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Report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SPOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyd.) Nadergul vill, near vanasthalipuram,sagar road saroornagar mndl,R.R Dist 05
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure to present this mini project report carried out in the CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TOOL DESIGN, HYDRABAD. I express my heartily gratitude to Mr. Shujayat khan (Principal Director) CITD who gave us an opportunity to undergo mini project in CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TOOL DESIGN. I am very thankful to Mr. V. Krishnaswami (Director) CITD for extending his cooperation throughout the project. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr.Vijaya Kumar (Asst. Director) CITD who has initiated the concept of our project and affectionate disposition extended to enable us to complete this project work. I also express my sincere thanks to regards to Mr. Bullaiah for his excellent guidance and co-operation for the successful completion of my project.
INDEX
CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES COMPANY PROFILE 1. Introduction 1.2 Radial Engine 1.3 Classification of Radial Engine
1.3 Applications of Radial Engine 2. PRO E Software 2.1 Benefits Of Usage Of ProE 3. Designing procedure of Radial Engine in pro E software 4. Conclusion 5. References
ABSTRACT
Radial engine was used in all U.S. Bombers and transports aircraft and in the most of the other categories of aircrafts. A single row radial engine has an odd number of cylinders extending radially from the centre line of the crank shaft. The number of cylinders usually ranges from 5 to 9 cylinders. The radial engine are arranged evenly in the same circular plane and all the pistons are connected to a single throw 360o crankshaft thus reducing the both the number of working parts and the weight.
The radial engine has the lowest weight to horsepower ratio of all the different types of piston engines. It has the advantage of greater during because of the area preserved to the air, and it eliminates some problem in cooling. Dependability and efficiency of engine have made it most widely used type of large aircraft equipped with reciprocating engine.
The modeling of the radial engine components are modeled and assembled by using modeling package (PRO E). It is the most advanced Three Dimensional Interactive Power Tool in modeling. By using Pro E Software, it optimizes the design and modeling time with accuracy compared to other modeling packages.
The finite element analysis of radial engine components are performed by using Ansys 12.1 (Advanced Numerical system simulation). In ansys software, we can perform structural & thermal analysis under various loading condition.
The stress levels & deformations of components at various loading conditions are obtained for the safe design consideration.
COMPANY PROFILE
services to the developing countries by imparting knowledge and necessary skills to their personnel in the field of Tool Design, CAD/CAM and Low Cost Automation Techniques.
ACTIVITIES:
CITD conducts several regular and part-time training programmers in the field of Tool Design & Manufacture, Low Cost Automation, Macaronis and Computer Aided Design & Computer Aided Manufacture for the benefit of National & International Participants. It also conducts short term courses, Special Purpose Clinics in Tool Engineering, Seminars, Tailormade programmers, in various disciplines for the benefit of working personnel Apart from training, CITD has been making significant contribution in meeting the needs of industries in design and manufacturing of quality tools. CITD provides full-fledged consultancy and servicing facility to large, medium and small scale industries in the country. This includes assistance in design and development of tools for various purposes and it also recommends measures to standardize tools and tooling elements, components of jigs & fixtures, Dies and Moulds and other tools. CITD is a member on various technical committees of Bureau of India Standards. CITD conducts several regular and part-time training programme in the field of Tool Design & Manufacture, Low Cost Automation, Mechatronics and Computer Aided Design & Computer Aided Manufacturer for the benefit of National & International participants. It also conducts Short-term courses, Special Purpose Clinics in Tool Engineering, Seminars, Tailormade Programmes, in various disciplines for the benefit of working personnel.
Apart from training, CITD has been making significant contribution in meeting the needs of industries in design and manufacturing of quality tools. CITD provides full-fledged consultancy and servicing facility to large, medium and small scale industries in the country. This includes assistance in design and development of tools for various purposes and it also recommends measures to standardize tools and tooling elements, components of jigs & fixtures, Dies and Moulds and other tools. CITD is a member on various technical committees of Bureau of Indian Standards.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the institute is to meet the requirements of the Industries in the field of Tool Design and manufacture and to train the technical personnel in these fields. The Institute has strong links with industries to impart practical knowledge by way of undertaking tooling assignments.
FACILITIES
The Institute has a well equipped Tool Room with sophisticated CNC machines like CNC EDM ( Charmilles Roboform 54), CNC Wirecut EDM ( AGIE Cut Classic III & Electronics), 4-Axis & 5-Axis High-Speed Machining centres, Kellenberger CNC Cylindrical Grinding Machine and 3D Coordinate Measuring Machine with Scanning and Digitization facilities. The Institute is equipped with latest versions of EMCO Table Top CNC turning and Milling machines with dosed loop systems to impart training in CNC Programming. The Calibration laboratory is set up in CITD with Universal Horizontal metroscope ULM OPAL 600 Carl Zeiss Technology, Germany and slip Guage Measuring Unit 826 with Millitron 1240, Mahr, Germany, to Calibrate Limit Guages, Micrometers, Dial Indicators, etc. The automation Centre is equipped with various simulator training kits like advanced Pneumatics Trainer, Advanced Electro Pneumatics Trainer with PID Controls, Advanced Hydraulics Trainer, Advanced Electro Hydraulics Trainer, Closed loop.
The documentation centre is the recent addition to the CITD. This has started functioning from 1984 onwards. Subscription is made to about 29 National and International periodicals in the field of tooling (tool design & manufacture). The documentation provides abstract service to the industry/faculty/trainees with the selective dissemination of knowledge in the field of tool design and tool manufacture. The facilities of library/documentation is open for reference to all interested engineers including trainees/faculty and personnel from industry.
LIBRARY
CITED has a full-fledged special library with a collection of 6000 technical books on various disciplines of Tool engineering and allied subjects. CITD has published 250 books on related subjects prepared by ILO Experts and CITD Faculty. CITD is the member of many professional bodies such as American Society for Metals, Die Casting Society of India, Indian Society of Tool Engineers, Indian Standards Institution, Indian Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Indian society for Technical Education, Fluid Power Society of India. The Library has got standards, reports, films, Photostat documents for reference. The Library subscribes to National and International Periodicals for the benefit of trainees & Clientele. For effective functioning of the Tool Room, better performance of the Faculty in their respective classes and the relevant machines, the library is the living agency which feeds them with selective dissemination of knowledge in right time with right technical literature. This library is open for reference to all interested engineers.
CAD/CAM Courses
Courses on CAD/CAM Post graduate diploma in CAD/CAM for tool engineering PGDCTE Master Certificate in Computer Aided tool engineering ( MCTE) Master Certificate in CAD/CAM( M-CAD-CAM) Mechanical CAD/CAM Mechanical CADD
INTRODUCTION
The radial engine has been the work horse of military & commercial air craft ever since the 1920s and the world war-I. Radial engine was used in al U.S. Bombers and transports aircraft and in the most of the other categories of aircrafts. They were developed to a peak of efficiency and dependability and even today. In the jet age, many are still in operation throughout the world in all types of duty. The radial e Radial engines reached their Zenith during WWII (World War II). There are some radial engines around today, but they are not that common. Most propeller-driven planes today use more traditional engine configurations (like a flat four-cylinder) or modern gas turbine engines. Gas turbines are much lighter than radial engines for the power they produce. The radial engine idea is very simple; it takes the pistons and arranges them in a circle around the crankshaft. You can see in the illustration that this is a five cylinder engine-radial engines typically have anywhere from three to nine cylinders. The radial engine has the same sort of pistons, valves and spark plugs that any four-stroke engine has. The big difference is in the crankshaft. Instead of the long shaft thats used in a multi-cylinder car engine, there is a single hub all of the pistons connecting rods connect to this hub. One rod is fixed, and it is generally known as the Master rod. The others are called Articulating rods. They mount on pins that allow them to rotate as the crankshaft and the pistons moves.
A Single row radial engine has a odd number of cylinders extending radially from the centre line of the crank shaft. The number of cylinders usually ranges from 5 to 9 cylinders. The radially engine are arranged even ally in the same circular plane, and all the pistons are connected to a single throw 360o crankshaft thus reducing the both the number of working parts and the weight.
A double row radial engine resembles two single-low engine combined on a single crankshaft the cylinders are arranged in radially in two rows, and each row has an odd members cylinders used in either 14 or 18, which means that the same effect is produced as having either two even cylinders engines or two nine cylinder engines joined on one crankshaft. A two throw 180deg crankshaft is used to permit the cylinder in each row to be alternating staggered on common crank case that is the cylinders of the rear row are located directly behind the space between the cylinders. Both rows receive ram air for the necessary cooling.
14-CYLINDER ENGINE ( Wright Cyclone R-2600) 18-CYLINDER ENGINER ( Wright Cyclone R-3350)
Originally radial engines had but one row of cylinders, but as engine sizes increased it became necessary to add extra rows. Most did not exceed two rows, but the largest radial engine ever built in quantity, the Pratt & Whitney Wasp Major, was a 28-cylinder 4-row radial engine used in many large aircraft designs in the post-World War II period. The USSR also built a limited number of Zvezda 42-cylinder diesel boat engines featuring 6 rows with 7 banks of cylinder, bore of 160 mm, and total displacement of 144.5 liters. The engine produced4500 KW at 2500 rpm.
APPLICATIONS
Radial engines have a relatively low maximum rpm (rotation per minute) rate, so they can often drive propellers without any sort of reduction. Most propeller-driven planes today use more traditional engine configuration (like a flat four-cylinder) or modern gas turbine engines. Gas turbines are much lighter than reduction gearing. Because all of the pistons are in the same plane, they all get even cooling and normally can be air-cooled. That saves the weight of water-cooling. They can produce a lot of power.
Introduction
Getting Started with Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire is a tutorial-based introduction to creating parts, assemblies and drawings in Pro/ENGINEER. If you follow the complete series of procedures, you will learn how Pro/ENGINEER passes 3D design information to and from every design stage, from solid part creation, to part assembly, to the output of mechanical drawings. These procedures also introduce basic techniques of using Pro/ENGINEER in each design phase. Familiarity with all phases of Pro/E design will help you to understand your particular role within a team effort.
Pro/ENGINEER Concepts
Becoming a Pro/ENGINEER user means learning to think in terms of how the components of a design interact, and to think ahead to how those interactions may change. At the simplest level, these components may be the discrete geometric shapes, called features, that comprise a solid part: extrusions, holes, or chamfers, for example. At a higher level they may be the individual parts of your assembly, joined together in an interdependent way. At all levels, this component interaction toward a common purpose is called the design intent. This chapter describes how
the principle of design intent is passed through all phases of the design, from conception to final documentation.
Assembly In Pro E
In this chapter, you will learn how to place the parts of the cell phone model into an assembly file. Assembly mode lets you assemble parts by locating them in reference to other parts, or to non-part objects like datum planes, datum points, or coordinate systems. Youll start assembling the cell phone parts by placing a base component into an empty assembly file. You will then use placement constraints to add each subsequent part and orient it to the base component. These constraints determine whether surfaces and edges are aligned, mated, or offset, and by what values or limits. After you complete the assembly of the cell phone, youll learn some modification techniques to make changes to the model. Youll see how the changes to your assembly are automatically passed back to the parts. Assembly Constraints Constraints in an assembly are similar to those used in Sketcher in that there must be enough of them to complete the placement of a part in relation to another part in 3D. You must establish references in two directions, define a surface or edge relationship (mate or align with an offset if required), and enter values for the references. When enough constraints are on a part in an assembly, the part is considered fully constrained. A part can be added to an assembly without it being fully constrained. In this case, the part is considered packaged. You can interactively import, place, and constrain parts to build an assembly object by object. You can also use automatically determined placement constraints to speed up the process. The procedures on assembling the cell phone demonstrate both methods. When you start a new assembly, you must first determine which part
should be the base component. All of the subsequent components that you assemble reference this component either directly or indirectly. For this 5-2 Getting Started with Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire reason you should always use a part that you are not likely to remove from the assembly. For this assembly, youll use the front cover as the base component. Pro/ENGINEER provides many placement constraints to assemble your parts. Youll see that the Automatic option selects only the best suited constraint for the particular situation. The constraints in the following table are accessible from the Component Placement dashboard: Constraint Description Mate Position two surfaces or datum planes so they face each other. Mate type may be Coincident or Offset. If the offset is set to Orient, the facing surfaces have a constantly varying offset. Align Make two surfaces or datum planes face the same direction, two axes coaxial, or two points coincident. Align may be set to Offset or Coincident. If the offset is set to Orient, the surfaces face the same direction with a constantly varying offset. Insert Insert one revolved surface into another revolved surface, making their respective axes coaxial. Coord Sys Make two datum coordinate systems coincident to each other. Tangent Control the contact of two surfaces at their point of tangency. Pnt On Line Control the contact of an edge, axis, or datum curve with a point. Pnt On Srf Constrain two surfaces to mate so that a datum point on one surface is in contact with the other surface. Edge On Srf Constrain an edge to contact a surface. Angle Fix the rotation of the aligned axes or edges.
Place the Base Component The first step in creating an assembly is importing a base component and
automatically aligning its part coordinate system with the assemblys coordinate system.
1. Click File > New. The New dialog box opens. 2. Select Assembly under Type and enter a name for the assembly. Use the default template. 3. Click OK. The Pro/ENGINEER main window opens and displays the default assembly datum planes, all marked with the prefix ASM_. 4. Click Insert > Component > Assemble on the main menu. The Open dialog box opens. 5. Select front_cover.prt. The front cover of the cell phone model appears and the Component Placement dashboard appears. 6. Click the Default constraint set from the Automatic constraint set list to assemble the front cover in the default constraint position. This constraint aligns the part coordinate system with the assembly coordinate system. You will see the parts Front, Right, and Top part datum planes align with their respective assembly datum planes. The STATUS line indicates that the base component is fully constrained. 7. Accept and save the assembly.
2) Mounting holes are created. 3) Keeping/Keep out areas are created. 4) Connectors (from the ECAD library) are placed on the PCB board. 5) File is exported to an IDF 3.0 file. 6) The IDF file is read into the PCB layout program. 7) Components are added observing the keep in and keep out areas on the board. 8) The file is exported out of the PCB layout program back to an IDF 3.0 file. 9) The Mechanical Engineer opens up their existing PCB board and appends the new IDF file. New components are added and existing components are automatically moved because of the PCB layout engineers design change.
This is a single iteration, but this can continue until the board is fully designed. Interference checks can be run and thermal analysis is one step away because of a fully designed PCB board.
Components required
Sr no
component
Quantity
01
Master Rod
01
02 03
04 05
04
05
04
06
05
07 08
05 20
09
Link pin
10
CONCLUSION
Modeling of radial engine is done by using the PRO E software, by which the modeling time is reduced.
REFERENCES
Machine Design by R.S. KHURMI and J.K. Gupta www.wikipedia.com www.encyclopedia www.google.com http://seminarprojects.com