Objective: 1.

To design a 10-bus transmission system in such a way that six generating units can supply seven loads to minimize the total investment cost of transmission lines. 2. To analyze the N-1 contingency of the designed system. 3. To perform short circuit analysis of the designed system and to select appropriate circuit breakers for the system. Equipment: 1. Powerworld Simulator software 2. Computer

Figure: geographical arrangement of generator and load buses

Contingency analysis: Contingency analysis is a method of treating uncertainty that explores the effect on the alternatives of change in the environment in which the alternatives are to function.

Security of supply in power system supposes that the robustness of the system can be guaranteed in case of credible contingencies. This robustness relies on structural redundancy and on security margins. Standard approach is to perform a single (N-1) contingency analysis simulation.

Figure: system configuration with no violation in transmission line, generating units and buses

The majority of the problems that occur on power system can cause serious trouble within such a quick time period that the operator could not take action fast enough. Hence, the computers in modern power system operation control centers are equipped with the contingency analysis programs that model the possible systems troubles before they arise. After performing contingency analysis simulation in this experiment, the violation in transmission line, generating units and buses were removed by adjusting the rating of switched shunt connected to the buses. The use of series capacitance was prohibited due to the excessive investment cost of transmission lines, as the cost is linearly proportional to the length of the lines.

Contingency report:
CONTINGENCY L_0000011-0000022C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 1 (1) TO 2 (2) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 1_138.0 (1) TO 2_138.0 (2) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 26.44 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000011-0000033C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 1 (1) TO 3 (3) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 1_138.0 (1) TO 3_138.0 (3) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 19.21 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000011-0000044C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 1 (1) TO 4 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:

Applied: OPEN Line 1_138.0 (1) TO 4_138.0 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 39.38 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000022-0000055C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 2 (2) TO 5 (5) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 2_138.0 (2) TO 5_138.0 (5) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 34.90 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000022-0000077C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 2 (2) TO 7 (7) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 2_138.0 (2) TO 7_138.0 (7) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 19.68 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0

INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000033-0000044C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 3 (3) TO 4 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 3_138.0 (3) TO 4_138.0 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 18.24 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000033-0000066C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 3 (3) TO 6 (6) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 3_138.0 (3) TO 6_138.0 (6) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 31.15 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:

None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000044-0000077C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 4 (4) TO 7 (7) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 4_138.0 (4) TO 7_138.0 (7) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 19.58 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000099-0000044C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 9 (9) TO 4 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 9_138.0 (9) TO 4_138.0 (4) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 17.79 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:

None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000055-0000088C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 5 (5) TO 8 (8) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 5_138.0 (5) TO 8_138.0 (8) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 14.36 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000066-0000099C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 6 (6) TO 9 (9) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 6_138.0 (6) TO 9_138.0 (9) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 9.44 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000099-0000077C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 9 (9) TO 7 (7) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:

Applied: OPEN Line 9_138.0 (9) TO 7_138.0 (7) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 9.59 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000077-00001010C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 7 (7) TO 10 (10) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 7_138.0 (7) TO 10_138.0 (10) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 19.62 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0 INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None. *----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----* CONTINGENCY L_0000088-00001010C1 ELEMENTS: OPEN Line 8 (8) TO 10 (10) CKT 1 | | CHECK | APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS: Applied: OPEN Line 8_138.0 (8) TO 10_138.0 (10) CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 8.63 MVA NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 0) BRANCH: 0 BUS VOLTAGE: 0

INTERFACE: 0 LOAD ISLANDED: NONE GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS: None. BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS: None. BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS: None. INTERFACE VIOLATIONS: None.

Bus records: Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nom kV 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 PU Volt 1 1.01288 1 0.99607 1.01235 0.9952 0.99546 1.01257 0.99662 1.00164 Volt (kV) 138 139.777 138 137.458 139.704 137.338 137.374 139.735 137.534 138.227 Angle (Deg) 0 -4.09 -1.76 -4.33 -6.34 -5.18 -6.45 -7.48 -5.73 -7.67 Load MW Load Mvar Gen MW 80.45 30 30 19.85 20.2 21.89 29.85 10.1 15.93 19.97 14.94 15.2 17.91 22.38 7.6 11.96 15.03 Gen Mvar -25.27 -10 -8.12 Switched Shunts Mvar 10.26 8.93 16.71 16.34 7.83 13.12 13.91 15.05

Short circuit analysis: A short circuit is an unintended path through which current can flow. A circuit breaker must be able to respond to a short circuit, which can present a large current flow in a short period of time. A short circuit unlike an overload presents itself in a very short period of time and will typically be multiples of the loads normal operating current. Faults could be occurred in the bus or in the line. There are four major types of short circuit faults: 1. Single line-to ground 2. Line-to-line 3. Three-phase balanced 4. Double line-to-ground Breakers are tested to determine their ability to clear a short circuit without damage to themselves. So the circuit breaker rating is always less than the amount of fault current in the particular area where the breaker is installed.

Near Bus 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8

Far Bus 2 3 4 5 7 4 6 7 9 8 9 9 10 10

Fault location

Fault type

In-line fault (location 80%)

Double line-toground

Fault current (Amps) 1086.99 1107.88 813.59 506.37 717.79 797.56 572.43 671.61 712.50 362.46 559.62 643.24 421.93 375.56

Discussion: 1. There are six generating units, with rating of each generator 35 MVA. Each generator is capable of producing active power between 10 MW and 30 MW, and reactive power between -5 MVAr and 10 MVAr, with terminal voltage set between 1.00 pu and 1.05 pu. 2. There are seven loads, where the load has a mixed characteristic of constant power, constant current and constant impedance. Constant power load does not vary with the voltage, while the constant current and constant impedance loads vary with voltage. 3. Contingency analysis programs are based on a model of the power system and are used to study outage events and alarm the operators to any potential overloads or out-of-limit voltages. 4. Generally for the over voltage and under voltage problem, series and shunt capacitors are used in the transmission line. But it should be also considered that the more elements in the system, the more complex and expensive it would become. 5. For the cost optimization, the transmission lines among the buses are in the shortest and nearest paths. It should be also reminded that no part of the system in islanding operation. 6. The ratings of all the circuit breaker between two buses should be less than the fault current for the in-line fault between those two buses.