Introduction

1.1 Review of Elementary Mechanics of Materials (aka Strengths of Materials)

Engg structures and machines are often designed to carry a range of loads and/or to perform within a specified range of displacements Failure due to exceeding a max load can result as Plastic yield Brittle fracture Excessive displacement Buckling (instability)

1.1.1 Axially Loaded Members

Consider an axially loaded member Could be a rod, bar, tube or any general cross section

1.1.2 Torsionally Loaded Members

Consider an torsionally loaded member Could be a rod, bar, tube or any general circular cross section

1.1.3 Bending of Beams

Beam is a structural member whose length is large compared to its crosssectional dimensions Loads produce deflections that are perpendicular to its longitudinal axis

1.2 Methods of Analysis

1. The equations of equilibrium (or equations of motion for bodies not in equilibrium)

2.

The compatibility equations (continuity conditions) that require deformed volume elements in the member to fit together (geometric fit) without overlap or tearing

3.

The constitutive equations (load-deformation or stress-strain equations)

Multiaxial states of stress

Consider a simple circular shaft subject to a set of complex loads

Can be reduced to a set of simple loads

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1.2.1 Method of Mechanics of Materials

Equations of equilibrium (Requirement 1) e.g. Assuming the bending stresses to be the dominant stress s.t. all other stresses can be ignored

Based on simplified assumptions related to the geometry of deformation (Requirement 2geometric fit) e.g. Plane sections remain plane for beams Stress-strain relation s = Ee (Requirement 3)

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1.2.2 Method of Continuum Mechanics and the Theory of Elasticity

Some problems have states of stress that are too complex s.t. the mechanics of materials approach cannot be used May examine an infinitesimal volume element at a point in the body Requirement 1 is represented by the differential equations of equilibrium Requirement 2 is represented by the differential equations of compatibility Requirement 3 is addressed by one more stress-strain relations Knowing the BCs, the state of stress can be derived
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1.2.3 Deflections by Energy Methods

Castiglianos theorem Examine the strain (potential) energy stored in the system Minimize the energy to find the stable equilibrium

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1.3 Stress-Strain Relations 1.3.1 Elastic and Inelastic Response of a Solid

Yield Strength (L)
0.002 (0.2%) strain offset

Ultimate Tensile Strength (B) E, Modulus of Elasticity (aka Youngs Modulus and Elastic Modulus) Percent Elongation
Value of the elongation eB divided by the gage length L x 100% A measure of the ductility of the material

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Yield Point for Structural Steel Modulus of Resilience

Measure of energy per unit volume absorbed by the material up until it yields Modulus of resilience is an important material property for differentiating among materials for applications in which energy absorption is critical

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Modulus of Toughness, UF
Measure of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture Equal to the area under the stressstrain curve to fracture A large modulus of toughness is important if a material is not to fail under impact or seismic loads

Modulus of Rupture
Maximum tensile or compressive stress in the extreme fiber of a beam loaded to failure in bending Calculated using s=My/I, so overpredicts for plastic deformations Usually used for brittle materials such as wood and concrete

Poissons Ratio

el ea

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Brittle Material

Rigid-Perfectly Plastic

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1.3.2 Material Properties

Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Strength Modulus of Elasticity (aka Youngs Modulus) Percent Elongation Yield Point for structural steel Modulus of Resilience Modulus of Toughness Modulus of Rupture Poissons Ratio
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1.4

Failure and Limits on Design

Modes of Failure Failure Criteria

Stress Strain Displacement Load Number of Load Cycles Combination

Factor of Safety
SF Rn Rw
Nuclear ~5
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SF: 1 3

1.4.1 Material Properties 1. Excessive Deflection

a. Elastic b. Creep

2. General Yielding 3. Fracture

a. Brittle b. Cracked or Flawed members c. Fatigue

4. Buckling
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