COGNITIVE RADIO

It is an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its surrounding environment and uses methodology of understanding by building to learn from the environment and adapt its internal states to statistical variations in the incoming RF signal by making corresponding changes in certain parameters in real time with two primary objectives in mind.
Highly reliable communication Efficient utilization of the radio spectrum.

FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF A COGNITIVE RADIO

RF Environment
RF stimuli

Transmission

Radio Scene Analysis

Spectrum Hole Statistics Interference Temperature Estimate

Spectrum Management

Channel Estimation
Quantized Channel Capacity

TASKS

Spectrum Sensing Spectrum Management

Spectrum Sculpting

SPECTRUM SENSING
Cognitive Radio must follow listen before talk. Primary users must be protected. Similar to a binary hypothesis testing problem.

For a received signal y(n)

0 : = 1 = + 0.9 0.1

SPECTRUM SENSING
Methods

The matched filter Energy Detection

MTM Filter Bank Method

Cyclo-stationarity based detection Pilot Based Detection Covariance Based Detection Wavelet based spectrum sensing Distributed Spectrum Sensing

MATCHED FILTERING
A filter matched to the transmitted signal used. Knowledge of the transmitted signal is required at the CR.

ENERGY DETECTION
Find out the energy around the desired carrier. are the filtered values of samples. =1 = 2 which will be 2 with 2N degrees of freedom for =1 complex Gaussian . Noise measurements need to be precise. The need for windowing and the bias variance dilemma.

ENERGY DETECTION
The multi-taper method

Window shape should be to avoid spillovers and to measure exactly. One Method is to use multiple windows(tapers) and average the energy from each taper. Slepian sequences used as tapers. Design problem for Slepian sequences may be stated as
Given a bandwidth f design a set of K prototype low-pass filters whose main lobes lie within the range 2 , 2 and have minimum stop-band energy. Moreover the

designed filters are selected so that their coefficients form a set of orthogonal vectors.

The orthogonality condition ensures that the set of outputs corresponding to dif ferent filters for the same sub -band is uncorrelated.

ENERGY DETECTION
The multi-taper method

The problem can be solved by using the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of . K ( < ) tapers are selected and their outputs are averaged to find the energy in the given range. = D is the frequency shift matrix to shift the frequency of the filter around . = ( ) =
2 2 =1 2 =1

= +

ENERGY DETECTION
The multi-taper method

: , 2 2 This can be used iteratively to obtain a spectral estimate. This estimate is optimal according to Haykin. The computational complexity is high making it infeasible.

ENERGY DETECTION
The filter bank method

Filter banks used in to demodulate MCM signals. Same filters can be used to separate out frequencies in dif ferent bands. =
=1 =0 2

Is computationally feasible. Filter lengths longer than MTM are needed.

Though it is the simplest approach energy detection is highly sensitive to the measurements of signal to noise ratio. Both and are seen to degrade considerably in case of wrongly estimated noise powers. Also it does not work in the case of small received powers from LU.

CYCLO-STATIONARITY
The autocorrelation function for is defined as , = + 2 2 is said to be cyclostationary if , = + , Being periodic it can be associated with a Fourier series with coef ficients being given as
= 2 2

, 2

Peaks will occur at cyclic frequencies. Modulated signals are cyclostationary with cyclic frequencies at .
0

CYCLO-STATIONARITY
Based spectrum sensing

Sensing can be done at cyclic frequencies. An error will be introduced due to the finite length the sequence.
Signal Check for peaks

Take
Testing vectors of for multiple is cumbersome.

autocorrelation

= =1 () used as the test statistic. Simple but sub optimal. Threshold calculated empirically using .

is calculated from this threshold.

PILOT BASED DETECTION

Pilot signals accompanying data are used. Digital T V signals use pilots for packet sync and field sync. Correlation can be used to discover the pilot signals. Multiple dwells (frames) used for detection. The pilot of the signal must be known a -priori.

Receive signal

Low-pass filter

FFT

Offset by pilot frequency

Down sample

Use Energy/Location

WAVELET BASED DETECTION

A wideband approach. Multiple bands in the received signal with individual bandwidths and cut of f frequencies unknown. PSD within a band assumed to be flat. Singularities exist at band edges. Wavelet transform used to find singularities in the PSD(FFT) of received signal. PSDs can later be used to find the energies in dif ferent bands.
Detect Signal PSD Singularities

FFT

Wavelet transform

Energy within the

singularities

EIGENVALUE BASED DETECTION

Noise covariance matrix should have the form 2 . n If a signal exists the eigenvalues will be dif ferent. Covariance Matrix of the received signal calculated. 0 : : > is calculated from .
Detected if Ratio Data Find Eigenvalues >

Take covariance matrix

Compare maximum and minimum eigenvalues

DISTRIBUTED SPECTRUM SENSING

The LU may be missed due to fading/hidden terminal problem.
Distributed/Cooperative spectrum sensing uses multiple sensors.

Decision process can be centralized or decentralized.

Final decision may be based on the data(soft) or decision (hard) of the involved sensor nodes.

RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Can be distributed or centralized. Multiple users with different requirements contend for continuously varying network resources. Secondary users may be cooperative or competing. Problems can be modeled as games.

SPECTRUM SCULPTING
The secondary users must be totally invisible to the primary (licensed) users. There should be no (or negligible) adjacent channel interference. OFDM a natural candidate because of its ability to handle multiple carriers. Large side lobes of OFDM may interfere with non OFDM L.U.s. Raised cosine or other windows may be used. Subcarriers may be deactivated. Weighted subcarriers may be used. Wavelet packet based system may also be considered. TDCS of fers a single carrier based multiple modulation technique.

TDCS
Stands for transform domain communication system Time domain waveform sculpted according to available frequency bands One symbol transmitted at a time using the synthesized wave
Spectrum Estimate
Spectrum Magnitude

IFFT
Random Phase

Buffer

Modulation

TX

Data