cant is one word and is used in the sense of prohibition. Use of Could Could is the past tense of can and is used in the indirect forms as follows Past tense of power Example : (a) He asked me if I could play in guitar. (b) I asked Ritu if she could sing modern songs. Polite request Example : (a) Could you lend me some money to buy a book? (b) Could you please go with me for the interview? Possibility Example : (a) If I had some money, I could buy a Baluchari saree which costs five thousand rupees (b) You could succeed if you tried. Past tense phrase Example : (a) He could not help weeping when he heard the bad news. (b) I could not but do the work. Feeling of Impatience Example : (a) How could the accident happen? (b) How could I do the work in this situation? Use of Shall

(a)

(i) The sense of a promise Example : (a) He will surely half you in the examination. (ii) The sense of a treat Example : (a) I will break your hand if you still beat him. (iii) The sense of a determination Example : (a) He will not help you in reading. (iv) The sense of willingness Example : I will do a high profile job. (b) Will is used with the second and third person to express simple future tense. Example : (a) You will be twenty two tomorrow. (c) Will is used with the third person in interrogative sentences. Example : (a) Will he go for the expedition? Use of Should Should is the past tense form of shall. It is used in the sense of A supposition or condition Example : (a) Should you come here before the interview, I would give you some instructions. Duty or obligation Example : (a) Everybody should obey their elders. The future in the past tense Example : (a) He told me that he should secure first division. Surprise or unexpectedness Example : (a) It is really sad that I should pass in the second division. Expressing advice or suggestion Example : (a) Ritika should go out for a morning walk daily. (b) Government should wake up people to prevent pollution. Expressing request Example : (a) I should like to say that we have not done this mischief. With lest in order to express purpose Example : (a) Walk fast lest we should miss the train. Use of Would

(b)

(a)

(c)

(b) (c)

(d)

(e)

(a) Shall is used simply to express simple future tense. It is possible in only assertive sentence. Example : (a) I shall meet you tomorrow. (b) Shall is also used with second and third persons to express a promise, a threat, a command and a determination in sentences. (i) The sense of a promise Example : (a) You shall be given a prize from me for your ability. (ii) The sense of a threat Example : (a) He shall be punished if he gives me any excuse. (iii) The sense of a command Example : (a) You shall have to take action against the issue. (iv) The sense of a determination Example : (a) I shall do what you command. Use of Will (a) Will is used with the first person to express as follows

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(d) (e) (f) (g)

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Would is the past tense form of will. It is used in the following ways (a) To denote suggestion Example : (a) Would you take care for your study? (b) To express polite request Example : (a) Would you take a cup of coffee? (c) To express determination

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EDUACHIEVERS ACADEMY

CONJUNCTION

Example : (a) He would do a job which suits him only. (d) To denote past habit Example : (a) She would take bath in the Ganges daily. (e) To denote wish or desire Example : (a) Would that I were a very-very rich man! (f) To express preference Example : (a) I would prefer poverty to dishonesty. (g) To denote future tense of past in the indirect speech Example : (a) She said that she would not marry. (h) To denote unreal condition Example : (a) If we were rich, we would buy a flat. Use of May (a) (b) May is used generally to express Possibility Example : (a) I may get a government service. Purpose Example : (a) She is dieting now-a-days so that she may loss her weight. Permission Example : (a) May I come into your party. Wish or prayer Example : (a) May God bless you with successfulness! Use of might (a)

(c) (d)

(b) (c) (d)

(e)

(f)

Might is the past tense form of may. It is used to denote Purpose Example : (a) Laxmi is working hard so that she might get a better job. A wish Example : (a) He hoped that you might win the match. Doubtful possibility Example : (a) We might go to Haridwar on next Sunday. Possibility of past tense Example : (a) The doctor said that the patient might face death. Permission in past tense Example : (a) My mother said that we might go for marketing. Future condition Example : (a) If we work hard our efforts might not go in vain. Use of Must

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Example : (a) Parents must give attention to their children. (b) Determination Example : (a) You must go for Delhi today. (c) Necessity Example : (a) You must work hard to defeat him. (d) Compulsion Example : (a) Everybody must follow the rules of roads. (e) Possibility Example : (a) I think that my sister must have received my letter today. (f) Expectation Example : (a) There must be a mistake in my writing. (g) Prohibition Example : (a) You must touch the flowers in the flower exhibition. (h) Likelihood Example : (a) He must be the principal of our school. (i) Emphatic advice Example : (a) Every student must learn their lessons regularly. (j) Necessity or obligation in future tense Example : (a) Ashish must save some money for his sisters marriage.

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Use of Used to

Used to expresses a habit or routine in the past but discontinued in the present. It is used in the following types of sentences (a) Affirmative sentence Example : (a) I used to pluck flowers for puja at dawn. (b) Negative sentence Example : (a) My brother used not speak the truth. (c) Interrogative sentence Example : (a) Used he to smoke when he was young? Use of Ought to In the present tense we use present infinitive to after ought and use first form of the verb. In the past tense we use perfect infinitive, to have after ought and then use third form of the verb. Ought to is used to express in (a) Strong probability Example : (a) Jaya is a very good runner he ought to win a championship. (b) Advice Example : (a) You ought to get ready fast. (c) Moral duty or obligation in the present tense

The word must is used to express (a) Obligation

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EDUACHIEVERS ACADEMY

CONJUNCTION

Example : (a) Everybody ought to respect aged persons. (d) Moral duty or obligation in the past tense Example : (a) You ought to have sing more clearly. Use of Dare Dare conveys the meaning, of the feeling have the courage enough to and is used especially when sentences are interrogative, negative, conditional and expressive of doubt or hesitation. Dare is used to express (a) Challenge Example : (a) We dared him to fight with ourselves. (b) Courage Example : (a) I dare not go there alone. (c) Probability Example : (a) The doctor dare say the cancer patient will live for three months more. Need When it is used as the principal verb it means to stand in need of. Example : (a) I need your help, please. (b) Need you go there? It is sometimes used with semi-negatives like hardly scarcely etc. (a) I need hardly any rupees.

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