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Firstly, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T for the entire blessing of my life. It is
really great pleasure after working on this study completely.
I would like to express my gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor Miss
Norishahaini Mohamed Ishak to her valuable supervision, guidance and co-operation
in the research and preparation of this thesis possible. Her consistent motivation and
encouragement allowed me to perform better and unleashed my capabilities in many
areas, especially in the field related to this thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to the lab technician, Mr. Ahmad Rizza for
his support and assistance during the research program. I would also like to extend
my sincere thanks to my colleague and others whom are not mentioned here for their
support and cooperation throughout this research work.
Finally, I am also grateful to my parents and all my family members for their
love, continuous support and encouragement in completing this research work.
ABSTRACT
The concrete was casted at the room temperature 28C and underwent slump
test before the concrete was compacted into their respected moulds before curing.
When the cubes were cured for 3, 7 and 28 days, they were subjected to
compressive strength test.
Result shows that the compressive strength of the concrete increase with
sand replacement by WCS although the strength shows much better in high water
cement ratio. Result also shows that concrete mixtures with WCS perform better than
the normal concrete mixture concerning compressive strength. The suitability of the
WCS as sand replacement with the result shows the particles of WCS that uniformly
graded, has a minor drop in workability and increases in compressive strength
compared to control concrete. The replacement of sand in concrete by ceramic
wastes will have major environmental benefits.
ii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1:
13
Figure 3.1:
26
Figure 4.1:
41
Figure 5.1:
Figure 5.2:
Figure 5.3:
59
Figure 5.4:
55
61
63
Figure 5.5:
65
Figure 5.6:
66
iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1:
27
Table 3.2:
28
Table 3.3:
29
Table 4.1:
36
Table 4.2:
36
Table 5.1:
54
Table 5.2:
57
Table 5.3:
58
Table 5.4:
60
Table 5.5:
62
Table 5.6:
64
Table 5.7:
66
iv
LIST OF PHOTO
Photo 4.1:
portland cement..
37
Photo 4.2:
Course aggregate..
38
Photo 4.3:
Water. 38
Photo 4.4:
Photo 4.5:
39
LA abrasion machine.
40
Photo 4.6:
42
Photo 4.7:
43
Photo 4.8:
43
Photo 4.9:
Sieve apparatus..
44
Photo 4.10:
Sieve analysis.
45
Photo 4.11:
Weighing material...
45
Photo 4.12
Mixing material
46
Photo 4.13:
47
Photo 4.14:
48
Photo 4.15:
48
Photo 4.16:
48
Photo 4.17:
49
Photo 4.18:
50
Photo 4.19:
51
Photo 4.20:
51
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT...ii
LIST OF FIGURE .. iii
LIST OF TABLE.. .. iv
LIST OF PHOTO.. .v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.0
Background of study.................................................................................... 2
1.1
Introduction ................................................................................................. 2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Research methodology................................................................................ 7
1.5.1
1.5.2
An Overview of Concrete............................................................................. 9
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
Cement .............................................................................................. 10
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6.6
2.6.7
2.6.8
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
Water ................................................................................................. 38
4.4.5
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
Curing ....................................................................................................... 49
4.12
Concrete strength of concrete cube test ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1
5.2
5.4
viii
Summary of Result Analysis and Data ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion ................................................................................................ 69
6.2
Recommendations .................................................................................... 70
ix