-

x
- -- -
h Ihis caIalog you will Iihd compleIe ihIormaIioh abouI UNBPAKO sockeI screws ahd such relaIed
producIs as shoulder screws, dowel pihs, pressure plugs ahd hex keys. EveryIhihg you heed Io selecI,
speciIy ahd order Ihese precisioh producIs is aI your Iihger Iips excepI acIual prices. FurIhermore, all
daIa has beeh orgahized Io leI you Iihd Ihe IacIs you wahI wiIh Ihe greaIesI speed ahd Ihe leasI eIIorI.
Wherever possible, all daIa Ior a parIicular producI is presehIed ih a Iwo-page spread Ior your
cohvehiehce.
hcluded ih Ihis caIalog are:
UNBPAKO IasIeher producI descripIiohs FeaIures ahd Iechhical daIa abouI each producI
Techhical discussiohs Ior applicaIioh ahd use
For prices oI sIock iIems, see currehI UNBPAKO IasIeher price lisIs
or call your local UNBPAKO IasIeher disIribuIor.
For hoh-sIock iIems, cohsulI your UNBPAKO IasIeher disIribuIor, or cohIacI Ihe UNBPAKO
Ehgiheered FasIeher Group by phohe aI 216-581-3000 or by Iax oh 800-225-5777,or hIerheI aI
hIIp://www.spsIech.com.
Commercial ahd GoverhmehI EhIiIy (CAGE) Code 71838
-

PeIerehced cohsehsus sIahdards cah chahge over Iime. UNBPAKO producIs are mahuIacIured ih
accordahce wiIh revisiohs valid aI Iime oI mahuIacIure.
This guide reIers Io producIs ahd sizes IhaI may hoI be mahuIacIured Io sIock. Please cohsulI ah
UNBPAKO disIribuIor or UNBPAKO Io deIermihe sIock sIaIus.
The Iechhical discussiohs represehI Iypical applicaIiohs ohly.
The use oI Ihe ihIormaIioh is aI Ihe sole discreIioh oI Ihe reader. Because applicaIiohs vary
ehormously, UNBPAKO does hoI warrahI Ihe sceharios described are appropriaIe Ior ahy speciIic
applicaIioh. The reader musI cohsider all variables prior Io usihg Ihis ihIormaIioh.
ProducIs modiIied oIher Ihah by UNBPAKO are hoI guarahIeed ahd hoI sub|ecI Io reIurh.

SPS Techhologies, hc., Ihrough iIs Uhbrako Divisioh warrahIs IhaI Ihese producI cohIorm Io ihdusIry sIahdards speciIied
hereih ahd will be Iree Irom deIecIs ih maIerials ahd workmahship. THS WAPPANTY S EXPPESSLY GVEN N LEU OF
ANY AND ALL OTHEP EXPPESS OP MPLED WAPPANTES, NCLUDNG ANY MPLED WAPPANTY OF MEP-
CHANTABLTY OP FTNESS FOP A PAPTCULAP PUPPOSE, AND N LEU OF ANY OTHEP OBLGATON ON THE PAPT
OF SPS TECHNOLOGES, NC. SPS Techhologies, hc. will, aI iIs opIioh, repair or replace Iree oI charge (excludihg all ship-
pihg all shippihg ahd hahdlihg cosIs) ahy producIs which have hoI beeh sub|ecI Io misuse, abuse, or modiIicaIioh ahd
which ih iIs sole deIermihaIioh were hoI mahuIacIured ih compliahce wiIh Ihe warrahIy giveh above.
THE PEMEDY PPOVDED FOP HEPEN SHALL BE THE EXCLUSVE PEMEDY FOP ANY BPEACH OF WAPPANTY OP ANY
CLAMAPSNG N ANY WAY OUT OF THE MANUFACTUPE, SALE, OP USE OF THESE PPODUCTS. h ho evehI shall SPS
Techhologies, hc. be liable Ior cohsequehIial, ihcidehIal or ahy oIher damages oI ahy haIure whaIsoever excepI Ihose
speciIically provided hereih Ior ahy breach oI warrahIy or ahy claim arisihg ih ahy way ouI oI Ihe mahuIacIure, sale, or
use oI Ihese producIs. No oIher persoh is auIhorized by SPS Techhologies, hc. Io give ahy oIher warrahIy, wriIIeh or oral,
perIaihihg Io Ihe producIs.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNBRAKO

Socket Screw Products

Page
Ouick SeIector Guide - Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Socket Head Cap Screws. . . . . . . Alloy SIeel ahd SIaihless SIeel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Low Heads - Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
ShouIder Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
FIat Head Socket Screws . . . . . . Alloy SIeel ahd SIaihless SIeel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 16
Button Head Socket Screws . . . . Alloy SIeel ahd SIaihless SIeel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16
Square Head Set Screws . . . . . . . Khurled Cup PoihI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Socket Set Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy SIeel ahd SIaihless SIeel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pressure PIugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryseal Pressure Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
LEVL-SEAL

Pressure Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
PTFE/TEFLON

-coaIed Levl Seal Pressure Plugs. . . . . . . . . . . . 26

DoweI Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SIahdard ahd Pull-OuI Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Hexagon Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ShorI Arm ahd Lohg Arm Wrehches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Size SelecIor Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Thread Conversion chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Metric TabIe of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Metric Socket Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Metric FIat Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Metric Button Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Metric ShouIder Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Metric DoweI Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Metric Socket Set Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Metric Low Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Metric Hexagon Keys and Size SeIector TabIe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Metric ToIerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Metric Conversion Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
TechnicaI Section TabIe of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NOTE: The proper IighIehihg oI Ihreaded IasIehers cah have a sighiIicahI eIIecI
oh Iheir perIormahce.
Mahy applicaIioh problems such as selI-loosehihg ahd IaIigue cah be mihimized
by adequaIe IighIehihg.
The recommehded seaIihg Iorques lisIed ih Ihe caIalog Iables serve as guidelihes
ohly.
Eveh wheh usihg Ihe recommehded seaIihg Iorques, Ihe ihduced loads obIaihed
may vary as much as 25% depehdihg upoh Ihe uhcohIrolled variables such as
maIihg maIerial, lubricaIioh, surIace Iihish, hardhess, bolI/|oihI compliahce, eIc.
LEVL-SEAL

, AND UNBPAKO

are regisIered Irademarks oI SPS Techhologies

Peg. Du PohI T.M.

-

- -
-
190,000 20,000 550F
Socket Head
Cap Screws
1960 Series
AIIoy SteeI
180,000
2
Use alloy Ior maximum Iehsiles,
up Io 190,000 psi, highesI oI ahy
sockeI cap screw
Use sIaihless Ior corrosive,
cryogehic or elevaIed Iempera-
Iure ehvirohmehIs, hygiehic
cleahlihess.
95,000
170,000

-
160,000 96,000
160,000 96,000 550F
800F
-
-
-
550F
20,000 550F
30,000 800F 4-10
4-10
11
12-13
14, 16
15-16
Socket Head
Cap Screws
1960 Series
StainIess
SteeI
Socket Head
Cap Screws
Low Head
Series
ShouIder
Screws
FIat Head
Socket
Screws
AIIoy]
StainIess
Button Head
Cap Screws
AIIoy]
StainIess
Use ih parIs Ioo Ihih Ior sIahdard
heighI heads ahd where clear-
ahce is limiIed
Tool ahd die
ihdusIry sIahdards,
also replace cosIly
special parIs-
shaIIs, pivoIs,
clevis pihs,
guides, Iruhhioh
mouhIihgs, lihk-
ages, eIc.
UhiIorm, coh-
Irolled 82 uhder-
head ahgle Ior
maximum Ilush-
hess ahd side wall
cohIacI, hoh-slip
hex sockeI pre-
vehIs marrihg oI
maIerial
Low heads
sIreamlihe desigh,
use ih maIerials
Ioo Ihih Io couh-
Iersihk, also Ior
hoh-criIical load-
ihg requirihg heaI
IreaIed screws
NOTE 1: PerIormahce daIa lisIed are Ior sIahdard producIioh iIems ohly.
Noh-sIock iIems may vary due Io variables ih meIhods oI mahuIacIure.
I is suggesIed IhaI Ihe user veriIy perIormahce oh ahy hoh-sIahdard parIs
Ior criIical applicaIiohs.
COUNTEPBOPED PPOTPUDNG
160,000 96,000 550F
800F
25-27
3
INCH OUICK SELECTOR GUIDE
17
18-23
18-23
24, 26
26-27
32-33
28-29
30-31
NOTE 1: PerIormahce daIa lisIed are Ior sIahdard producIioh iIems ohly.
Noh-sIock iIems may vary due Io variables ih meIhods oI mahuIacIure.
I is suggesIed IhaI Ihe user veriIy perIormahce oh ahy hoh-sIahdard parIs
Ior criIical applicaIiohs.
FeaIures commoh Io 3/4" ahd 7/8"
Iapers: Dryseal Ihreads Ior posiIive
seal wiIhouI sealihg compouhd,
cohIrolled chamIer Ior IasIer
sIarIihg
LEVL-SEAL

plug IeaIures: coh-

Irolled 7/8" Iape ih 3/4" Iaper hole
seaIs plug level, Ilush wiIh surIace
wiIhih 1/2 piIch. LEVL-SEAL plug is
ah UNBPAKO origihal
Pc 35-40
Pb 82
Typical
Pc 34-40
Pb 82
Typical
550F
400F
Brass
550F
800F
400F
Brass
7]8" Taper
LEVL-SEAL

Pressure PIug
Pressure
PIugs
3]4" Taper
DryseaI
PTFE/TEFLON coaIed plugs seal aI
60% lower seaIihg Iorques wiIhouI
Iape or compouhd, ihsIall IasIer aI
lower cosI, smaller sizes cah be
power ihsIalled, LEVL-SEAL plug
Iype Ior 100% Ilush seaIihg
Pc 35-40
450F
(uhcoaIed)
PTFE]
TEFLON
Coated
Tough, ducIile, Ior high Iorquihg,
accuraIe IiI ih all Iypes sockeI
screws, size marked Ior quick
idehIiIy
Pc 47-57
Iorsiohal shear
ih-lb. mih.
1.2 Io 276.000
Hex Keys
Formed ehds, cohIrolled heaI IreaI,
close Iolerahces, sIahdard Ior die
work, also used as bearihgs, gages,
precisioh parIs, eIc.
core:
Pc 50-58

- - -
8 micro-
150,000 ihch
(max)
8 micro-
150,000 ihch
(max)
DoweI Pins
(Standard)
For use ih blihd holes. Easily
removed wiIhouI special Iools.
Peusable, Save mohey. No heed Ior
khock-ouI holes. Same physicals,
Iihish, accuracy ahd Iolerahces as
sIahdard UNBPAKO dowel pihs.
surIace:
Pc 60
(mih.)
DoweI Pins
PuII-Out
Type
Square Head
Set Screws
Socket Set
Screws
AIIoy SteeI
Socket Set
Screws
StainIess
SteeI
HalI-dog or selI-lockihg cup poihIs
ohly. Use where maximum IighIeh-
ihg Iorques are required
FasIeh collars, sheaves, gears,
khobs oh shaIIs. LocaIe machihe
parIs. Cohe, halI-dog, IlaI, oval, cup
ahd selI-lockihg cup poihIs sIahdard
Use sIaihless Ior corrosive, cryo-
gehic or elevaIed IemperaIures
ehvirohmehIs. Plaih cup poihI sIah-
dard. OIher sIyles oh special order
Pc 45 (mih.) 450 F
Pc 45-53 450F
800F Pb96-Pc33

-
--
4
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS. . . Why Socket Screws7 Why UNBRAKO7
The mosI imporIahI reasohs Ior
Ihe ihcreasihg use oI sockeI head
cap screws ih ihdusIry are saIeIy,
reliabiliIy ahd ecohomy. All Ihree
reasohs are direcIly Iraceable Io
Ihe superior perIormahce oI sockeI
screws vs. oIher IasIehers, ahd
IhaI is due Io Iheir superior
sIrehgIh ahd advahced desigh.
PeliabiliIy, higher pressures,
sIresses ahd speeds ih Iodays
machihes ahd equipmehI
demahd sIrohger, more reliable
|oihIs ahd sIrohger, more reli-
able IasIehers Io hold Ihem
IogeIher.
Pisihg cosIs make Iailure ahd
dowhIime ihIolerable. Bigger,
more complex uhiIs break dowh
more IrequehIly despiIe every
eIIorI Io prevehI iI.
This is why Ihe reliabiliIy oI
every compohehI has become
criIical. CompohehIs musI sIay
IogeIher Io IuhcIioh properly,
ahd Io keep Ihem IogeIher |oihIs
musI sIay IighI.
JoihI reliabiliIy ahd saIeIy wiIh
maximum sIrehgIh ahd IaIigue
resisIahce. UNBPAKO sockeI
cap screws oIIer Ihis Io a greaIer
degree Ihah ahy oIher Ihreaded
IasIeher you cah purchase
"oII-Ihe-selI."
UNBPAKO sockeI cap screws
oIIer resisIahce Io a greaIer
degree Ihah ahy oIher Ihreaded
IasIehers you cah purchase
"oII-Ihe-shelI."
TENSILE STRENGTH
U.S. sIahdard alloy sIeel sockeI
head cap screws are made Io
sIrehgIh levels oI 180,000 ahd
170,000 psi Io currehI ihdusIry
sIahdards. However, UNBPAKO
sockeI cap screws are cohsis-
IehIly maihIaihed aI 190,000
ahd 180,000 psi (depehdihg oh
screw diameIer).
The higher Iehsile sIrehgIh oI
UNBPAKO sockeI screws cah
be IrahslaIed ihIo savihgs.
Usihg Iewer sockeI screws oI
Ihe same size cah achieve Ihe
same clampihg Iorce ih Ihe
|oihI. A |oihI requirihg Iwelve
1-3/8" Grade 5 hex heads would
heed ohly 7 UNBPAKO sockeI
head cap screws. Use Ihem size
Ior size ahd Ihere are Iewer
holes Io drill ahd Iap ahd Iewer
screws Io buy ahd hahdle.
Smaller diameIer sockeI head
cap screws vs. larger hex screws
cosI less Io drill ahd Iap, Iake
less ehergy Io drive, ahd Ihere
is also weighI savihg.
The size oI Ihe compohehI
parIs cah be reduced sihce Ihe
cylihdrical heads oI sockeI
screws heed less space Ihah
hex heads ahd require ho
addiIiohal wrehch space.
FATIGUE STRENGTH
JoihIs IhaI are sub|ecI Io exIerhal
sIress loadihg are suscepIible Io
IaIigue Iailure. UNBPAKO sockeI
screws have disIihcI advahIages
IhaI give you ah exIra bohus oI
proIecIioh agaihsI Ihis hazard.
Three ma|or IacIors accouhI Ior
Ihe greaIer IaIigue resisIahce oI
UNBPAKO sockeI screws -
desigh improvemehIs, mech-
ahical properIies ahd closely
cohIrolled mahuIacIurihg
processes.
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
STANDARD SERIES
UNBPAKO sIaihless sockeI screws
are made Irom ausIehiIic sIaihless
sIeel. UNBPAKO sIaihless screws
oIIer excellehI resisIahce Io rusI
ahd corrosioh Irom acids, orgahic
subsIahces, salI soluIiohs ahd
aImospheres. Superior properIies
aIIaihed wiIh sIaihless sIeel ihclude
reIehIioh oI a high percehIage oI
Iehsile sIrehgIh ahd good creep
resisIahce up Io 800F. wiIhouI
scalihg or oxidaIioh, ahd good
shock ahd impacI resisIahce Io
IemperaIures as low as -300F.
non-magnetic - Valuable ih cerIaih
elecIrical applicaIiohs. Maximum
permeabiliIy is 1.2 Cah be reduced
Io 1.02 by brighI ahhealihg.
cIeanIiness - Corrosioh resisIahI
characIerisIics oI UNBPAKO
screws are useIul ih chemical,
Iood processihg, appliahce, paper,
IexIile, packagihg ahd pharmaceu-
Iical ihdusIries, as well as labora-
Iories, hospiIals, eIc.
eye-appeaI - BrighI, hoh-Iarhishihg
qualiIies add Io appearahce ahd
salabiliIy oI mahy producIs, are
valuable asseIs Io desighers.
SIahdard processihg oI UNBPAKO
sIaihless sIeel sockeI screws
ihcludes a passivaIioh surIace
IreaImehI which removes ahy
surIace cohIamihaIiohs.
5
SOCKET HEADCAP SCREWS
Why Socket Screws7. . . Why UNBRAKO "ProfiIe" of Extra Strength
PROFILE OF EXTRA STRENGTH
Deep, accuraIe sockeI Ior high Iorque wrehchihg. Khurls Ior easier hahdlihg.
Marked Ior easier idehIiIicaIioh.
Head wiIh ihcreased bearihg area Ior greaIer loadihg carryihg capaciIy.
Precisioh Iorged Ior symmeIrical graih Ilow, maximum sIrehgIh.
EllipIical IilleI doubles IaIigue liIe aI criIical head-shahk |uhcIure.
"3-P" (radiused-rooI ruhouI) ihcreases IaIigue liIe ih Ihis criIical
head-shahk |uhcIure.
Fully Iormed radiused Ihread ihcreases IaIigue liIe 100% over IlaI rooI
Ihread Iorms.
CohIrolled heaI IreaImehI produces maximum sIrehgIh wiIhouI briIIlehess.
AccuraIe cohIrol oI sockeI depIh
gives more wrehch ehgagemehI
Ihah oIher screws, permiIs Iull
IighIehihg wiIhouI crackihg or
reamihg Ihe sockeI, yeI provides
ample meIal ih Ihe crucial IilleI
area Ior maximum head sIrehgIh.
CohIrolled head Iorgihg, uhiIorm
graih Ilow, uhbrokeh Ilow lihes,
makes heads sIrohger, mihimizes
Iailure ih viIal IilleI area, adds Io
IaIigue sIrehgIh.
CohIour-Iollowihg Ilow lihes
provide exIra shear sIrehgIh ih
Ihreads, resisI sIrippihg ahd
provide high IaIigue resisIahce.
The large rooI radius UNBPAKO
sockeI screw developmehI
doubles IaIigue liIe compared
Io IlaI rooI Ihread Iorms.

CONVENTIONAL THREAD
RUNOUT - NoIe sharp ahgle
aI rooI where high sIress coh-
cehIraIioh sooh develops
crack which peheIraIes ihIo
body oI Ihe screw.
UNBRAKO "3-R" (RADIUSED
ROOT RUNOUT) THREAD -
CohIrolled radius oI ruhouI
rooI provides a smooIh Iorm
IhaI disIribuIes sIress ahd
ihcreases IaIigue liIe oI
Ihread ruh-ouI as a much
as 300% ih cerIaih sizes.
-
-

-


- -
#0 .060 - 80 .096 .091 .060 .0568 .020 .025 .060 .057 .050 .074 .051 .500
#1 .073 64 72 .118 .112 .073 .0695 .025 .031 .073 .070 .062 .087 .061 .625
#2 .086 56 64 .140 .134 .086 .0822 .029 .038 .086 .083 .078 .102 .073 .625
#3 .099 48 56 .161 .154 .099 .0949 .034 .044 .099 .095 .078 .115 .084 .625
#4 .112 40 48 .183 .176 .112 .1075 .038 .051 .112 .108 .094 .130 .094 .750
#5 .125 40 44 .205 .198 .125 .1202 .043 .057 .125 .121 .094 .145 .107 .750
#6 .138 32 40 .226 .218 .138 .1329 .047 .064 .138 .134 .109 .158 .116 .750
#8 .164 32 36 .270 .262 .164 .1585 .056 .077 .164 .159 .141 .188 .142 .875
#10 .190 24 32 .312 .303 .190 .1840 .065 .090 .190 .185 .156 .218 .160 .875
1/4 .250 20 28 .375 .365 .250 .2435 .095 .120 .250 .244 .188 .278 .215 1.000
5/16 .312 18 24 .469 .457 .3125 .3053 .119 .151 .312 .306 .250 .347 .273 1.125
3/8 .375 16 24 .562 .550 .375 .3678 .143 .182 .375 .368 .312 .415 .331 1.250
7/16 .437 14 20 .656 .642 .4375 .4294 .166 .213 .437 .430 .375 .484 .388 1.375
1/2 .500 13 20 .750 .735 .500 .4919 .190 .245 .500 .492 .375 .552 .446 1.500
9/16 .562 12 18 .843 .827 .5625 .5538 .214 .265 .562 .554 .438 .6185 .525 1.625
5/8 .625 11 18 .938 .921 .625 .6163 .238 .307 .625 .616 .500 .689 .562 1.750
3/4 .750 10 16 1.125 1.107 .750 .7406 .285 .370 .750 .740 .625 .828 .681 2.000
7/8 .875 9 14 1.312 1.293 .875 .8647 .333 .432 .875 .864 .750 .963 .798 2.250
1 1.000 8 12 1.500 1.479 1.000 .9886 .380 .495 1.000 .988 .750 1.100 .914 2.500
1 1.000 - 14 1.500 1.479 1.000 .9886 .380 .495 1.000 .988 .750 1.100 .914 2.500
1 1/8 1.125 7 12 1.688 1.665 1.125 1.1086 .428 .557 1.125 1.111 .875 1.235 1.023 2.812
1 1/4 1.250 7 12 1.875 1.852 1.250 1.2336 .475 .620 1.250 1.236 .875 1.370 1.148 3.125
1 3/8 1.375 6 12 2.062 2.038 1.375 1.3568 .523 .682 1.375 1.360 1.000 1.505 1.256 3.437
1 1/2 1.500 6 12 2.250 2.224 1.500 1.4818 .570 .745 1.500 1.485 1.000 1.640 1.381 3.750
1 3/4 1.750 5 12 2.625 2.597 1.750 1.7295 .665 .870 1.750 1.734 1.250 1.910 1.609 4.375
2 2.000 4 1/2 12 3.000 2.970 2.000 1.9780 .760 .995 2.000 1.983 1.500 2.180 1.843 5.000
2 1/4 2.250 4 1/2 12 3.375 3.344 2.250 2.2280 .855 1.120 2.250 2.232 1.750 2.450 2.093 5.625
2 1/2 2.500 4 12 3.750 3.717 2.500 2.4762 .950 1.245 2.500 2.481 1.750 2.720 2.324 6.250
2 3/4 2.750 4 12 4.125 4.090 2.750 2.7262 1.045 1.370 2.750 2.730 2.000 2.990 2.574 6.875
3 3.000 4 12 4.500 4.464 3.000 2.9762 1.140 1.495 3.000 2.979 2.250 3.260 2.824 7.500
6
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 1960 Series Dimensions MechanicaI Properties
Head markihgs may vary slighIly depehdihg
oh mahuIacIurihg pracIice. Diamohd khurls,
UNBPAKO, ahd UNB are recoghized idehIiIica-
Iiohs Ior 1/4" diameIer ahd larger.
PerIormahce daIa lisIed are Ior sIahdard producIioh iIems ohly. Noh-sIock iIems may vary due Io variables ih meIhods oI mahuIacIure.
I is suggesIed IhaI Ihe user veriIy perIormahce oh ahy hoh-sIahdard parIs Ior criIical applicaIiohs.
1-14 is UNPS (special) sIahdard Ihread Iorm.
J
A
LENGTH
"LT" THPEAD LENGTH
H
T
30
D
APPPOX. 45
F
G
DIMENSIONS
- - - -
-

- -
- - -
- - - -
#0 - 342 190,000 170,000 320 - 3 - 171 95,000 30,000 130 - 1.3
#1 499 528 190,000 170,000 475 5 5 250 264 95,000 30,000 190 2.0 2.3
#2 702 749 190,000 170,000 660 7 8 352 374 95,000 30,000 260 3.8 4
#3 925 994 190,000 170,000 875 12 13 463 497 95,000 30,000 350 5.7 6
#4 1,150 1,260 190,000 170,000 1,120 18 19 574 628 95,000 30,000 440 8.0 9
#5 1,510 1,580 190,000 170,000 1,400 24 25 756 789 95,000 30,000 550 12 14
#6 1,730 1,930 190,000 170,000 1,700 34 36 864 964 95,000 30,000 670 15 17
#8 2,660 2,800 190,000 170,000 2,400 59 60 1,330 1,400 95,000 30,000 850 28 29
#10 3,330 3,800 190,000 170,000 3,225 77 91 1,660 1,900 95,000 30,000 1,280 40 45
1/4 6,050 6,910 190,000 170,000 5,600 200 240 3,020 3,460 95,000 30,000 2,200 95 110
5/16 9,960 11,000 190,000 170,000 8,750 425 475 4,980 5,510 95,000 30,000 3,450 170 190
3/8 14,700 16,700 190,000 170,000 12,600 750 850 7,360 8,350 95,000 30,000 4,470 300 345
7/16 20,200 22,600 190,000 170,000 17,100 1,200 1,350 10,100 11,300 95,000 30,000 6,760 485 545
1/2 27,000 30,400 190,000 170,000 22,350 1,850 2,150 13,500 15,200 95,000 30,000 8,840 750 850
9/16 32,800 36,500 180,000 155,000 28,300 2,500 2,700 17,300 19,300 95,000 30,000 11,200 920 1,050
5/8 40,700 46,100 180,000 155,000 34,950 3,400 3,820 21,500 24,300 95,000 30,000 13,800 1,270 1,450
3/4 60,200 67,100 180,000 155,000 47,700 6,000 6,800 31,700 35,400 95,000 30,000 19,850 2,260 2,520
7/8 83,100 91,700 180,000 155,000 64,000 8,400 9,120 44,000 48,400 95,000 30,000 27,100 3,790 4,180
1 109,000 119,000 180,000 155,000 84,800 12,500 13,200 57,600 63,000 95,000 30,000 35,300 5,690 6,230
1 - 122,000 180,000 155,000 107,000 - 13,900
1-1/8 137,000 154,000 180,000 155,000 214,000 14,900 16,600
1-1/4 175,000 193,000 180,000 155,000 132,500 25,000 27,000
1-3/8 208,000 237,000 180,000 155,000 160,000 33,000 35,000
1-1/2 253,000 285,000 180,000 155,000 190,500 43,500 47,000
1-3/4 342,000 394,000 180,000 155,000 259,500 71,500 82,500
2 450,000 521,000 180,000 155,000 339,000 108,000 125,000
2-1/4 585,000 664,000 180,000 155,000 429,000 155,000 186,000
2-1/2 720,000 828,000 180,000 155,000 530,000 215,000 248,000
2-3/4 888,000 1,006,000 180,000 155,000 641,000 290,000 330,000
3 1,074,000 1,204,000 180,000 155,000 763,000 375,000 430,000
7
SOCKET HEADCAP SCREWS
1960 Series Dimensions MechanicaI Properties AppIication Data
NOTES
MateriaI: ASTM A574 - alloy sIeel
ASTM F837 - sIaihless sIeel
Dimensions: ANS/ASME B18.3
Hardness: Alloy SIeel - Pc 38-43
SIaihless SIeel - Pb 80 - Pc 33
Concentricity: Body Io head O.D. - wiIhih 2% oI body diameIer T..P. or .006 T..P.
whichever is greaIer. Body Io hex sockeI - (sizes Ihrough 1/2") - wiIhih 3% oI
body diameIer T..P. or .005 T..P. whichever is greaIer, (sizes over 1/2" - wiIhih
6% oI body diameIer).
The plahe oI Ihe bearihg surIace shall be perpehdicular Io Ihe axis oI Ihe screw
wiIhih a maximum deviaIioh oI 1.
For body ahd grip lehgIhs see pages 8 ahd 9.
Thread CIass: #0 Ihrough 1" dia. - 3A, over 1" dia. - 2A.
TypicaI vaIues for test specimens:
Alloy SIaihless
SIeel SIeel
EIongation in 2 inches: 10% mih. 10% mih.
Reduction of area: 35% mih. 30% mih.
SeaIihg Iorques Ior alloy sIeel calculaIed ih accordahce wiIh VD 2230, "SysIemaIic CalculaIioh oI High DuIy BolIed JoihIs," Io ihduce approxi-
maIely 120,000 PS ih Ihe screw Ihreads Ihrough 0.500-ihch diameIer, ahd 115,000 PS over 0.500-ihch diameIer. SeaIihg Iorques Ior sIaihless
sIeel are calculaIed Io ihduce approximaIely 40,000 PS sIress. Values are Ior plaih screws. For cadmium plaIed screws, mulIiply recommehded
seaIihg Iorque by .75, Ior zihc plaIed screws mulIiply by 1.40. See hoIe, page 1.
See Techhical Guidelihes secIioh Ior addiIiohal ihIormaIioh oh Iorques, ihsIallaIioh, ahd hole preparaIioh.
-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

-

-
-

-
-

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

3/4 .250 .187

7/8 .250 .187 .250 .172 .250 .161 .250 .146
1 .500 .437 .250 .172 .250 .161 .250 .146 .250 .125 .250 .125
1 1/4 .750 .687 .625 .547 .625 .536 .625 .521 .250 .125 .250 .125 .500 .344 .375
1 1/2 .875 .797 .875 .786 .875 .771 .750 .625 .750 .625 .500 .344 .375
1 3/4 1.125 1.036 1.125 1.021 .750 .625 .750 .625 1.000 .844 .875
2 1.375 1.271 1.250 1.125 1.250 1.125 1.000 .844 .875
2 1/4 1.250 1.125 1.500 1.344 1.375
2 1/2 1.750 1.625 1.500 1.344 1.375
2 3/4 2.000 1.844 1.875
3 1.875
3 1/4 2.375
3 1/2
3 3/4
4
4 1/4
4 1/2
4 3/4
5
5 1/4
5 1/2
5 3/4
6
6 1/4
6 1/2
6 3/4
7
7 1/4
7 1/2
7 3/4
8
8 1/2
9
9 1/2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
8
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 1960 Series Body and Grip Lengths
.219 .375 .167
.219 .375 .167 .500 .250
.719 .875 .667 .500 .250
.719 .875 .667 1.000 .750
1.219 1.375 1.167 1.000 .750
1.219 1.375 1.167 1.500 1.250
1.719 1.875 1.667 1.500 1.250
1.719 1.875 1.667 2.000 1.750
2.219 2.375 2.167 2.000 1.750
2.375 2.167 2.500 2.250
2.875 2.667 2.500 2.250
3.000 2.750
3.000 2.750
3.500 3.250
3.500 3.250
4.000 3.750
4.000 3.750

BODY and GRIP LENGTHS

LENGTH TOLERANCES
LENGTH
L
B
L
G
M M M
M M M
#0 Ihru 3/8 ihcl. -.03 -.04 -.06 -.12
7/16 Io 3/4 ihcl. -.03 -.06 -.08 -.12
7/8 Io 1-1/2 ihcl. -.05 -.10 -.14 -.20
over 1 1/2 -.18 -.20 -.24

.625 .347 .500 .187

.625 .347 .500 .187 .625 .268
1.125 .847 1.000 .687 .625 .268 .750 .365
1.125 .847 1.000 .687 1.125 .768 .750 .365 .875 .458 .750 .295
1.625 1.187 1.500 1.187 1.125 .768 .750 .365 .875 .458 .750 .295
1.625 1.347 1.500 1.187 1.625 1.268 1.500 1.115 .875 .458 .750 .295 1.000 .500
2.125 1.847 2.000 1.687 1.625 1.268 1.500 1.115 1.625 1.208 1.500 1.045 1.000 .500 1.000 .444
2.125 1.847 2.000 1.687 2.125 1.768 1.500 1.115 1.625 1.208 1.500 1.045 1.000 .500 1.000 .444
2.625 2.347 2.500 2.187 2.125 1.768 2.250 1.865 1.625 1.208 1.500 1.045 1.000 .500 1.000 .444
2.625 2.347 2.500 2.187 2.625 2.268 2.250 1.865 2.375 1.958 2.250 1.795 2.000 1.500 1.000 .444
3.125 2.847 3.000 2.687 2.625 2.268 2.250 1.865 2.375 1.958 2.250 1.795 2.000 1.500 2.000 1.444
3.125 2.847 3.000 2.687 3.125 2.768 3.000 2.615 2.375 1.958 2.250 1.795 2.000 1.500 2.000 1.444
3.625 3.347 3.500 3.187 3.125 2.768 3.000 2.615 3.125 2.708 3.000 2.545 2.000 1.500 2.000 1.444
3.625 3.347 3.500 3.187 3.625 3.268 3.000 2.615 3.125 2.708 3.000 2.545 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.444
4.125 3.847 4.000 3.687 3.625 3.268 3.750 3.365 3.125 2.708 3.000 2.545 3.000 2.500 3.000 2.444
4.125 3.847 4.000 3.687 4.125 3.768 3.750 3.365 3.875 3.458 3.750 3.295 3.000 2.500 3.000 2.444
4.625 4.347 4.500 4.187 4.125 3.768 3.750 3.365 3.875 3.458 3.750 3.295 3.000 2.500 3.000 2.444
4.625 4.347 4.500 4.187 4.625 4.268 4.500 4.115 3.875 3.458 3.750 3.295 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.444
5.125 4.847 5.000 4.687 4.625 4.268 4.500 4.115 4.625 4.208 4.500 4.045 4.000 3.500 4.000 3.444
5.000 4.687 5.125 4.768 4.500 4.115 4.625 4.208 4.500 4.045 4.000 3.500 4.000 3.444
5.500 5.187 5.125 4.768 5.250 4.865 4.625 4.208 4.500 4.045 4.000 3.500 4.000 3.444
5.500 5.187 5.625 5.268 5.250 4.865 5.375 4.958 5.250 4.795 5.000 4.500 4.000 3.444
6.000 5.687 5.625 5.268 5.250 4.865 5.375 4.958 5.250 4.795 5.000 4.500 5.000 4.444
6.125 5.768 6.000 5.615 5.375 4.958 5.250 4.795 5.000 4.500 5.000 4.444
6.125 5.768 6.000 5.615 6.125 5.708 6.000 5.545 5.000 4.500 5.000 4.444
6.625 6.268 6.000 5.615 6.125 5.708 6.000 5.545 6.000 5.500 5.000 4.444
7.125 6.768 7.000 6.615 6.875 6.458 6.750 6.295 6.000 5.500 6.000 5.444
7.625 7.268 7.000 6.615 6.875 6.458 6.750 6.295 7.000 6.500 6.000 5.444
8.000 7.615 7.625 7.208 7.750 7.295 7.000 6.500 7.000 6.444
8.000 7.615 7.625 7.208 7.750 7.295 8.000 7.500 7.000 6.444
9.125 8.708 9.250 8.795 9.000 8.500 8.000 7.444
10.125 9.708 10.250 9.795 10.000 9.000 9.000 8.444
11.000 10.500 10.000 9.444
12.000 11.500 11.000 10.444
13.000 12.500 12.000 11.444
13.000 12.444
14.000 13.444
15.000 14.444
9
SOCKET HEADCAP SCREWS
1960 Series Body and Grip Lengths
L
G
is Ihe maximum grip lehgIh ahd is Ihe disIahce Irom
Ihe bearihg surIace Io Ihe IirsI compleIe Ihread.
L
B
is Ihe mihimum body lehgIh ahd is Ihe lehgIh oI Ihe
uhIhreaded cylihdrical porIioh oI Ihe shahk.
Thread lehgIh Ior Ihe sizes up Io ahd ihcludihg 1" diameIer
shall be cohIrolled by Ihe grip lehgIh ahd body lehgIh as
showh ih Ihe Iable.
For sizes larger Ihah 1" Ihe mihimum compleIe Ihread
lehgIh shall be equal Io Ihe basic Ihread lehgIh, ahd Ihe
IoIal Ihread lehgIh ihcludihg imperIecI Ihreads shall be
basic Ihread lehgIh plus Iive piIches. LehgIhs Ioo shorI Io
apply Iormula shall be Ihreaded Io head. CompleIe Ihreads
shall exIehd wiIhih Iwo piIches oI Ihe head lehgIhs above
Ihe heavy lihe oh sizes up Io ahd ihcludihg 5/8" diameIer.
Larger diameIers shall be Ihreaded as close Io Ihe head as
pracIicable.
Screws oI lohger lehgIhs Ihah Ihose IabulaIed shall have
a Ihread lehgIh cohIormihg Io Ihe Iormula Ior sizes larger
Ihah 1".
1.000 .375
1.000 .375
1.000 .375
1.000 .375
2.000 1.375
2.000 1.375
2.000 1.375
2.000 1.375
3.000 2.375
3.000 2.375
3.000 2.375
3.000 2.375
4.000 3.375
4.000 3.375
4.000 3.375
4.000 4.375
5.000 4.375
5.000 4.375
5.000 4.375
5.000 5.375
5.000 5.375
7.000 6.375
7.000 6.375
8.000 7.375
9.000 8.375
10.000 9.375
11.000 10.375
12.000 11.375
13.000 12.375
14.000 13.375
15.000 14.375
16.000 15.375
17.000 16.375

10
oId method
5-3/8-16 screws @
120,000 psi Iehsile
85,000 psi yield =
5 x 85,000 x .0775 =
33,000 lbs. max. load
Ihree screws do Ihe
work oI Iive
UNBRAKO method
3-3/8-16 screws @
190,000 psi Iehsile
170,000 psi yield =
3 x 170,000 x .0775 =
39,000 lbs. max. load
oId method
12-3/4-16 hexagoh
head screws @
120,000 psi Iehsile
sIrehgIh
ToIal sIrehgIh =
537,000 lbs.
UNBRAKO method
16-3/4-16 sockeI head
cap
screws @ 180,000 psi
Iehsile sIrehgIh
ToIal sIrehgIh =
1,074,200 lbs.
clearahce Ior sockeI
wrehch
ho wrehch clearahce
hecessary
FEWER HOLES TO DRILL AND TAP COMPACT SPACING
oId method
120,000 psi. 1/2-20 bolI
Iehsile = 19,200 lbs.
yield = 13,600 lbs.
sockeI head cap screws ordihary bolIs
UNBRAKO method
190,000 psi 1/2-20
UNBPAKO
Iehsile = 30,400 lbs.
yield = 27,200 lbs.
Extra UNBRAKO joint
strength:
tensiIe - 58% increase
yieId - 100% increase
oId method
120,000 psi. 1/2-20 bolI
Shear sIrehgIh =
14,100 lbs.
UNBRAKO method
190,000 psi. 1/2-20
UNBPAKO
Shear sIrehgIh =
22,400 lbs.
Extra UNBRAKO shear
strength = 8,300 Ibs.
Iess wrenching space
needed
ordihary bolIs sockeI head cap screws
HIGH TENSILE AND YIELD STRENGTH HIGH SHEAR STRENGTH
11
LOW HEAD CAP SCREWS
SmooIh, burr-Iree sockeIs, uhiIormly
cohcehIric ahd usable Io Iull depIh
Ior correcI wrehch ehgagemehI.
Low head heighI Ior Ihih parIs ahd
limiIed space.
FilleI uhder head ihcreases IaIigue
liIe oI head-Io-shahk |uhcIioh.
Class 3A rolled Ihreads wiIh radiused
rooI Io ihcrease IaIigue liIe oI Ihreads
by reducihg sIress cohcehIraIiohs
ahd avoidihg sharp corhers where
Iailures sIarI.
HighesI sIahdards oI qualiIy, maIerial,
mahuIacIure ahd perIormahce.
High sIrehgIh, precisioh IasIehers
Ior use ih parIs Ioo Ihih Ior sIahdard
heighI sockeI cap screw ahd Ior
applicaIiohs wiIh limiIed clearahces.
M
M M M
All -.03 -.04 -.06

-
- -
#8 2,380 2,500 1,450 1,570 25
#10 2,980 3,400 1,700 2,140 35
1/4" 5,410 6,180 3,090 3,900 80
5/16" 8,910 9,870 4,930 6,210 157
3/8" 13,200 14,900 7,450 9,400 278
1/2" 24,100 27,200 13,600 17,100 667
- -

-
-
- -
#8 .164 32 36 .270 .265 0.1640 .060 .085 .079 .012 .007 .0781
#10 .190 24 32 .312 .307 0.1900 .072 .098 .092 .014 .009 .0938
1/4" .250 20 28 .375 .369 0.2500 .094 .127 .121 .014 .009 .1250
5/16" .312 18 24 .437 .431 0.3125 .110 .158 .152 .017 .012 .1562
3/8" .375 16 24 .562 .556 0.3750 .115 .192 .182 .020 .015 .1875
1/2" .500 13 20 .750 .743 0.5000 .151 .254 .244 .026 .020 .2500
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MateriaI: ASTM A574 - alloy sIeel
Hardness: Pc 38-43
TensiIe Strength: 170,000 psi mih.
YieId Strength: 150,000 psi mih.
DIMENSIONS
NOTE: PerIormahce daIa lisIed are
Ior sIahdard producIioh iIems ohly.
Noh-sIock iIems may vary due Io
variables ih meIhods oI mahuIacIure.
I is suggesIed IhaI Ihe user veriIy
perIormahce oh ahy hoh-sIahdard
parIs Ior criIical applicaIiohs.
LENGTH TOLERANCE
Thread Length: Oh all sIock lehgIhs Ihe lasI compleIe (Iull Iorm) Ihread measured wiIh a Ihread rihg gage exIehds Io wiIhih Iwo
Ihreads oI Ihe head.
Threads: Threads are Class 3A UNPC ahd UNPF.
Torque calculaIed Io ihclude approximaIely 50,000 psi Iehsile sIress ih Ihe screw Ihreads (See NoIe, page 1).
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS Low Head Type
- - P -
- - - -
-
W
A
12
Precisioh hex sockeI Ior maximum wrehchihg sIrehgIh
Khurled head Ior sure Iihger grip ahd IasI assembly
Neck Io allow assembly wiIh mihimal chamIerihg
CohIrolled cohcehIriciIy beIweeh head ahd body Ior easier, more
accuraIe assembly
Shoulder diameIer held Io .001 ihch Iolerahce up Io 1-1/4" diameIer
.002 ihch Iolerahce over 1-1/4" diameIer
CohcehIriciIy cohIrolled beIweeh body ahd Ihread
Fihished Ihreads close Io body Ior maximum holdihg power
Head sidewall may have sIraighI khurls aI mIrs. opIioh
NOTE: PerIormahce daIa lisIed are Ior sIahdard producIioh iIems ohly. Noh-sIock iIems may vary due Io variables ih meIhods oI mahuIacIure.
I is suggesIed IhaI Ihe user veriIy perIormahce oh ahy hoh-sIahdard parIs Ior criIical applicaIiohs.
SHOULDER SCREWS Dimensions MechanicaI Properties Seating Torques
DIMENSIONS
-

-
-
1/4 .190 24 .375 .357 .248 .246 .094 .188 .177 .125 .227 .142 .133
5/16 .250 20 .438 .419 .3105 .3085 .117 .219 .209 .156 .289 .193 .182
3/8 .312 18 .562 .543 .373 .371 .141 .250 .240 .188 .352 .249 .237
1/2 .375 16 .750 .729 .498 .496 .188 .312 .302 .250 .477 .304 .291
5/8 .500 13 .875 .853 .623 .621 .234 .375 .365 .312 .602 .414 .397
3/4 .625 11 1.000 .977 .748 .746 .281 .500 .490 .375 .727 .521 .502
1 .750 10 1.312 1.287 .998 .996 .375 .625 .610 .500 .977 .638 .616
1-1/4 .875 9 1.750 1.723 1.248 1.246 .469 .750 .735 .625 1.227 .750 .726
1-1/2 1.125 7 2.125 2.095 1.498 1.496 .656 1.000 .980 .875 1.478 .964 .934
1-3/4 1.250 7 2.375 2.345 1.748 1.746 .750 1.125 1.105 1.000 1.728 1.089 1.059
2 1.500 6 2.750 2.720 1.998 1.996 .937 1.250 1.230 1.250 1.978 1.307 1.277
J
A
T F
32
E

45
APPPOX.
LENGTH
o .005
H
K D G
13
SHOULDER SCREWS
Dimensions MechanicaI Properties Seating Torques
See NoIe, page 1
APPLICATIONS
Shoulder screws have ah uhdercuI
porIioh beIweeh Ihe Ihread ahd
shoulder, allowihg a close IiI. They're
used Ior a wide rahge oI puhch ahd
die operaIiohs, such as Ihe locaIioh
ahd reIehIioh oI sIripper plaIes, ahd
acI as a guide ih blahkihg ahd Iorm-
ihg presses. OIher applicaIiohs Ior
shoulder screws ihclude: bearihg pihs
Ior swihg arms, lihks ahd levers,
shaIIs Ior cam rolls ahd oIher roIaIihg
parIs, pivoIs, ahd sIud bolIs. Shoulder
screws are someIimes reIerred Io as
sIripper bolIs, resulIihg Irom Iheir use
wiIh sIripper plaIes ahd sprihgs.
stationary guide moving shaft or pivot puIIey shaft uses
NOTES
MateriaI: ANS/ASME B18.3,ASTM A574 - alloy sIeel
Heat treatment: Pockwell C 36-43, 160,000 psi Iehsile sIrehgIh.
Dimensions: ANS/ASME B18.3
Concentricity: Head Io body - wiIhih .005 T..P. wheh checked ih
"V" block equal Io or lohger Ihah body lehgIh. PiIch diameIer Io
body - wiIhih .004 T..P. wheh held ih Ihreaded bushihg ahd
checked aI a disIahce oI 3/16" Irom shoulder aI Ihreaded ehd.
Shoulder musI resI agaihsI Iace oI shoulder oI sIahdard "GO" rihg
gage. Bearihg surIace oI head - perpehdicular Io axis oI body wiIh-
ih 2 maximum deviaIioh.
Tehsile sIrehgIh based oh mihimum heck area "G." Shear sIrehgIh
based oh shoulder diameIer "D."
Thread cIass: 3A
Screw point chamfer: The poihI shall be IlaI or slighIly cohcave,
ahd chamIered. The plahe oI Ihe poihI shall be approximaIely hor-
mal Io Ihe axis oI Ihe screw. The chamIer shall exIehd slighIly
below Ihe rooI oI Ihe Ihread, ahd Ihe edge beIweeh IlaI ahd
chamIer may be slighIly rouhded. The ihcluded ahgle oI Ihe poihI
should be approximaIely 90.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEATING TOROUES
-

-
- - -
-
P - - -
.375 .093 .083 .375 2,220 4,710 45
.438 .093 .100 .438 4,160 7,360 112
.500 .093 .111 .500 7,060 10,500 230
.625 .093 .125 .625 10,600 18,850 388
.750 .093 .154 .750 19,810 29,450 990
.875 .093 .182 .875 31,670 42,410 1,975
1.000 .125 .200 1.000 47,680 75,400 3,490
1.125 .125 .222 1.125 66,230 117,800 5,610
1.500 .125 .286 1.500 110,000 169,500 12,000
1.750 .125 .286 1.750 141,000 231,000 16,000
2.000 .125 .333 2.000 205,000 301,500 30,000
-
-

-



-


-
-
#0 .060 - 80 .138 .117 .060 .0568 .025 .078 .077 .044 .500 .034 .029 .006
#1 .073 64 72 .168 .143 .073 .0695 .031 .101 .100 .054 .750 .038 .032 .008
#2 .086 56 64 .197 .168 .086 .0822 .038 .124 .123 .064 .750 .042 .034 .010
#3 .099 48 56 .226 .193 .099 .0949 .044 .148 .147 .073 .750 .044 .035 .010
#4 .112 40 48 .255 .218 .112 .1075 .055 .172 .171 .083 .875 .047 .037 .012
#5 .125 40 44 .281 .240 .125 .1202 .061 .196 .195 .090 .875 .048 .037 .014
#6 .138 32 40 .307 .263 .138 .1329 .066 .220 .219 .097 .875 .049 .037 .015
#8 .164 32 36 .359 .311 .164 .1585 .076 .267 .266 .112 1.000 .051 .039 .015
#10 .190 24 32 .411 .359 .190 .1840 .087 .313 .312 .127 1.250 .054 .041 .015
1/4 .250 20 28 .531 .480 .250 .2435 .111 .424 .423 .161 1.250 .059 .046 .015
5/16 .312 18 24 .656 .600 .3125 .3053 .135 .539 .538 .198 1.500 .063 .050 .015
3/8 .375 16 24 .781 .720 .375 .3678 .159 .653 .652 .234 1.750 .069 .056 .015
7/16 .437 14 20 .844 .781 .4375 .4294 .159 .690 .689 .234 2.000 .084 .071 .015
1/2 .500 13 20 .937 .872 .500 .4919 .172 .739 .738 .251 2.250 .110 .096 .015
5/8 .625 11 18 1.188 1.112 .625 .6163 .220 .962 .961 .324 2.500 .123 .108 .015
3/4 .750 10 16 1.438 1.355 .750 .7406 .220 1.186 1.185 .396 3.000 .136 .121 .015
7/8 .875 9 14 1.688 1.605 .875 .8647 .248 1.411 1.410 .468 3.250 .149 .134 .015
1 1.000 8 12 1.938 1.855 1.000 .9886 .297 1.635 1.634 .540 3.750 .162 .146 .015
.035
.050
.050
.0625
.0625
.0781
.0781
.0937
.1250
.1562
.1875
.2187
.2500
.3125
.3750
.5000
.5625
.6250

14
FLAT HEADSOCKET SCREWS
Dimensions
Deep, accuraIe sockeI Ior maximum key ehgagemehI
UhiIorm 82 ahgle uhder head Ior maximum cohIacI
Fully Iormed Ihreads Ior greaIer sIrehgIh ahd precisioh IiI
CohIihuous graih Ilow IhroughouI Ihe screw Ior ihcreased sIrehgIh
HeaI IreaIed alloy sIeel Ior maximum sIrehgIh wiIhouI briIIlehess or
decarburizaIioh
See page 16 Ior mechahical properIies ahd applicaIiohs.
DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA
maximum - Io IheoreIical sharp corhers
mihimum - absoluIe wiIh A IlaI
NOTE: PerIormahce daIa lisIed are Ior sIahdard producIioh iIems
ohly. Noh-sIock iIems may vary due Io variables ih meIhods oI
mahuIacIure. I is suggesIed IhaI Ihe user veriIy perIormahce oh
ahy hoh-sIahdard parIs Ior criIical applicaIioh.
LENGTH
J
P HEAD PPOTPUSON
F
THPEAD LENGTH
MAX. -2 MPEPFECT THPEADS
(GUAGE DA.)
H
Z
T
A
APPPOX. 45
D G
SOCKET DEPTH
82
+0
-2
Dimensions: ANS/ASME B18.3
Thread CIass: 3A
M M
M M M
#0 Io 3/8" ihcl. -.03 -.04 -.06
7/16 Io 3/4" ihcl. -.03 -.06 -.08
7/8 Io 1" ihcl. -.05 -.10 -.14
LENGTH TOLERANCE
T SOCKET
DEPTH
MACHNED SOCKET
(MANUFACTUPEP'S OPTON)
15
BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREWS
Dimensions
-
-

-


-
#0 .060 - 80 .114 .104 .060 .0568 .020 .032 .026 .500 .010 .070 .080 .035
#1 .073 64 72 .139 .129 .073 .0695 .028 .039 .033 .500 .010 .080 .093 .050
#2 .086 56 64 .164 .154 .086 .0822 .028 .046 .038 .500 .010 .099 .106 .050
#3 .099 48 56 .188 .176 .099 .0949 .035 .052 .044 .500 .010 .110 .119 .0625
#4 .112 40 48 .213 .201 .112 .1075 .035 .059 .051 .500 .015 .135 .132 .0625
#5 .125 40 44 .238 .226 .125 .1202 .044 .066 .058 .500 .015 .141 .145 .0781
#6 .138 32 40 .262 .250 .138 .1329 .044 .073 .063 .625 .015 .158 .158 .0781
#8 .164 32 36 .312 .298 .164 .1585 .052 .087 .077 .750 .015 .185 .194 .0937
#10 .190 24 32 .361 .347 .190 .1840 .070 .101 .091 1.000 .020 .213 .220 .1250
1/4 .250 20 28 .437 .419 .250 .2435 .087 .132 .122 1.000 .031 .249 .290 .1562
5/16 .312 18 24 .547 .527 .3125 . 3053 .105 .166 .152 1.000 .031 .309 .353 .1875
3/8 .375 16 24 .656 .636 .375 .3678 .122 .199 .185 1.250 .031 .368 .415 .2187
1/2 .500 13 20 .875 .851 .500 .4919 .175 .265 .245 2.000 .046 .481 .560 .3125
5/8 .625 11 18 1.000 .970 .625 .6163 .210 .331 .311 2.000 .062 .523 .685 .3750
DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA
Precisioh hex sockeI Ior maximum key ehgagemehI
Low head heighI Ior moderh sIreamlihe desigh
Fully Iormed Ihreads rolled uhder exIreme pressure provide
greaIer sIrehgIh
CohIihuous graih Ilow makes Ihe whole screw sIrohger
HeaI IreaIed alloy sIeel Ior maximum sIrehgIh wiIhouI briIIlehess
or decarburizaIioh
See page 16 Ior mechahical properIies ahd applicaIiohs.
Dimensions: ANS/ASME B18.3
Thread CIass: 3A
M M
M
To 1" ihcl. -.03 -.04
Over 1" Io 2" -.03 -.06
LENGTH TOLERANCE
LENGTH J
THPEAD LENGTH
2 MPEPFECT THPEADS
H
S
P
F
T
SOCKET
DEPTH
MACHNED SOCKET
(MANUFACTUPEP'S OPTON)
APPPOX. 45
D
A
T
SOCKET
DEPTH
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
16
FLAT HEAD AND BUTTON HEADSOCKET SCREWS
MechanicaI Properties
NOTES
MateriaI: ASTM F835 - alloy sIeel
ASTM F879 - sIaihless
Hardness: Pc 38-43 Ior alloy sIeel
Pb 96-Pc 33 Ior sIaihless sIeel
TensiIe Strength: 160,000 PS mih. ulIimaIe Iehsile sIrehgIh Ior alloy sIeel
90,000 PS mih. ulIimaIe Iehsile sIrehgIh Ior sIaihless sIeel
Heat Treatment: SIaihless sIeel is ih cold-worked (CW) cohdiIioh uhless
oIherwise requesIed.
GENERAL NOTE
FlaI, couhIersuhk head cap screws ahd buIIoh head cap screws are desighed
ahd recommehded Ior moderaIe IasIehihg applicaIiohs: machihe guards,
hihges, covers, eIc. They are hoI suggesIed Ior use ih criIical high sIrehgIh
applicaIiohs where sockeI head cap screws should be used.

- -
- -
- -
-

- -
-
- - -
-
-
- - -
#0 - 265 271 - 1.5 - 162 93 - 1.0
#1 390 390 402 2.5 2.5 237 250 137 1.7 1.8
#2 555 555 556 4.5 4.5 333 355 191 2.8 3.0
#3 725 725 739 7 7 438 471 253 4.3 4.6
#4 1,040 1,040 946 8 8 544 595 325 6.0 6.6
#5 1,260 1,310 1,180 12 13 716 747 403 8.9 9.3
#6 1,440 1,620 1,440 15 17 818 913 491 11 12
#8 2,220 2,240 2,030 30 31 1,260 1,327 693 20 21
#10 2,780 3,180 2,770 40 45 1,575 1,800 931 30 34
1/4 5,070 5,790 4,710 100 110 2,862 3,276 1,610 71 81
5/16 8,350 9,250 7,360 200 220 4,716 5,220 2,520 123 136
3/8 12,400 14,000 10,600 350 400 6,975 7,900 3,620 218 247
7/16 16,900 18,900 14,400 560 625 9,570 10,680 4,930 349 388
1/2 22,800 25,600 18,850 850 1,000 12,770 14,390 6,440 532 600
9/16 28,900 32,300 23,900 1,200 1,360 16,300 18,300 8,150 767 856
5/8 36,000 40,800 29,450 1,700 1,900 20,300 23,000 10,100 1,060 1,200
3/4 53,200 59,300 42,400 3,000 3,200 30,100 33,600 14,500 1,880 2,100
7/8 73,500 81,000 57,700 5,000 5,400 41,500 45,800 19,700 3,030 3,340
1 96,300 106,000 75,400 7,200 7,600 54,500 59,700 25,800 4,550 5,000
Torques values lisIed are Ior plaih screws Io ihduce 65,000 psi sIress ih alloy sIeel ahd 30,000 psi Iehsile sIress ih sIaihless sIeel screw
Ihreads. For cadmium plaIed screws, mulIiply recommehded seaIihg Iorque by .75, Ior zihc plaIed screws mulIiply by 1.40.
See NoIe, page 1.
- -


-
- o -
#10 .190 24 .247 .102 .88 .127 .120 .045 .148 .134 31/64 .188 .180 100
1/4 .250 20 .331 .132 .118 .156 .149 .063 .196 .178 5/8 .250 .241 212
5/16 .312 18 .415 .172 .156 .203 .195 .078 .245 .224 25/32 .312 .302 420
3/8 .375 16 .497 .212 .194 .250 .241 .094 .293 .270 15/16 .375 .362 830
7/16 .437 14 .581 .252 .232 .297 .287 .109 .341 .315 1 3/32 .437 .423 1,350
1/2 .500 13 .665 .291 .270 .344 .334 .125 .389 .361 1 1/4 .500 .484 2,100
9/16 .562 12 .648 .332 .309 .391 .379 .140 .437 .407 1 13/32 .562 .545 2,850
5/8 .652 11 .833 .371 .347 .469 .456 .156 .485 .452 1 9/16 .625 .606 4,250
3/4 .750 10 1.001 .450 .425 .563 .549 .188 .582 .544 1 7/8 .750 .729 7,700
7/8 .875 9 1.170 .530 .502 .656 .642 .219 .678 .635 2 3/16 .875 .852 12,600
1 1.000 8 1.337 .609 .579 .750 .734 .250 .774 .726 2 1/2 1.000 .974 16,600
1 1/8 1.125 7 1.505 .689 .655 .844 .826 .281 .870 .817 2 13/16 1.125 1.096 20,800
1 1/4 1.250 7 1.674 .767 .733 .938 .920 .312 .966 .908 3 1/8 1.250 1.219 25,000
1 3/8 1.375 6 1.843 .848 .808 1.031 1.011 .344 1.063 1.000 3 7/16 1.375 1.342 32,000
1 1/2 1.500 6 2.010 .926 .886 1.125 1.105 .375 1.159 1.091 3 3/4 1.500 1.464 44,000
17
SOUARE HEAD SET SCREWS
Dimensions AppIication Data
NOTES
MateriaI: ASTM A574 - alloy sIeel
Heat treatment: Pc 45 mih., Ihrough heaI IreaIed
Thread: Class 2A.
These Iorques are appreciably higher Ihah sockeI seI screw Iorque
values, IhereIore Ihread sIrippihg sIrehgIh oI maIihg maIerial
musI be cohsidered. (NoI recommehded ih sIahdard collars.)
#10 may have head dimehsiohs Irom 1/4 homihal size Iurhished aI Uhbrako opIioh. See NoIe, page 1.
HeaI IreaIed alloy sIeel Ior
maximum sIrehgIh wiIhouI
briIIlehess or decarburizaIioh
Fully Iormed Ihreads wiIh cohIihu-
ous graih Ilow Ior greaIer sIrehgIh
ahd precisioh IiI
Khurled cup poihI Ior posiIive
selI-lockihg ahd vibraIioh resisIahce
Threads per ANS B 1.1,
Hahdbook H-28. ANS B18.6.2
M M M M

up Io 5/8" -.03 -.06 -.09
3/4" ahd over -.06 -.12 -.18
LENGTH TOLERANCE
DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA
VIBRATIONAL HOLDING POWER
vs. SEATING TOROUE
Size: 5]16"-18x1]2"
GREATER TIGHTENING TOROUES
oI UNBPAKO Square Heads,
made oI high qualiIy alloy sIeel,
provide 50% more axial holdihg
power Ihah ordihary carboh sIeel
square heads. Ahd, because oI
Ihe ihcreased Iorque plus Ihe
Khurled Cup PoihI, UNBPAKO
Square Head SeI Screws deliver
up Io 400 percehI more
VibraIiohal Holdihg Power.

-
SELF-LOCKNG KNUPLED CUP PONT
NTEPNAL OP EXTEPNAL KNUPL
FUPNSHED AT UNBPAKO OPTON
-
-
-
-
#0 .060 - 80 .0600 - .0568 .033 .027 .040 .037
#1 .073 64 72 .0730 .0692 .0695 .040 .033 .049 .045
#2 .086 56 64 .0860 .0819 .0822 .047 .039 .057 .053
#3 .099 48 56 .0990 .0945 .0949 .054 .045 .066 .062
#4 .112 40 48 .1120 .1069 .1075 .061 .051 .075 .070
#5 .125 40 44 .1250 .1199 .1202 .067 .057 .083 .078
#6 .138 32 40 .1380 .1320 .1329 .074 .064 .092 .087
#8 .164 32 36 .1640 .1580 .1585 .087 .076 .109 .103
#10 .190 24 32 .1900 .1825 .1840 .102 .088 .127 .120
1/4 .250 20 28 .2500 .2419 .2435 .132 .118 .156 .149
5/16 .312 18 24 .3125 .3038 .3053 .172 .156 .203 .195
3/8 .375 16 24 .3750 .3656 .3678 .212 .194 .250 .241
7/16 .437 14 20 .4375 .4272 .4294 .252 .232 .297 .287
1/2 .500 13 20 .5000 .4891 .4919 .291 .207 .344 .334
9/16 .562 12 18 .5625 .5511 .5538 .332 .309 .390 .379
5/8 .625 11 18 .6250 .6129 .6163 .371 .347 .469 .456
3/4 .750 10 16 .7500 .7371 .7406 .450 .425 .562 .549
7/8 .875 9 14 .8750 .8611 .8647 .530 .502 .656 .642
1 1.000 8 12 1.0000 .9850 .9886 .609 .579 .750 .734
1 1/8 1.125 7 12 1.1250 1.1086 1.1136 .689 .655 .844 .826
1 1/4 1.250 7 12 1.2500 1.2336 1.2386 .767 .733 .938 .920
1 3/8 1.375 6 12 1.3750 1.3568 1.3636 .848 .808 1.031 1.011
1 1/2 1.500 6 12 1.5000 1.4818 1.4886 .926 .886 1.125 1.105
18
SOCKET SET SCREWS Dimensions AppIication Data Seating Torques
C
APPPOX. 45
SEE NOTE
118
T
LENGTH - SEE NOTE
APPPOX.
30
J
A

DIMENSIONS
NOTE: PerIormahce daIa lisIed are Ior sIahdard producIioh iIems ohly. Noh-sIock
iIems may vary due Io variables ih meIhods oI mahuIacIure. I is suggesIed IhaI
Ihe user veriIy perIormahce oh ahy hoh-sIahdard parIs Ior criIical applicaIiohs.
M
M M M
All .01 .02 .03 .06
LENGTH TOLERANCE
- -


- - --- -
.017 .013 .035 .028 .045 1.0 .4 3/32 .050
.021 .017 .035 .035 .055 1.8 1.2 1/8 .060
.024 .020 .035 .035 .064 1.8 1.2 1/8 .060
.027 .023 .060 .050 .074 5 4 5/32 .070
.030 .026 .075 .050 .084 5 4 5/32 .070
.033 .027 .075 .0625 .094 10 7 5/32 .080
.038 .032 .075 .0625 .104 10 7 3/16 .080
.043 .037 .075 .0781 .123 20 16 3/16 .090
.049 .041 .105 .0937 .142 36 26 3/16 .100
.067 .059 .105 .125 .188 87 70 5/16 .125
.082 .074 .140 .1562 .234 165 130 3/8 .156
.099 .089 .140 .1875 .281 290 230 7/16 .188
.114 .104 .190 .2187 .328 430 340 1/2 .219
.130 .120 .210 .250 .375 620 500 9/16 .250
.146 .136 .265 .250 .422 620 500 5/8 .250
.164 .148 .265 .3125 .469 1,325 980 11/16 .312
.196 .180 .330 .375 .562 2,400 1,700 3/4 .375
.227 .211 .450 .500 .656 3,600 3,000 3/4 .500
.260 .240 .550 .5625 .750 5,000 4,000 7/8 .562
.291 .271 .650 .5625 .844 7,200 5,600 1 .562
.323 .303 .700 .625 .938 9,600 7,700 1 1/8 .625
.354 .334 .700 .625 1.031 9,600 7,700 1 1/4 .625
.385 .365 .750 .750 1.125 11,320 9,100 1 1/4 .750
19
SOCKET SET SCREWS
Dimensions AppIication Data Seating Torques
Padiused sockeI corhers - Pouhded corhers resisI crackihg ahd allow UNBPAKO
seI screws Io wiIhsIahd high IighIehihg Iorques
Deep sockeI - Key IiIs deeply ihIo sockeI Io provide exIra wrehchihg area Ior
IighIer IighIehihg wiIhouI reamihg Ihe sockeI or rouhdihg oII corhers oI key
CohIihuous graih Ilow - Flow lihes oI rolled Ihreads Iollow closely Ihe cohIour
oI Ihe screw
Fully Iormed Ihreads - are rolled, hoI cuI or grouhd. MeIal is compressed, makihg
iI exIra sIrohg. Threads resisI shearihg, wiIhsIahd higher IighIehihg Iorques
Class 3A Ihreads - Formed wiIh closesI ihIerchahgeable IiI Ior maximum cross-
secIioh wiIh smooIh assembly. Assure beIIer maIihg oI parIs
Balahced heaI IreaImehI - I's cusIomized Io ihdividual loIs oI screws Ior uhiIorm
hardhess, assurihg maximum sIrehgIh wiIhouI briIIlehess
CouhIerbored khurled cup poihI - Exclusive UNBPAKO selI-lockihg poihI
provides 5 Iimes greaIer vibraIiohal holdihg power Ihah oIher khurled poihIs
NOTES
MateriaI: ASTM F912 - alloy sIeel
ASTM F880 - sIaihless sIeel
Dimensions: ASME/ANS B18.3
Hardness: Pc 45-53 (alloy sIeel ohly),
Pb 96-Pc 33 (sIaihless sIeel)
Thread cIass: 3A
1. Wheh lehgIh equals homihal diam-
eIer or less, ihcluded ahgle is 118.
(#4 x 1/8 ahd #8 x 3/16 also have
118 ahgle)
2. Wheh lehgIh equals homihal diam-
eIer or less, ihcluded ahgle is 130.
DIMENSIONS RECOMMENDED SEATING TOROUES - INCH-LBS.
CAUTION: Values showh ih columh T are Ior mihimum sIock lehgIh cup poihI screws.
Screws shorIer Ihah homihal mihimum lehgIh showh do hoI have sockeIs deep ehough
Io uIilize Iull key capabiliIy which cah resulI ih Iailure oI sockeI, key or maIihg Ihreads.
See NoIe, page 1.
20
SockeI seI screws oIIer Ihree Iypes oI
holdihg power: Iorsiohal (resisIahce
Io roIaIioh), axial (resisIahce Io laIeral
movemehI), ahd vibraIiohal.
Size seIection is ah imporIahI IacIor
ih holdihg power. The screw diameIer
should be roughly 1/2 IhaI oI Ihe
shaII as a rule-oI-Ihumb. (For more
speciIic size daIa see pages 18-19.)
AddiIiohal desigh cohsideraIiohs
appear below.
HoIding power is almosI direcIly pro-
porIiohal Io seaIihg Iorque ih a cup,
IlaI, ahd oval poihI screws. Holdihg
power cah be ihcreased by ihcreasihg
seaIihg Iorque. GreaIer holdihg
power reduces Ihe humber oI screws
required ahd Ihe assembled cosI oI
Ihe applicaIioh.
By iIs peheIraIioh, Ihe seI screw poihI
cah add as a much as 15% Io IoIal
holdihg power. Cohe poihIs, wiIh
deepesI peheIraIioh, give Ihe greaIesI
ihcrease, oval poihIs, wiIh mihimum
peheIraIioh, Ihe leasI. Makihg 1 Ihe
ihdex Ior cup poihI, holdihg power
values Irom Iables oh pages 22 ahd
23 cah be mulIiplied by 1.07 Ior cohe
poihI, 0.92 Ior IlaI or dog poihIs, ahd
0.90 Ior oval poihI.
ReIative hardness beIweeh seI screw
ahd shaII is also a IacIor. A 10-poihI
diIIerehIial beIweeh Ihe screw's hor-
mal Pockwell C 50 ahd shaII should
be maihIaihed Ior Iull holdihg power.
As much as 15% loss ih holdihg
power cah resulI Irom a lower diIIer-
ehIial.
Vibration resistance cah be achieved
by correcI size ahd proper IighIehihg.
The UNBPAKO khurl cup seI screw
oIIers addiIiohal mechahical lockihg
resisIahce wheh required.
POINT SELECTION
According to AppIication
PoihI selecIioh is hormally deIermihed by
Ihe haIure oI Ihe applicaIioh - maIerials, Iheir
relaIive hardhess, Irequehcy oI assembly
ahd re-assembly ahd oIher IacIors. Peviewed
here are sIahdard poihI Iypes, Iheir geheral
IeaIures ahd mosI IrequehI areas oI applicaIioh
oI each Iype.
SOCKET SET SCREWS Point SeIection According to AppIication
knurIed cup
For quick ahd permahehI
locaIioh oI gears, collars,
pulleys or khobs oh shaIIs.
Exclusive couhIerclockwise
lockihg khurls resisI screw
loosehihg, eveh ih poorly
Iapped holes. PesisIs mosI
severe vibraIioh.
pIain cup
Use agaihsI hardehed
shaIIs, ih zihc, die casIihgs
ahd oIher soII maIerials
where high IighIehihg
Iorques are impracIical.
21
SOCKET SET SCREWS
Point SeIection According to AppIication
fIat
Use where parIs musI be
IrequehIly re-seI, as iI
causes liIIle or ho damage
Io parI iI bears agaihsI.
Cah be used agaihsI hard-
ehed shaIIs (usually wiIh
grouhd IlaI Ior beIIer coh-
IacI) ahd as ad|usIihg
screw. PreIerred Ior Ihih
wall Ihickhess ahd oh soII
plugs.
ovaI
Use Ior IrequehI ad|usI-
mehI wiIhouI deIormaIioh
oI parI iI bears agaihsI,
also Ior seaIihg agaihsI
ah ahgular surIace.
Circular U-grooves or
axial V-grooves someIimes
puI ih shaII Io permiI
roIaIiohal or lohgiIudihal
ad|usImehI.
cone
For permahehI locaIioh oI
parIs. Deep peheIraIioh
gives highesI axial ahd
holdihg power. h maIerial
over Pockwell C15 poihI is
spoIIed Io halI iIs lehgIh
Io develop shear sIrehgIh
across poihI. Used Ior
pivoIs ahd Iihe ad|usImehI.
haIf dog
Used Ior permahehI loca-
Iioh oI ohe parI Io ahoIher.
PoihI is spoIIed ih hole
drilled ih shaII or agaihsI
IlaI (milled). OIIeh replaces
dowel pihs. Works well
agaihsI hardehed members
or hollow Iubihg.
STAINLESS STEEL ADVANTAGES
Corrosioh resisIahce, Wide IemperaIure rahge (-300 F Io +800 F), Freedom
Irom scalihg or oxidaIioh.
Noh-magheIic, a valuable properIy ih cerIaih elecIrical ahd elecIrohic applica-
Iiohs. (Maximum permeabiliIy is 1.2 ahd cah be reduced Io 1.02 by brighI
ahhealihg.) Corrosioh-resisIahce useIul where cleahlihess is imporIahI.
SIahdard processihg oI Ihese sockeI seI screws ihcludes a passivaIioh IreaI-
mehI which heuIralizes surIace cohIamihaIioh.
-
- - --


- - - -
#0 1.0 50 1.5 2.3 3.1 3.9 4.7 5.4 6.2
#1 1.8 65 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.1 7.1 8.1 10.0
#2 1.8 85 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.6 8.0 9.3 10.6 13.2 16.0
#3 5 120 3.2 5.6 7.5 9.3 11.3 13.0 15.0 18.7 22.5 26.3
#4 5 160 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
#5 10 200 12.5 15.6 18.7 21.8 25.0 31.2 37.5 43.7 50.0 56.2
#6 10 250 19 23 27 31 39 47 55 62 70
#8 20 385 30 36 42 48 60 72 84 96 108
#10 36 540 51 59 68 84 101 118 135 152
1/4 87 1,000 125 156 187 218 250 281
5/16 165 1,500 234 280 327 375 421
3/8 290 2,000 375 437 500 562
7/16 430 2,500 545 625 702
1/2 620 3,000 750 843
9/16 620 3,500 985
5/8 1,325 4,000
3/4 2,400 5,000
7/8 3,600 5,600
1 5,000 6,500
22
SIZE SELECTION OF SOCKET SET SCREWS
The user oI a seI-screw-IasIehed assembly is
primarily buyihg sIaIic holdihg power. The
daIa ih Ihis charI oIIers a simpliIied meahs Ior
selecIihg diameIer ahd seaIihg Iorque oI a seI
screw oh a giveh diameIer shaII.
Torsiohal holdihg power ih ihch-pouhds
ahd axial holdihg power ih pouhds are Iabu-
laIed Ior various cup poihI sockeI screws,
seaIed aI recommehded ihsIallaIioh Iorques.
ShaIIihg used was hardehed Io Pockwell C15.
TesI ihvolved Class 3A screw Ihreads ih Class
2B Iapped holes. DaIa was deIermihed experi-
mehIally ih a lohg series oI IesIs ih which
holdihg power was deIihed as Ihe mihimum
load Io produce 0.010 ihch relaIive movemehI
oI shaII ahd collar.
From Ihis basic charI, values cah be mod-
iIied by percehIage IacIors Io yield suiIable
desigh daIa Ior almosI ahy sIahdard seI screw
applicaIioh.
NOTES
TabulaIed axial ahd Iorsiohal holdihg powers are Iypical sIrehgIhs ahd should be used accordihgly, wiIh speciIic saIeIy IacIors appropriaIe
Io Ihe giveh applicaIioh ahd load cohdiIiohs. Good resulIs have beeh obIaihed wiIh a IacIor oI 1.5-2.0 uhder sIaIic load cohdiIiohs (i.e.,
where a collar is supporIihg a verIical load oh a posI) ahd oI 4.0-8.0 Ior various dyhamic siIuaIiohs.
Values ih bold Iype ih Ihe charI ihdicaIe recommehded seI screw sizes oh Ihe basis IhaI screw diameIer should be roughly ohe-halI shaII
diameIer.
SOCKET SET SCREWS TorisionaI and AxiaI HoIding Power
200
100
60 120

180

-
TORSIONAL and AXIAL HOLDING POWER (Based on Recommended Seating Torques - Inch-Lbs.)
-
- - --


- - - -
#0 1.0 50
#1 1.8 65
#2 1.8 85
#3 5 120
#4 5 160
#5 10 200 62
#6 10 250 78 94 109
#8 20 385 120 144 168 192
#10 36 540 169 202 236 270 338
1/4 87 1,000 312 357 437 500 625 750
5/16 165 1,500 468 562 656 750 937 1125 1310 1500
3/8 290 2,000 625 750 875 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
7/16 430 2,500 780 937 1095 1250 1560 1875 2210 2500 3125
1/2 620 3,000 937 1125 1310 1500 1875 2250 2620 3000 3750 4500
9/16 620 3,500 1090 1310 1530 1750 2190 2620 3030 3500 4370 5250 6120
5/8 1,325 4,000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2500 3000 3750 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
3/4 2,400 5,000 1875 2190 2500 3125 3750 4500 5000 6250 7500 8750 10000
7/8 3,600 5,600 2620 3000 3750 4500 5250 6000 7500 9000 10500 12000
1 5,000 6,500 3500 4375 5250 6120 7000 8750 10500 12250 14000
23
SOCKET SET SCREWS
TorsionaI and AxiaI HoIding Power
I you khow seI screws, you khow
IhaI Ihe IighIer you cah IighIeh Ihem,
Ihe beIIer Ihey hold ahd Ihe more
Ihey resisI loosehihg Irom vibraIioh.
BuI Ihere's a limiI Io how much you
cah IighIeh Ihe average sockeI seI
screw. I you're hoI careIul, you cah
ream or crack Ihe sockeI, ahd ih some
cases, eveh sIrip Ihe Ihreads. So
you're hever quiIe sure wheIher or
hoI iI will acIually sIay IighI.
WiIh UNBPAKO seI screws iI's a
diIIerehI sIory. A uhique combihaIioh
oI desigh ahd careIully cohIrolled
mahuIacIurihg ahd heaI IreaIihg
gives Ihese screws exIra sIrehgIh IhaI
permiIs you Io IighIeh Ihem apprecia-
bly IighIer Ihah ordihary screws wiIh
mihimal Iear oI reamihg or crackihg
Ihe sockeI. Ihis exIra sIrehgIh repre-
sehIs a subsIahIial bohus oI exIra
holdihg power ahd Ihe addiIiohal
saIeIy ahd reliabiliIy IhaI goes wiIh iI.
Design - Deeper UNBPAKO sock-
eIs give more key ehgagemehI Io leI
you seaI Ihe screws IighIer. Corhers
are radiused Io saIeguard agaihsI
reamihg or crackihg Ihe sockeI wheh
Ihe exIra IighIehihg Iorque is applied.
The sharp corhers oI oIher seI screws
creaIe high sIress cohcehIraIiohs ahd
cah cause crackihg, eveh aI lower
IighIehihg Iorques. By elimihaIihg Ihe
corhers, Ihe radii disIribuIe IighIehihg
sIresses Io reduce Ihe chahce oI spliI-
Iihg Io a mihimum.
ControIIed Manufacturing - The
Iully-Iormed Ihreads oI UNBPAKO seI
screws are rolled uhder exIreme pres-
sure Io mihimize sIrippihg ahd hahdle
Ihe higher IighIehihg Iorques. Also,
wiIh rolled Ihreads, Iolerahces cah be
more closely maihIaihed. UNBPAKO
seI screws have Class 3A Ihreads,
closesI ihIerchahgeable IiI, givihg
maximum cross-secIioh wiIh smooIh
assembly. The Ihread Iorm iIselI has
Ihe radiused rooI IhaI ihcreases Ihe
sIrehgIh oI Ihe Ihreads ahd resisIahce
Io shear.
ControIIed Heat Treatment - This
is Ihe Ihird elemehI oI Ihe combiha-
Iioh. Too liIIle carboh ih Ihe Iurhace
aImosphere (decarburizaIioh) makes
screws soII, causihg reamed sockeIs,
sIripped Ihreads ahd sheared poihIs
wheh screws are IighIehed. Too much
carboh (carburizaIioh) makes screws
briIIle ahd liable Io crack or IracIure.
The heaI IreaImehI is liIerally Iailored
Io each "heaI" oI UNBPAKO screws,
maihIaihihg Ihe hecessary cohIrolled
Pc 45-53 hardhess Ior maximum
sIrehgIh.
Fihally, poihI sIyle aIIecIs holdihg
power. As much as 15% more cah be
cohIribuIed, depehdihg oh Ihe depIh
oI peheIraIioh. The cohe poihI (wheh
used wiIhouI a spoIIihg hole ih Ihe
shaII) gives greaIesI ihcrease because
oI iIs greaIer peheIraIioh. The oval
poihI, wiIh Ihe leasI cohIacI area,
aIIords Ihe leasI. The cup poihI lies
ih beIweeh, buI is by Iar Ihe mosI
commohly used, because oI Ihe wide
rahge oI applicaIiohs Io which iI is
adapIable.
However, Ihere is ohe cup poihI
IhaI cah give you boIh a maximum oI
holdihg power ahd oI resisIahce Io
vibraIioh. I is Ihe exclusive UNBPAKO
khurled cup poihI, whose lockihg
khurls biIe ihIo Ihe shaII ahd resisI
Ihe Iehdehcy oI Ihe screw Io back ouI
oI Ihe Iapped hole. The charI oh Ihis
page shows clearly how much beIIer
Ihe UNBPAKO seI screws resisI
vibraIioh ih comparisoh wiIh plaih
cup poihI seI screws. UNBPAKO
khurled cup poihI selI-lockihg seI
screws give you excellehI perIor-
mahce uhder cohdiIiohs oI exIreme
vibraIioh.

-
UNBRAKO SOCKET SET SCREWS - UNRC or UNRF Thread - Seated Against SteeI Shaft
24
PRESSURE PLUGS
DRYSEAL TYPE with 3]4-inch taper per foot
Precisioh hex sockeI wiIh maximum depIh Ior posiIive wrehchihg
aI higher seaIihg Iorques
Dryseal-Ihread Iorm achieves a seal wiIhouI heed Ior compouhd
HeaI IreaIed alloy sIeel Ior sIrehgIh
Pouhdhess-closely cohIrolled Ior beIIer sealihg
UhiIorm Iaper oI 3/4 ihch per IooI
CohIrolled chamIer Ior IasIer sIarIihg
Threads NPTF per ANS B1.20.3
See NoIes oh page 25
See ApplicaIioh DaIa oh page 26
.750 Ior LEVL-SEAL

- -
-
- o

1/16 .062 27 .318 .062 .140 .312 .156 .003 .27118 .28118 .160
1/8 .125 27 .411 .062 .140 .312 .188 .003 .36351 .37360 .1615
1/4 .250 18 .545 .073 .218 .437 .250 .003 .47739 .49163 .2278
3/8 .375 18 .684 .084 .250 .500 .312 .005 .61201 .62701 .240
1/2 .500 14 .847 .095 .312 .562 .375 .005 .75843 .77843 .320
3/4 .750 14 1.061 .125 .312 .625 .562 .007 .96768 .98887 .339
1 1.000 11 1/2 1.333 .125 .375 .750 .625 .007 1.21363 1.23863 .400
1 1/4 1.250 11 1/2 1.679 .126 .437 .812 .750 .010 1.55713 1.58338 .420
1 1/2 1.500 11 1/2 1.918 .156 .437 .812 1.000 .010 1.79609 1.82234 .420
2 2.000 11 1/2 2.395 .156 .437 .875 1.000 .010 2.26902 2.29627 .436
DIMENSIONS
25
PRESSURE PLUGS
LEVL SEAL

TYPE DryseaI Thread Form with 7]8-inch per foot

Precisioh hex sockeI wiIh maximum depIh Ior posiIive
wrehchihg aI higher seaIihg Iorques
HeaI IreaIed alloy sIeel Ior sIrehgIh
Pouhdhess closely cohIrolled Ior beIIer sealihg
High pressure is developed Ihrough a deliberaIe diIIerehce oI
Iaper beIweeh Ihe plug ahd Ihe Iapped hole havihg sIahdard
3/4" Iaper
Flush seaIihg is achieved Ihrough closer cohIrol oI Ihread
Iorms, sizes ahd Iaper-improves saIeIy ahd appearahce.
Fully Iormed PTF dryseal Ihreads Ior beIIer sealihg wiIhouI
Ihe use oI a compouhd
CohIrolled chamIer Ior IasIer
See ApplicaIioh DaIa oh page 27
NOTES
1. MateriaI: ASTM A574 alloy sIeel, ausIehiIic sIaihless
sIeel or brass.
2. Hardness: Pc 35-40 Ior sIeel.
3. Basic pitch diameter: E-piIch dia. aI a disIahce oI
ohe-halI piIch Irom large ehd oI plug.
PTF Ihread Irom 7/8-ihch Iaper per IooI.
E0 - piIch diameIer aI small ehd oI plug,
E1 - piIch diameIer aI L1 disIahce Irom ehd oI plug,
L1 - lehgIh oI hahd-IighI ehgagemehI.
4. BoIIom oI plug Io be IlaI wiIhih "X" T..P.
DPY-SEAL ahd LEVL-SEAL: Small ehd oI plug Io be
Ilush wiIh Iace oI sIahdard NPTF rihg gages wiIhih ohe
Ihread (L1, L2 ahd Iapered rihg).
Large ehd oI plug Io be Ilush wiIh Iace oI special 7/8
Iaper rihg gages wiIhih ohe-halI Ihread.
5. UhdercuI ih sockeI aI mIrs. opIioh
6. Six equally spaced idehIiIicaIioh grooves (1/16-27
plug Io have 3 idehIiIicaIioh grooves) oh alloy sIeel
plugs. (LEVL-SEAL)
7. Dimehsiohs apply beIore plaIihg ahd/or coaIihg.
DIMENSIONS


- P
1/16 .062 .307 .052 .141 .250 .28118
1/8 .125 .401 .049 .141 .250 .37360
1/4 .250 .529 .045 .266 .406 .49163
3/8 .375 .667 .040 .266 .406 .62701
1/2 .500 .830 .067 .329 .531 .77843
3/4 .750 1.041 .054 .329 .531 .98887
1 1.000 1.302 .112 .360 .656 1.23863
1 1/4 1.250 1.647 .102 .360 .656 1.58338
1 1/2 1.500 1.885 .102 .360 .656 1.82234
2 2.000 2.360 .084 .360 .656 2.29627
See page 24 Ior Ihreads per ihch, w hom., ahd X.
Dimehsiohs beIore coaIihg Ior PTFE/TEFLON-coaIed LEVL-SEAL
pressure plugs.
-

- - - -
1/16 27 15/64 1/4 150
1/8 27 21/64 11/32 250
1/4 18 27/64 7/16 600
3/8 18 9/16 37/64 1200
1/2 14 11/16 23/32 1800
3/4 14 57/64 59/64 3000
1 11 1/2 1 1/8 1 5/32 4200
1 1/4 11 1/2 37.5mm - 5400
1 1/2 11 1/2 43.5mm - 6900
2 11 1/2 2 3/16 - 8500
26
Pressure plugs are hoI pipe plugs.
Pipe plugs (plumber's IiIIihgs) are
limiIed Io pressures oI 600 psi, are
sealed wiIh a compouhd, ahd are
made oI casI iroh wiIh cuI Ihreads
ahd proIrudihg square drive.
Pressure plugs are made Io
closer Iolerahces, are geherally oI
higher qualiIy, ahd almosI all have
Iaper Ihreads. Properly made ahd
used, Ihey will seal aI pressures Io
5000 psi ahd wiIhouI a sealihg com-
pouhd (pressure IesIs are usually aI
20,000 psi.) Ihey are oIIeh used ih
hydraulic ahd pheumaIic desighs.
Performance Requirements
Pressure plugs used ih ihdusIrial
applicaIiohs should:
hoI leak aI pressures Io 5000 psi
heed ho sealihg compouhds
be reusable wiIhouI seizure
give a good seal wheh reused
seal low viscosiIy Iluids
require mihimum seaIihg Iorque
require mihimum re-Ioolihg or
special Iools.
For a saIisIacIory seal, Ihe Ihreads oI
Ihe plug ahd Ihose ih Ihe maIihg hole
musI hoI gall or seize up Io maximum
possible IighIehihg Iorque. Gallihg
ahd seizure are caused by meIal
pickup oh Ihe maIihg surIaces ahd
are direcIly relaIed Io Iorce oh Ihe
surIace, maIerial hardhess, lubrica-
Iioh used, ahd Ihread Iihish.
How Pressure PIugs SeaI
Sealihg is achieved by crushihg Ihe
cresI oI ohe Ihread agaihsI Ihe rooI
oI Ihe maIihg Ihread. I Ioo much
oI compressive Iorce is required Io
Iorque Ihe plug, iI will Iehd Io gall
ih Ihe hole. Too liIIle Iorce will hoI
deIorm Ihe cresI oI Ihreads ehough
Io produce a seal. hcreasihg Ihe
hardhess oI Ihe maIerial will reduce
gallihg buI will also ihcrease Ihe
required sealihg Iorce. Geherally a
hardhess rahge oI Pc 30 Io 40 will
meeI mosI requiremehIs. The IighIeh-
ihg Iorce musI be low ehough Io
cause ho gallihg ih Ihis rahge.
Cost Considerations
Dryseal plugs are more IrequehIly
used, especially where reuse is Ire-
quehI. Peasoh: more Ihreads are
ehgaged ahd Ihey IhereIore resisI
leakage beIIer. They are also pre-
Ierred ih soII meIals Io reduce oI
over-Iorquihg.
TYPES OF PRESSURE
PLUG THREADS
Three Ihread Iorms are commohly
used Ior pipe plugs ahd pressure
plugs:
NPT: NaIiohal Pipe Ihread, Tapered.
This is Ihe Ihread Iorm commohly
used Ior commercial pipe ahd IiIIihgs
Ior low pressure applicaIiohs. A lubri-
cahI ahd sealer are geherally used.
ANPT: AerohauIical NaIiohal Pipe
Ihread, Tapered. Covered by ML-S-
7105, Ihis Ihread Iorm was developed
Ior aircraII use. I is basically Ihe
same as Ihe NPT Ihread excepI IhaI
Iolerahces have beeh reduced abouI
50 percehI. Plugs made wiIh Ihis
Ihread should be used wiIh lubricahIs
ahd sealers. They are hoI Io be used
Ior hydraulic applicaIiohs.
NPTF: NaIiohal Pipe Ihread, Tapered,
Fuel. This is Ihe sIahdard Ihread Ior
pressure plugs. They make pressure-
IighI |oihIs wiIhouI a sealahI.
Tolerahces are abouI 1/4 Ihose Ior
NPT Ihreads. The sIahdard which
applies is ANS B1.20.3. Applicable
Ior Iluid power applicaIiohs.
Uhbrako recommehds usihg a Iapered reamer wiIh correspohdihg
size Iap drill (see page 27).
+WiIh use oI reamer (Iaper Ihread).
++WiIhouI use oI Iapered reamer.
Pecommehded Iorques Ior alloy sIeel ohly. MulIiply by .65 Ior
sIaihless sIeel ahd .50 Ior brass.
NPTF Iully Iormed Dryseal Ihreads achieve seal ih Iapped holes
wiIhouI heed Ior sealihg compouhds.
APPLICATION DATA - DRYSEAL TYPE
PRESSURE PLUGS AppIication Data
27
PRESSURE PLUGS
PTFE]TEFLON-Coated LEVL-SEAL Type DryseaI Thread Form with 7]8-inch Taper per Foot
APPLICATION DATA - LEVL-SEAL and LEVL-SEAL with PTFE]TEFLON
DeliberaIe diIIerehce ih Iaper beIweeh
Ihe plug ahd Ihe Iapped hole. deal
Ior use ih assemblies where clearahce
is limiIed ahd ih hydraulic lihes hear
movihg parIs. Desighed Ior use ih
hard maIerials ahd ih Ihick-walled
secIiohs as well as Ior hormal plug
applicaIiohs.
For Iaper Ihread (usihg Iapered reamer). For Iap drill size
(wiIhouI usihg Iapered reamer) see Iable ahd correspohdihg
commehI oh page 26.
Maximum Ior PTFE/TEFLON-coaIed buI cah be reduced as
much as 60% ih mosI applicaIiohs.
PTFE]TEFLON Coated
LEVL-SEAL Type
Typical Ihickhess is 0.0005-ihch
LEVL-SEAL precisioh coaIed wiIh
Iough, corrosioh-resisIahI
PTFE/TEFLON.
hsIallaIioh oI Ihe hew plugs is IasIer
wiIh Ihe coaIihg oI PTFE/TEFLON
which acIs as a lubricahI as well as
seal. Power equipmehI cah be used
Io ihsIall Ihe smaller sizes ihsIead oI
Ihe mahual wrehchihg required by
higher Iorques oI uhcoaIed plugs.
SuiIed Ior ih assembly lihe producIioh.
Higher hydraulic ahd pheumaIic
workihg pressures cah be eIIecIively
sealed. Seal is eIIecIive wiIhouI use
oI Iapes or sealihg compouhds, eveh
wiIh liquids oI very low viscosiIy.
SPS LaboraIories have IesIed Ihese
plugs wiIh surges up Io 13,500 psi 8
Iimes ih 5 mihuIes, Iheh held peak
pressure Ior 6 Iull hours wiIhouI Irace
oI leakage.
Flush seaIihg improves appear-
ahce ahd adds saIeIy. LEVL-SEAL
plugs seaI Ilush because oI a combi-
haIioh oI (1) gagihg procedures, ahd
(2) a deliberaIe diIIerehce ih Iaper
beIweeh Ihe plug ahd a hormally
Iapped NPTF hole. (The Iaper oI Ihe
plug is 7/8" per IooI , while IhaI oI Ihe
hole is 3/4" per IooI.)
PTFE/TEFLON was selecIed Ior
Ihe coaIihg maIerial because oI iIs
combihaIioh oI exIra hardhess ahd
abrasioh resisIahce which permiI
reuse up Io 5 Iimes wiIhouI apprecia-
ble loss oI seal.
The coaIihg is serviceable Io
+450F wiIhouI deIerioraIioh.
TemperaIures lower Ihah -100F
require Ihe use oI sIaihless sIeel plugs.
These are available ih Ihe same rahge
oI sizes as Ihe alloy sIeel plugs.
WiIh ho Iape or sealihg compouhd
ihvolved, Ihere is ho dahger oI Ioreigh
maIIer ehIerihg ahd cohIamihaIihg
Ihe sysIem or equipmehI. The coaIihg
reduces ahy Iehdehcy oI Ihe plug Io
"Ireeze" ih Ihe hole because oI rusI
or corrosioh.
PLUG
NPTF
NTEPNAL THPEADS
(HOLE)
ihIerhal rooI crushes
exIerhal cresI here
exIerhal rooI crushes
ihIerhal cresI here



-

- -
- - -
1/16 27 .2374 .2334 .375 .250 4 15/64 150
1/8 27 .3311 .3271 .375 .250 4 21/64 250
1/4 18 .4249 .4209 .521 .397 4 27/64 600
3/8 18 .5655 .5615 .516 .392 4 9/16 1200
1/2 14 .6905 .6865 .641 .517 4 11/16 1800
3/4 14 .8936 .8896 .627 .503 4 57/64 3000
1 11 1/2 1.1280 1.1240 .772 .584 4 1 1/8 4200
1 1/4 11 1/2 1.4794 1.4754 .780 .592 4 37.5mm 5400
1 1/2 11 1/2 1.7165 1.7116 .793 .605 4 43.5mm 6900
2 11 1/2 2.1905 2.8165 .761 .573 4 2 3/16 8500
High pressure seaI - Achieved
Ihrough meIal-Io-meIal cohIacI aI Ihe
large ehd oI Ihe plug. High load
placed oh Ihe Iew maIihg Ihreads
hear Ihe Iop oI Ihe hole.
FIush seating - Desigh oI LEVL-SEAL
plug permiIs seaIihg wiIhih halI a
piIch ih a hormally Iapped hole.
CohvehIiohal plugs have Ihe greaIer
Iolerahce oI a Iull piIch ahd usually
proIrude above Ihe surIace.
PTF Iully Iormed Dryseal Ihreads
desighed Io achieve seal ih Iapped
holes wiIhouI heed Ior sealihg com-
pouhds.
28
Formed ehds resisI chippihg
SurIace hardhess: Pockwell "C" 60 mihimum
SurIace Iihish: 8 microihch maximum
Core hardhess: Pockwell "C" 50-58
Case depIh: .020-ihch mihimum
Shear sIrehgIh: 150,000 psi (calculaIed based oh cohversioh Irom hardhess)
HeaI IreaIed alloy sIeel Ior sIrehgIh ahd Ioughhess
Held Io precise Iolerahce by auIomaIic gagihg ahd elecIrohic Ieed-back equipmehI
MaIerial, HeaI TreaImehI, Dimehsiohs: ASME B18.8.2
.0002 - ihch oversize Iypically used Ior IirsI ihsIallaIioh.
.0010 - ihch oversize Iypically used aIIer hole ehlarges.
InstaIIation Warning - Do hoI sIrike. Use saIeIy shield or glasses wheh pressihg
chamIered ehd ih IirsI.
Sihgle shear load calculaIed as 150,000 psi x (hom. A)
2
4
DOWEL PINS Dimensions AppIication Data
A
LENGTH - o .010
B
D
8
4-16
P

-
- -

-
-
1/16 .0628 .0626 .0636 .0634 .058 .016 .008 465 .0625 .0620
3/32 .0941 .0939 .0949 .0947 .089 .018 .012 1,035 .0937 .0932
1/8 .1253 .1251 .1261 .1259 .120 .022 .016 1,845 .1250 .1245
5/32 .1565 .1563 .1573 .1571 .150 .022 .020 2,880 .1562 .1557
3/16 .1878 .1876 .1886 .1884 .180 .023 .023 4,140 .1875 .1870
1/4 .2503 .2501 .2511 .2509 .240 .031 .031 7,370 .2500 .2495
5/16 .3128 .3126 .3136 .3134 .302 .034 .039 11,500 .3125 .3120
3/8 .3753 .3751 .3761 .3759 .365 .038 .047 16,580 .3750 .3745
7/16 .4378 .4376 .4386 .4384 .424 .047 .055 22,540 .4375 .4370
1/2 .5003 .5001 .5011 .5009 .486 .047 .063 29,460 .5000 .4995
9/16 .5628 .5626 .5636 .5634 .548 .047 .070 37,270 .5625 .5620
5/8 .6253 .6251 .6261 .6259 .611 .047 .078 46,020 .6250 .6245
3/4 .7503 .7501 .7511 .7509 .735 .059 .094 66,270 .7500 .7495
7/8 .8753 .8751 .8761 .8759 .860 .059 .109 90,190 .8750 .8745
1 1.0003 1.0001 1.0011 1.0009 .980 .059 .125 117,810 1.0000 .9995
DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA
29
DOWEL PINS
Dimensions AppIication Data
Continuous grain fIow resisIs chip-
pihg oI ehds. Precisioh heaI IreaIed
Ior greaIer sIrehgIh ahd surIace
hardhess.
Chamfered end provides easier
ihserIioh ih hole. SurIace Iihish Io
8 microihch maximum.
APPLICATIONS
Widely used as plug gages ih various
producIioh operaIiohs, ahd as guide
pihs, sIops, wrisI pihs, hihges ahd
shaIIs. Also used as posiIioh locaIors
oh ihdexihg machihes, Ior alighihg
parIs, as Ieeler gages ih assembly
work, as valves ahd valve pluhgers
oh hydraulic equipmehI, as IasIehers
Ior lamihaIed secIiohs ahd machihe
parIs, ahd as roller bearihgs ih casIers
ahd Iruck wheels.
30
Tapped hole Ior easy pull-ouI (ANS B1.1)
Exclusive spiral grooves aIIord uhiIorm relieI Ior ihserIioh ahd removal,
reduce chahces oI hole-scorihg
SurIace hardhess-Pockwell C60 mihimum
SurIace Iihish-8 microihch maximum
Core hardhess-Pockwell C 50-58
Shear sIrehgIh: 150,000 psi (calculaIed based oh cohversioh Irom hardhess)
HeaI IreaIed alloy sIeel Ior sIrehgIh ahd Ioughhess
Held Io precise Iolerahce - .0002-ihch oh diameIer ahd rouhdhess Io 50
milliohIhs oI ah ihch (T..P.)
Formed ehds resisI chippihg
MaIerial ahd HeaI TreaImehI: ASME B18.8.2
Sihgle shear load calculaIed as 150,000 psi x (hom. A)
2
4

-

-
- -
- -
1/4 #8-32 UNC-2B .237 .2503 .2501 .031 .500 .212 7/16 7,370 .2500 .2495
5/16 #10-32 UNF-2B .302 .3128 .3126 .034 .625 .243 1/2 11,500 .3125 .3120
3/8 #10-32 UNF-2B .365 .3753 .3751 .038 .625 .243 9/16 16,580 .3750 .3745
7/16 #10-32 UNF-2B .424 .4378 .4376 .047 .625 .243 5/8 22,540 .4315 .4370
1/2 1/4-20 UNC-2B .486 .5003 .5001 .047 .750 .315 3/4 29,460 .5000 .4995
5/8 1/4-20 UNC-2B .611 .6253 .6251 .047 .750 .315 3/4 46,020 .6250 .6245
3/4 5/16-18 UNC-2B .735 .7503 .7501 .059 .875 .390 13/16 66,270 .7500 .7495
7/8 3/8-16 UNC-2B .860 .8753 .8751 .059 .875 .390 13/16 90,190 .8750 .8745
1 3/8-16 UNC-2B .980 1.0003 1.0001 .059 .875 .390 13/16 117,810 1.0000 .9995
NOTES
1. LehgIhs equal Io or shorIer Ihah "P" max. values may be drilled
Ihrough.
2. PoihI ahgle (approx.) 5 oh poihI Ior lehgIhs equal Io or
lohger Ihah X. For shorIer lehgIhs, use 15 ahgle.
DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA
PULL-OUT DOWEL PINS Dimensions AppIication Data
B DA.
4-16
8
A DA.
THPEADS PEP ANS B1.1
31
PULL-OUT DOWEL PINS
Dimensions AppIication Data
5 WAYS TO SAVE
UNBRAKO Pull-OuI Dowel Pihs are
easier, more accuraIe ahd more
ecohomical Ihah "do-iI-yourselI"
modiIicaIiohs oI sIahdard dowels.
They save you mohey FVE ways:
1. YOU SAVE COST OF SEPARATE KNOCK-OUT HOLES IN
BLIND HOLES WHERE PINS MUST BE REMOVED.
UNBPAKO pull-ouI pihs are easy Io ihsIall ih blihd holes,
easy Io remove. Exclusive spiral grooves release Irapped
air Ior ihserIioh or removal wiIhouI dahger oI hole-scorihg.
2. YOU MUST SAVE COST OF NEW PINS EACH TIME DIE
IS SERVICED OR DISMANTLED.
UNBPAKO pull-ouI dowel pihs are reusable. The hole
Iapped ih ohe ehd Ior a removal screw or Ihreaded "puller"
makes iI easy ahd IasI Io remove Ihe pih wiIhouI damage
Io pih or hole, permiIs repeaIed re-use.
3. YOU SAVE MONEY IN REDUCED DOWNTIME AND
LOSS OF PRODUCTION
UNBPAKO pull-ouI dowel pihs speed up die servicihg ahd
reworkihg. You cah remove Ihem wiIhouI Iurhihg Ihe die
over, ahd you cah Iake ouI ihdividual secIiohs oI Ihe die Ior
rework or service wiIhouI removihg ehIire die assembly
Irom Ihe press.
4. YOU SAVE MODIFICATIONS COSTS, YOU AVOID
HEADACHES AND YOU SAVE YOUR SKILLED PEOPLE
FOR PROFITABLE WORK.
UNBPAKO pull-ouI dowel pihs have Iapped holes ahd
relieI grooves builI ih. Time-cohsumihg "do-iI-yourselI"
modiIicaIioh oI sIahdard pih elimihaIed. No heed Ior
ahhealihg (Io make pihs soII ehough Io drill ahd Iap)
ahd re-hardehihg, which cah resulI ih damage Io Iihish,
ahd ih ihaccuracies ahd disIorIioh.
5. YOU SAVE TIME AND MONEY BECAUSE OF THIS
OUALITY "REPEATABILITY." NO SPECIAL PREPARATION
OF INDIVIDUAL HOLES NEEDED-YOU CAN BE SURE OF
ACCURATE FIT EVERY TIME.
UNBPAKO pull-ouI dowel pihs are idehIical ahd ihIer-
chahgeable wiIh sIahdard UNBPAKO dowels. They have
Ihe same physical, Iihish, accuracy ahd Iolerahces. Ahd
Ihey are cohsisIehIly uhiIorm. Their exclusive spiral relieI
grooves provide more uhiIorm relieI Ihah oIher Iypes oI
removable pihs, assurihg more uhiIorm pull-ouI values.
You doh'I heed ahy special Iools Io remove UNBPAKO
pull-ouI dowels-|usI ah ordihary die hook ahd a sockeI
head cap or buIIoh head sockeI screw.
-
-
-
- -
- -- --
-
M - -
P
P
P
P











P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

HEX KEYS Dimensions MechanicaI Properties Screw Size TabIe

DIMENSIONS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

- -- - - - -
- -
-
- - P MM -- -
- - -

- -
- -
- - --
-- -- -- -- -- -
#0
#0 #0 #1, #2
#0 #1,#2 #1,#2 #3, #4
#1 #3,#4 #3, #4 #5,#6
#2,#3 #5,#6 #5,#6 #8
#4,#5 #8 #8 #10
#6
#10 #10 1/4 1/4
#8
#10 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 1/16
1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 1/8
3/8 3/8 7/16
5/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 1/4
3/8 1/2 1/2, 9/16 5/8 5/8 3/8
7/16,1/2 5/8 5/8 3/4 3/4 1/2
9/16
5/8 3/4 7/8, 1 7/8
7/8 1, 1/8 3/4
3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/4, 1 3/8 1
7/8,1 1 1/2 1-1/4, 1-1/2
1 1/8, 1 1/4 1 1/2
1 3/8, 1 1/2 1 3/4 1/2,2
1 3/4 2
2
2 1/4, 2 1/2
2 3/4
33
HEXAGON KEYS
Why UNBRAKO keys tighten socket screws tighter, safeIy
Ah UNBPAKO key is hoI ah ordihary
hexagoh key - iI is a precisioh ihIer-
hal wrehchihg Iool oI greaI sIrehgIh
ahd ducIiliIy. WiIh ah UNBPAKO key,
Iar more IighIehihg Iorque Ihah is
heeded cah be applied wiIhouI dam-
agihg Ihe screw or Ihe key, ahd iI cah
be dohe saIely. This is ah imporIahI
IeaIure, especially Irue oI Ihe smaller
sizes (5/32" ahd uhder) which are
hormally held ih Ihe hahd.
PhoIographs oI a desIrucIioh IesI
show whaI we meah. Uhder exces-
sive Iorque a 5/64" UNBPAKO key
IwisIs buI does hoI shear uhIil a
Iorque has beeh reached IhaI is
approximaIely 20% greaIer Ihah cah
be applied wiIh ah ordihary key. AI
his poihI iI shears oII cleah, Ilush
wiIh Ihe Iop oI Ihe sockeI, leavihg
ho |agged edge Io gash a hahd.
SIill Ihe UNBPAKO screw has hoI
beeh harmed. The brokeh piece oI
Ihe key is hoI wedged ihIo Ihe sockeI.
I cah be liIIed ouI wiIh a small
magheI, cohvihcihg prooI IhaI Ihe
sockeI has hoI beeh reamed or
oIherwise damaged.
NOTE: The use oI ah exIehsioh ih
Ihese illusIraIiohs is Ior demohsIraIioh
purposes ohly. The mahuIacIurer does
hoI recommehd Ihe use oI exIehsiohs
wiIh ahy hex key producI uhder
hormal cohdiIiohs.
A 5/64" UNBPAKO key will IwisI up Io
180 wiIhouI weakehihg.
TwisIed Io abouI 270, Ihe key shears
oII cleah. NoIe Ihe exIehsioh bar illus-
IraIed Ior IesI purposes ohly.
The sockeI hash'I beeh reamed or
damaged. Brokeh secIioh cah be
liIIed ouI wiIh a magheI.
NOTES
MateriaI: ANS B18.3, GGG-K-275,
alloy sIeel
Heat treat: Pc 47-57
1-1/2 LEVL-SEAL has 3/4 sockeI,
1-1/2 DPYSEAL has 1" sockeI.
SCREW SIZE SELECTOR TABLE
34
THREAD CONVERSION CHARTS
DIAMETER]THREAD PITCH COMPARISON


#0 0.06 80
M1.6 0.063 0.35 74
#1 0.07 64
M2 0.079 0.4 64
#2 0.09 56
M2.5 0.098 0.45 56
#3 0.10 48
#4 0.11 40
M3 0.118 0.5 51
#5 0.13 40
#6 0.14 32
M4 0.157 0.7 36
#8 0.16 32
#10 0.19 24
M5 0.196 0.8 32
M6 0.236 1.00 25
1/4 0.25 20
5/16 0.31 18
M8 0.315 1.25 20
3/8 0.38 16
M10 0.393 1.5 17
7/16 0.44 14
M12 0.472 1.75 14.5
1/2 0.50 13
M14 0.551 2 12.5
5/8 0.63 11
M16 0.63 2 12.5
3/4 0.75 10
M20 0.787 2.5 10
7/8 0.88 9
M24 0.945 3 8.5
1 1.00 8
M27 1.063 3 8.5
35
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNBRAKO

Socket Screw Products (Metric)

Page
Metric Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Socket Head Cap Screws. . . . . . . SIahdards - Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Low Heads - Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
FIat Head Socket Screws . . . . . . Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Button Head Socket Screws . . . . Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
ShouIder Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
DoweI Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SIahdards - Alloy SIeel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Socket Set Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Low Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . Low Heads - Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Hex Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy SIeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ISO ToIerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Conversion Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
36
UNBRAKO Metric Fasteners
UNBPAKO MeIric FasIehers are
Ihe sIrohgesI oII-Ihe-shelI Ihread-
ed IasIehers you cah buy. Their
exclusive desigh IeaIures ahd
closely cohIrolled mahuIacIurihg
processes ihsure Ihe dimehsiohal
accuracy, sIrehgIh ahd IaIigue
resisIahce heeded Ior reliabiliIy
ih Ioday's advahced Iechhology.
They are mahuIacIured wiIh Ihe
same meIhods ahd IeaIures as
Iheir ihch-series couhIerparI.
Strength
UNBPAKO meIric sockeI head cap
screws are made ihIo properIy
class 12.9 wiIh a mihimum ulIimaIe
Iehsile sIrehgIh oI 1300 or 1250
MPa depehdihg oh screw diame-
Ier. Precisioh ih mahuIacIurihg
ahd careIul cohIrol ih sIress areas
ihsure sIrehgIh ih such criIical
areas as heads, sockeIs, Ihreads,
IilleIs, ahd bearihg areas.
Wheh you purchase UNBPAKO
meIric sockeI screw producIs, you
cah be sure IhaI Ihey meeI or
exceed Ihe sIrehgIh levels oI all
currehI sIahdards, ihcludihg Ihe
Ihree mosI commoh-ANS, SO
ahd DN. Uhbrako is represehIed
oh several ASME, ANS, ASTM
ahd SO commiIIees.
ANS (Americah NaIiohal
SIahdards hsIiIuIe) documehIs
are published by ASME (The
Americah SocieIy oI Mechahical
Ehgiheers) ahd are Iamiliar Io
almosI all users oI sockeI screw
producIs ih Ihe U.S.A.
ASTM (Americah SocieIy Ior
TesIihg ahd MaIerials). Mahy
ANS documehIs lisI dimeh-
siohal ihIormaIioh buI reIer
Io ASTM speciIicaIiohs Ior
maIerials, mechahical proper-
Iies, ahd IesI criIeria.
SO (hIerhaIiohal SIahdards
OrgahizaIioh) is a sIahdards
group comprisihg 70 member
haIiohs. Is ob|ecIive is Io
provide sIahdards IhaI will
be compleIely uhiversal ahd
commoh Io all couhIries
subscribihg.
DN (DeuIsche hdusIries
Normeh) is Ihe Germah
sIahdards group.
NOTE: The proper IighIehihg
oI Ihreaded IasIehers cah have
a sighiIicahI eIIecI oh Iheir
perIormahce.
37
A WARNING TO METRIC FASTENER USERS
MeIric sockeI cap screws are NOT sold ih a sihgle sIrehgIh level
like U.S. ihch sockeI screws.
Property CIass GeneraI MateriaI Strength LeveI, UTS min. MPa (KSI)
hIerhaIiohal SIahdards OrgahizaIioh, SO
ProperIy Class 8.8 Carboh SIeel 800 (116) < M16
830 (120) m M16
ProperIy Class 10.9 Alloy SIeel 1040 (151)
ProperIy Class 12.9 Alloy SIeel 1220 (177)
USA Standards
ASTM A574M Alloy SIeel 1220 (177)
Unbrako Standards
ASTM A574M Alloy SIeel 1300 (189) n M16
1250 (181) > M16
STANDARDS
The use oI meIric IasIehers ih Ihe worldwide markeI has led Io Ihe creaIioh oI mahy sIahdards. These
sIahdards speciIy Ihe IasIeher requiremehIs: dimehsiohs, maIerial, sIrehgIh levels, ihspecIioh, eIc. DiIIerehI
sIahdards are Ihe respohsibiliIy oI various orgahizaIiohs ahd are hoI always idehIical. Uhbrako supplies meIric
IasIehers Ior maximum ihIerchahgeabiliIy wiIh all sIahdards. This Ehgiheerihg Guide was published wiIh Ihe
mosI currehI values, which are however sub|ecI Io chahge by ahy sIahdards orgahizaIioh aI ahy Iime.
L
G
T
H
A
D
J
THREAD
SZE
THREAD LENGTH
SEE STOCK TABLE
APPROX 45
30
- - -

- - -
-
-
- - -
M1.6 0.35 3.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.54 0.80 1300 1.65 370 1.57 352.5 0.29 2.6
M2 0.40 3.8 2.0 2.0 1.5 0.68 1.0 1300 2.69 605 2.45 550 0.60 5.3
M2.5 0.45 4.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 0.85 1.25 1300 4.41 990 3.83 860 1.21 11
M3 0.5 5.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 1.02 1.5 1300 6.54 1,470 5.5 1240 2.1 19
M4 0.7 7.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 1.52 2.0 1300 11.4 2,560 9.8 2,205 4.6 41
M5 0.8 8.5 5.0 5.0 4.0 1.90 2.5 1300 18.5 4,160 15.3 3,445 9.5 85
M6 1.0 10.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 2.28 3.0 1300 26.1 5,870 22.05 4,960 16 140
M8 1.25 13.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 3.2 4.0 1300 47.6 10,700 39.2 8,800 39 350
M10 1.5 16.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 4.0 5.0 1300 75.4 17,000 61 13,750 77 680
M12 1.75 18.0 12.0 12.0 10.0 4.8 6.0 1300 110 24,700 88 19,850 135 1,200
(M14) 2.0 21.0 14.0 14.0 12.0 5.6 7.0 1300 150 33,700 120 27,000 215 1,900
M16 2.0 24.0 16.0 16.0 14.0 6.4 8.0 1300 204 45,900 157 35,250 330 2,900
M20 2.5 30.0 20.0 20.0 17.0 8.0 10.0 1250 306 68,800 235.5 53,000 650 5,750
M24 3.0 36.0 24.0 24.0 19.0 9.6 12.0 1250 441 99,100 339 76,500 1100 9,700
M30 3.5 45.0 30.0 30.0 22.0 12.0 15.0 1250 701 158,000 530 119,000 2250 19,900
M36 4.0 54.0 36.0 36.0 27.0 14.4 18.0 1250 1020 229,000 756 171,500 3850 34,100
M42 4.5 63.0 42.0 42.0 32.0 16.8 21.0 1250 1400 315,000 1040 233,500 6270 55,580
M48 5.0 72.0 48.0 48.0 36.0 19.2 24.0 1250 1840 413,000 1355 305,000 8560 75,800
38
METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
Dimensions
Threads: ANS B1.13M, SO
261, SO 262 (coarse series
ohly)
Property CIass: 12.9-SO 898/1
NOTES
1. MateriaI: ASTM A574M, DN912-alloy sIeel
2. Hardness: Pc 38-43
3. TensiIe Stress: 1300 MPa Ihru M16 size.
1250 MPa over M16 size.
4. YieId Stress: 1170 MPa Ihru M16 size.
1125 MPa over M16 size.
5. Thread CIass: 4g 6g
DIMENSIONS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
APPLICATION
DATA
-

-
Up Io 16 mm, ihcl. 0.3 0.3 -
Over 16 Io 50 mm, ihcl. 0.4 0.4 0.7
Over 50 Io 120 mm, ihcl. 0.7 1.0 1.5
Over 120 Io 200 mm, ihcl. 1.0 1.5 2.0
Over 200 mm 2.0 2.5 3.0
All dimehsiohs ih millimeIers.
Sizes ih brackeIs hoI preIerred Ior hew desighs.
Noh-sIock diameIer.
Torque calculaIed ih accordahce wiIh VD 2230, "SysIemaIic CalculaIioh oI High DuIy
BolIed JoihIs," Io ihduce approximaIely 800 MPa sIress ih screw Ihreads. Torque values
lisIed are Ior plaih screws. (See NoIe, page 1.)
LENGTH TOLERANCE
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS Metric Body and Grip Lengths
BODY and GRIP LENGTHS
LENGTH
L
B
L
G
39
L
G
is Ihe maximum grip lehgIh ahd is Ihe disIahce Irom
Ihe bearihg surIace Io Ihe IirsI compleIe Ihread.
L
B
is Ihe mihimum body lehgIh ahd is Ihe lehgIh oI Ihe
uhIhreaded cylihdrical porIioh oI Ihe shahk.
Nomihal
Size M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M20 M24
Nominal
Length
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
180
200
220
240
260
300
4.8
9.8
14.8
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
3.0
8.0
13.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
4.0
9.0
14.0
19.0
24.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
2.0
7.0
12.0
17.0
22.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
8.0
13.0
18.0
23.0
28.0
33.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
5.7
10.7
15.7
20.7
25.7
30.7
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
7.0
12.0
17.0
22.0
27.0
32.0
37.0
42.0
47.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
4.5
9.5
14.5
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
6.5
11.5
16.5
21.5
26.5
31.5
36.5
41.5
46.5
56.5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
13.0
18.0
23.0
28.0
33.0
38.0
43.0
48.0
58.0
68.0
78.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
9.0
14.0
19.0
24.0
29.0
34.0
39.0
44.0
54.0
64.0
74.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
11.0
16.0
21.0
26.0
31.0
36.0
41.0
46.0
56.0
66.0
76.0
86.0
96.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
6.0
11.0
16.0
21.0
26.0
31.0
36.0
41.0
51.0
61.0
71.0
81.0
91.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
17.0
22.0
27.0
32.0
37.0
42.0
52.0
62.0
72.0
82.0
92.0
102.0
112.0
122.0
132.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
10.7
15.7
20.7
25.7
30.7
35.7
45.7
55.7
65.7
75.7
85.7
95.7
105.7
115.7
125.7
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
18.0
23.0
28.0
33.0
38.0
48.0
58.0
68.0
78.0
88.0
98.0
108.0
118.0
128.0
148.0
168.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
10.5
15.5
20.5
25.5
30.5
40.5
50.5
60.5
70.5
80.5
90.5
100.5
110.5
120.5
140.5
160.5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
24.0
29.0
34.0
44.0
54.0
64.0
74.0
84.0
94.0
104.0
114.0
124.0
144.0
164.0
184.0
204.0
. . .
. . .
15.2
20.2
25.2
35.2
45.2
55.2
65.2
75.2
85.2
95.2
105.2
115.2
135.2
155.2
175.2
195.2
. . .
. . .
25.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
220.0
. . .
15.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
130.0
150.0
170.0
190.0
210.0
. . .
26.0
36.0
46.0
56.0
66.0
76.0
86.0
96.0
106.0
116.0
136.0
156.0
176.0
196.0
216.0
256.0
16.0
26.0
36.0
46.0
56.0
66.0
76.0
86.0
96.0
106.0
126.0
146.0
166.0
186.0
206.0
246.0
38.0
48.0
58.0
68.0
78.0
88.0
98.0
108.0
128.0
148.0
168.0
188.0
208.0
248.0
25.5
35.5
45.5
55.5
65.5
75.5
85.5
95.5
115.5
135.5
155.5
175.5
195.5
235.5
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
240.0
25.0
35.0
45.0
55.0
65.0
75.0
85.0
105.0
125.0
145.0
165.0
185.0
225.0
BODY AND GRIP LENGTH DIMENSIONS FOR METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEWS (METPC SEPES)
PEP ASME/ANS B18.3.1M-1986
L
T
H
A
D
J
THREAD
SZE
APPROX 45
L
T
S
Head Angle See Note 6

- -
M3 0.5 6.72 3 1.7 1.10 0.50 18 2 1.2 11
M4 0.7 8.96 4 2.3 1.55 0.70 20 2.5 2.8 25
M5 0.8 11.20 5 2.8 2.05 0.70 22 3 5.5 50
M6 1.0 13.44 6 3.3 2.25 0.85 24 4 9.5 85
M8 1.25 17.92 8 4.4 3.20 1.20 28 5 24 210
M10 1.50 22.40 10 5.5 3.80 1.50 32 6 47 415
M12 1.75 26.88 12 6.5 4.35 1.85 36 8 82 725
M16 2.00 33.60 16 7.5 4.89 1.85 44 10 205 1800
M20 2.50 40.32 20 8.5 5.45 1.85 52 12 400 3550
M24 3.00 40.42 24 14.0 10.15 2.20 60 14 640 5650
40
METRIC SOCKET FLAT HEAD CAP SCREWS
Dimensions
NOTES
1. MateriaI: ASTM F835M
2. Dimensions: B18.3.5M
3. Property CIass: 12.9
4. Hardness: Pc 38-43 (alloy sIeel)
5. TensiIe Stress: 1040MPa
6. Shear Stress: 630 MPa
7. YieId Stress: 945 MPa
8. Sizes: For sizes up Io ahd ihcludihg M20, head ahgle
shall be 92/90. For larger sizes head ahgle shall be 62/60.
9. Thread CIass: 4g 6g
Threads: ANS B1.13M, SO 262 (coarse series ohly)
AppIicabIe or SimiIar Specification: DN 9427
GeneraI Note: FlaI, couhIersuhk head cap screws ahd
buIIoh head cap screws are desighed ahd recommehd-
ed Ior moderaIe IasIehihg applicaIiohs: machihe guards,
hihges, covers, eIc. They are hoI suggesIed Ior use ih
criIical high sIrehgIh applicaIiohs where sockeI head cap
screws should be used.
DIMENSIONS APPLICATION DATA
All dimehsiohs ih millimeIers.
Noh-sIock DiameIer
Torque calculaIed Io ihduce 420 MPa ih Ihe screw Ihreads.
Torque values are Ior plaih screws. (See NoIe, page 1.)
-

-
Up Io 16 mm, ihcl. 0.3
Over 16 Io 60 mm, ihcl. 0.5
Over 60 mm 0.8
LENGTH TOLERANCE
L
T
H
A
J
THREAD
SZE
APPROX 45
R
S
41
METRIC SOCKET BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREWS
Dimensions
NOTES
1. MateriaI: ASTM F835M
2. Dimensions: ANS B18.3.4M
3. Property CIass: 12.9
4. Hardness: Pc 38-43
5. TensiIe Stress: 1040 MPa
6. Shear Stress: 630 MPa
7. YieId Stress: 945 MPa
8. Bearihg surIace oI head square wiIh body wiIhih 2.
9. Thread CIass: 4g 6g
Threads: ANS B1.13M, SO 262(coarse series ohly)
SimiIar Specifications: DN 9427, SO 7380
GeneraI Note: FlaI, couhIersuhk head cap screws ahd
buIIoh head cap screws are desighed ahd recommehd-
ed Ior moderaIe IasIehihg applicaIiohs: machihe guards,
hihges, covers, eIc. They are hoI suggesIed Ior use ih
criIical high sIrehgIh applicaIiohs where sockeI head cap
screws should be used.
All dimehsiohs ih millimeIers.
Noh-sIock DiameIer
Torque calculaIed Io ihduce 420 MPa ih Ihe screw Ihreads.
Torque values are Ior plaih screws. (See NoIe, page 1.)
-

-
Up Io 16 mm, ihcl. 0.3
Over 16 Io 60 mm, ihcl. 0.5
Over 60 mm 0.8
LENGTH TOLERANCE

- -
M3 0.5 5.70 1.65 1.05 2.95 .35 2.0 1.2 11
M4 0.7 7.60 2.20 1.35 4.10 .35 2.5 2.8 25
M5 0.8 9.50 2.75 1.92 5.20 .45 3.0 5.5 50
M6 1.0 10.50 3.30 2.08 5.60 .45 4.0 9.5 85
M8 1.285 14.00 4.40 2.75 7.50 .45 5.0 24.0 210
M10 1.50 18.00 5.50 3.35 10.00 .60 6.0 47.0 415
M12 1.75 21.00 6.60 4.16 11.00 .60 8.0 82.0 725
M16 2.0 28.00 8.60 5.20 15.00 .60 10.0 205.0 1800
DIMENSIONS APPLICATION DATA
T
E H
F
A
D
J
THREAD
SZE
APPROX 45
30
30
45
LENGTH
+.25
-0.00
0.8
K
J
42
METRIC SOCKET HEAD SHOULDER SCREWS
Threads: ANS B 1.13 M, SO 262
SimiIar Specifications: ANS B18.3.3M,
SO 7379, DN 9841
All dimehsiohs ih millimeIers.
Shoulder diameIer Iolerahce h8 (SO P 286)
See NoIe, page 1.

-

- - -
6 M5 0.8 10.00 2.4 6.0 5.982 5.42 4.50 3.68 2.5 2.40 9.75 3 7 60
8 M6 1.0 13.00 3.3 8.0 7.978 7.42 5.50 4.40 2.5 2.60 11.25 4 12 105
10 M8 1.25 16.00 4.2 10.0 9.978 9.42 7.00 6.03 2.5 2.80 13.25 5 29 255
12 M10 1.5 18.00 4.9 12.0 11.973 11.42 8.00 7.69 2.5 3.00 16.40 6 57 500
16 M12 1.75 24.00 6.6 16.0 15.973 15.42 10.00 9.35 2.5 4.00 18.40 8 100 885
20 M16 2.0 30.00 8.8 20.0 19.967 19.42 14.00 12.96 2.5 4.80 22.40 10 240 2125
24 M20 2.5 36.00 10.0 24.0 23.967 23.42 16.00 16.30 3.0 5.60 27.40 12 470 4160
DIMENSIONS
APPLICATION
DATA
NOTES
1. MateriaI: ASTM A574M alloy sIeel
2. Hardness: Pc 36-43
3. TensiIe Stress: 1100 MPa based oh mihimum Ihread heck area (J mih.).
4. Shear Stress: 660 MPa
5. Concentricity: Body Io head O.D. wiIhih 0.15 TP wheh checked ih a "V"
block.
Body Io Ihread piIch diameIer wiIhih 0.1 TP wheh checked aI a disIahce oI
5.0 C Irom Ihe shoulder aI Ihe Ihreaded ehd.
Squarehess, cohcehIriciIy, parallelism, ahd bow oI body Io Ihread piIch
diameIer shall be wiIhih 0.05 TP per cehIimeIer oI body lehgIh wiIh a max-
imum oI 0.5 wheh seaIed agaihsI Ihe shoulder ih a Ihreaded bushihg ahd
checked oh Ihe body aI a disIahce oI 2.5 "B" Irom Ihe uhderside oI Ihe head.
6. Squareness: The bearihg surIace oI Ihe head shall be perpehdicular Io
Ihe axis oI Ihe body wiIhih a maximum deviaIioh oI 2.
7. Thread CIass: 4g 6g
B
A
C
R
1016
L
+0
-0.5
0.2

METRIC DOWEL PINS

Hardened and Ground Dimensions
NOTES
1. MateriaI: -
2. Hardness: -

3. Shear Stress: - -
4. Surface Finish:
AppIicabIe or SimiIar Specifications:

InstaIIation warning: - - -
- - --- -
-- -
-- -


-

-
- - -
- -










DIMENSIONS APPLICATION DATA
44
Threads: ANS B 1.13M, SO 261, SO 262
(coarse series ohly)
Grade: 45H
AppIicabIe or SimiIar Specifications: ANS B 18.3.6M,
SO 4029, DN 916, DN 915, DN 914, DN 913
NOTES
1. MateriaI: ASTM F912M
2. Hardness: Pockwell C45-53
3. AngIe: The cup ahgle is 135 maximum Ior screw
lehgIhs equal Io or smaller Ihah screw diameIer. For
lohger lehgIhs, Ihe cup ahgle will be 124 maximum
4. Thread CIass: 4g 6g
All dimehsiohs ih millimeIers.
NoI applicable Io screws wiIh a lehgIh equal Io or less Ihah Ihe diameIer. See NoIe, page 1.
METRIC SOCKET SET SCREWS KnurIed Cup Point and PIain Cup Point Dimensions

-
- -
P
M1.6 0.35 1.0 0.80 - - 2.0 - 0.7 0.09 0.8
M2 0.40 1.32 1.00 - - 2.5 - 0.9 0.21 1.8
M2.5 0.45 1.75 1.25 - - 3.0 - 1.3 0.57 5.0
P -- -
M3 0.5 2.10 1.50 1.40 2.06 3.0 3.0 1.5 0.92 8.0
M4 0.7 2.75 2.00 2.10 2.74 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.2 19.0
M5 0.8 3.70 2.50 2.50 3.48 4.0 4.0 2.5 4.0 35.0
M6 1.0 4.35 3.00 3.30 4.14 4.0 5.0 3.0 7.2 64
M8 1.25 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.62 5.0 6.0 4.0 17.0 150.0
M10 1.5 7.40 6.00 6.00 7.12 6.0 8.0 5.0 33.0 290
M12 1.75 8.60 8.00 8.00 8.58 8.0 10.0 6.0 54.0 480
M16 2.0 12.35 10.00 10.00 11.86 12.0 14.0 8.0 134 1190
M20 2.5 16.00 14.00 14.00 14.83 16.0 18.0 10.0 237 2100
M24 3.0 18.95 16.00 16.00 17.80 20.0 20.0 12.0 440 3860
DIMENSIONS
KNURLED CUP POINT PLAIN CUP POINT
APPLICATION DATA
-

-
Up Io 12 mm, ihcl. 0.3
Over 12 Io 50 mm, ihcl. 0.5
Over 50 mm 0.8
LENGTH TOLERANCE
45
METRIC SOCKET SET SCREW
FIat Point, Cone Point, Dog Point StyIes Dimensions
DIMENSIONS

- -
M3 0.5 2.10 2.0 3.0 0.3 4.0 0.75 1.5 5.0 2.00
M4 0.7 2.75 2.5 3.0 0.4 4.0 1.00 2.0 5.0 2.50
M5 0.8 3.70 3.5 4.0 0.5 5.0 1.25 2.5 6.0 3.50
M6 1.00 4.25 4.0 4.0 1.5 6.0 1.50 3.0 6.0 4.00
M8 1.25 6.00 5.5 5.0 2.0 6.0 2.00 4.0 8.0 5.50
M10 1.50 7.40 7.0 6.0 2.5 8.0 2.50 5.0 8.0 7.00
M12 1.75 8.60 8.5 8.0 3.0 10.0 3.00 6.0 12.0 8.50
M16 2.00 12.35 12.0 12.0 4.0 14.0 4.00 8.0 16.0 12.00
M20 2.50 16.00 15.0 14.0 6.0 18.0 5.00 10.0 20.0 15.00
M24 3.00 18.95 18.0 20.0 8.0 20.0 6.00 12.0 22.0 18.00
FLAT POINT
CONE POINT
DOG POINT
46
L
G
T
H
L
T
A
D
J
THREAD
SZE
APPROX 45

- -
M4 0.7 7 4 1.06 1.48 2.8 20 3 4.5 40
M5 0.8 8.5 5 1.39 1.85 3.5 22 4 8.5 75
M6 1.0 10 6 1.65 2.09 4.0 24 5 14.5 130
M8 1.25 13 8 2.24 2.48 5.0 28 6 35 310
M10 1.5 16 10 2.86 3.36 6.5 32 8 70 620
M12 1.75 18 12 3.46 4.26 8.0 36 10 120 1060
M16 2.0 24 16 4.91 4.76 10.0 44 12 300 2650
M20 2.5 30 20 6.10 6.07 12.5 52 14 575 5100
METRIC LOW HEADCAP SCREWS
DIMENSIONS APPLICATION DATA
Threads: ANS B 1.13M, SO 262
(coarse series ohly)
Property CIass: 10.9
SimiIar Specifications: DN 7984,
DN 6912
All dimehsiohs ih millimeIers.
Torque calculaIed Io ihduce 620 MPa ih Ihe screw Ihreads.
Torque values are Ior plaih screws. (See NoIe, page 1.)
NOTES
1. MateriaI: ASTM A574M-alloy sIeel
2. Hardness: Pc 33-39
3. TensiIe Stress: 1040 MPa
4. YieId Stress: 940 MPa
5. Thread CIass: 4g 6g
47
B
W
C
METRIC HEXAGON KEYS
Dimensions MechanicaI Properties Socket AppIications
These UNBPAKO keys are made Io
higher requiremehIs Ihah SO or DN
keys, which may hoI properly Iorque
Class 12.9 cap screws. The sIrehgIh
ahd dimehsiohal requiremehIs are
hecessary Io properly ihsIall Ihe
producIs ih Ihis caIalog.
MateriaI: ANS B18.3.2.M alloy sIeel
Dimensions: ANS B18.3.2.M
SimiIar Specifications: DN 911, SO 2936
- --

- - - - - - -
-- -- -- --
0.7 M1.6
0.9 M2
1.3 M2.5
1.5 M1.6/M2 M3
2.0 M2.5 M3 M3 M4
2.5 M3 M4 M4 M5
3.0 M4 M4 M5 M5 M6 M6
4.0 M5 M5 M6 M6 M8 M8
5.0 M6 M6 M8 M8 M10 M10
6.0 M8 M8 M10 M10 M12 M12
8.0 M10 M10 M12 M12 M16 M16
10.0 M12 M12 M16 M16 M20 M20
12.0 M14 M16 M20 M24 M24
14.0 M16 M20 M24
17.0 M20 M24
19.0 M24
22.0 M30
27.0 M36
32.0 M42
36.0 M48
All dimehsiohs ih millimeIers.
Noh-sIock sizes
DIMENSIONS
METRIC KEY APPLICATION CHART
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
-
- - -
- -
- - -
0.711 0.698 5.5 31 69 0.12 1.1 0.1 0.9
0.889 0.876 9 31 71 0.26 2.3 0.23 2.
1.270 1.244 13.5 42 75 0.73 6.5 .63 5.6
1.500 1.470 14 45 78 1.19 10.5 1.02 9.
2.000 1.970 16 50 83 2.9 26 2.4 21
2.500 2.470 18 56 90 5.4 48 4.4 39
3.000 2.960 20 63 100 9.3 82 8. 71
4.000 3.960 25 70 106 22.2 196 18.8 166
5.000 4.960 28 80 118 42.7 378 36.8 326
6.000 5.960 32 90 140 74 655 64 566
8.000 7.950 36 100 160 183 1,620 158 1,400
10.000 9.950 40 112 170 345 3,050 296 2,620
12.000 11.950 45 125 212 634 5,610 546 4,830
14.000 13.930 55 140 236 945 8,360 813 7,200
17.000 16.930 60 160 250 1,690 15,000 1,450 12,800
19.000 18.930 70 180 280 2,360 20,900 2,030 18,000
22.000 21.930 80 200 335 3,670 32,500 3,160 28,000
24.000 23.930 90 224 375 4,140 36,600 3,560 31,500
27.000 26.820 100 250 500 5,870 51,900 5,050 44,700
32.000 31.820 125 315 630 8,320 73,600 7,150 63,300
36.000 35.820 140 355 710 11,800 104,000 10,200 90,300
48



















References
SO P 286
SO 4759/
SO 4759/
SO 4759/
Notes
ANS sIahdards allow slighIly wider Iolerahces Ior
screw lehgIhs Ihah SO ahd DN.
The Iable is ihIehded Io assisI ih Ihe desigh wiIh meIric
IasIehers. For Iolerahces hoI lisIed here reIer Io Ihe
compleIe sIahdards.
ISO TOLERANCES FOR METRIC FASTENERS
ISO TOLERANCES FOR SOCKET SCREWS

--
-
- - - -

P P P P P
o o o o
P P P P P P P P
o o o o
P P P P P P P P
o o o o
P P P P P P P P
o o o o
P P P P P P P P
o o o o
P P P P P P P P
o o o o
P P P P
o o o o
P P P P
o o o o
P P P P
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o

-
-

o

o

o

49
ISO TOLERANCES
ToIerances for Metric Fasteners
The Iolerahces ih Ihe Iables below are derived Irom SO
sIahdard: SO 4759
The Iables show Iolerahces oh Ihe mosI commoh meIric
IasIehers. However, occasiohally some slighI modiIicaIiohs
are made.
Notes
ProducI grade A applies Io sizes up Io M24 ahd lehgIh hoI exceedihg
10 x diameIer or 150 mm, whaIever is shorIer.
ProducI grade B applies Io Ihe sizes above M24 ahd all sizes wiIh lehgIhs,
greaIer Ihah 10 x diameIer or 150 mm, whichever is shorIer.
Item DIN
912
7991
Item DIN
913
914
916
915
966
Tolerahce zohes Ior sockeI seI
screws
Tolerahce zohes Ior sockeI head
cap screws
Note: For S 0.7 Io 1.3 Ihe acIual
allowahce ih Ihe producI sIahdards
has beeh slighIly modiIied Ior Iech-
hical reasohs.

-

0.7 EF8
0.9 JS9
1.3 K9
1.5
D9 D10
2
2.5 D10
3 D11
D11
4 E11
5
6
8 E11
10
E12
12
14
>14 D12

-
50
CONVERSION CHART

-

-
lehgIh meIer m ihch mm 25.4 25mm = 1 ih.
cehIimeIer cm ihch cm 2.54 300mm = 1II.
millimeIer mm IooI mm 304.8 1m = 39.37 ih.
mass kilogram kg ohce g 28.35 28g = 1 oz.
gram g pouhd kg .4536 1kg = 2.2 lb. = 35 oz.
Iohhe (megagram) I Ioh (2000 lb) kg 907.2 1I = 2200 lbs.
dehsiIy kilogram per kg/m
3
pouhds per cu. II. kg/m 16.02 16kg/m = 1 lb/II.
3
cubic meIer
IemperaIure deg. Celsius C deg. Fahr. C (F - 32) x 5/9 0C = 32F
100C = 212F
area square meIer m
2
sq. ih. mm
2
645.2 645mm
2
= 1 ih.
2
square millimeIer mm
2
sq. II. m
2
.0929 1m
2
= 11 II.
2
volume cubic meIer m
3
cu. ih. mm
3
16387 16400mm
3
= 1 ih.
3
cubic cehIimeIer cm
3
cu.II. m
3
.02832 1m
3
= 35 II.
3
cubic millimeIer mm
3
cu. yd. m
3
.7645 1m
3
= 1.3 yd.
3
Iorce hewIoh N ouhce (Force) N .278 1N = 3.6 ozI
kilohewIoh kN pouhd (Force) kN .00445 4.4N = 1 lbI
megahewIoh MN Kip MN .00445 1kN = 225 lbI
sIress megapascal MPa pouhd/ih
2
(psi) MPa .0069 1MPa = 145 psi
hewIohs/sq.m N/m
2
Kip/ih
2
(ksi) MPa 6.895 7MPa = 1 ksi
Iorque hewIoh-meIer Nm ihch-ouhce N-m .00706 1Nm = 140 ih. oz.
ihch-pouhd N-m .113 1Nm = 9 ih. lb.
IooI-pouhd N-m 1.356 1Nm = .75 II. lb.
1.4 Nm = 1 II. lb.
51
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TechnicaI Section
Page
Screw Fastener Theory and AppIication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Joint Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
The Torque-Tension ReIationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Stripping Strength of Tapped HoIes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
High-Temperature Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Corrosion In Threaded Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Impact Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Product Engineering BuIIetin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Metric Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Through-HoIe Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
DriII and Counterbore Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Hardness-TensiIe Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Thread Stress Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
OptionaI Part Numbering System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Ihru 89
IMPORTANT
The Iechhical discussiohs represehI Iypical applicaIiohs ohly. The use oI Ihe ihIormaIioh is aI
Ihe sole discreIioh oI Ihe reader. Because applicaIiohs vary ehormously, UNBPAKO does hoI
warrahI Ihe sceharios described are appropriaIe Ior ahy speciIic applicaIioh. The reader musI
cohsider all variables prior Io usihg Ihis ihIormaIioh.
52
INSTALLATION CONTROL
Several IacIors should be cohsidered ih desighihg a |oihI
or selecIihg a IasIeher Ior a parIicular applicaIioh.
JOINT DESIGN AND FASTENER SELECTION.
Joint Length
The lohger Ihe |oihI lehgIh, Ihe greaIer Ihe IoIal elohga-
Iioh will occur ih Ihe bolI Io produce Ihe desired clamp
load or preload. h desigh, iI Ihe |oihI lehgIh is ihcreased,
Ihe poIehIial loss oI preload is decreased.
Joint MateriaI
I Ihe |oihI maIerial is relaIively sIiII compared Io Ihe bolI
maIerial, iI will compress less ahd IhereIore provide a
less sehsiIive |oihI, less sehsiIive Io loss oI preload as a
resulI oI brihellihg, relaxaIioh ahd eveh loosehihg.
Thread Stripping Strength
Cohsiderihg Ihe maIerial ih which Ihe Ihreads will be
Iapped or Ihe huI used, Ihere musI be suIIiciehI ehgage-
mehI lehgIh Io carry Ihe load. deally, Ihe lehgIh oI
Ihread ehgagemehI should be suIIiciehI Io break Ihe
IasIeher ih Iehsioh. Wheh a huI is used, Ihe wall Ihick-
hess oI Ihe huI as well as iIs lehgIh musI be cohsidered.
Ah esIimaIe, a calculaIioh or |oihI evaluaIioh will be
required Io deIermihe Ihe Iehsioh loads Io which Ihe bolI
ahd |oihI will be exposed. The size bolI ahd Ihe humber
hecessary Io carry Ihe load expecIed, alohg wiIh Ihe
saIeIy IacIor, musI also be selecIed.
The saIeIy IacIor selecIed will have Io Iake ihIo coh-
sideraIioh Ihe cohsequehce oI Iailure as well as Ihe addi-
Iiohal holes ahd IasIehers. SaIeIy IacIors, IhereIore, have
Io be deIermihed by Ihe desigher.
SHEAR APPLICATIONS
Shear Strength of MateriaI
NoI all applicaIiohs apply a Iehsile load Io Ihe IasIeher. h
mahy cases, Ihe load is perpehdicular Io Ihe IasIeher ih
shear. Shear loadihg may be sihgle, double or mulIiple
loadihg.
There is a relaIiohship beIweeh Ihe Iehsile sIrehgIh
oI a maIerial ahd iIs shear sIrehgIh. For alloy sIeel, Ihe
shear sIrehgIh is 60% oI iIs Iehsile sIrehgIh. Corrosioh
resisIahI sIeels (e.g. 300-Series sIaihless sIeels) have a
lower Iehsile/shear relaIiohship ahd iI is usually 50-55%
SingIe]DoubIe Shear
Sihgle shear sIrehgIh is exacIly ohe-halI Ihe double shear
value. Shear sIrehgIh lisIed ih pouhds per square ihch
(psi) is Ihe shear load ih pouhds divided by Ihe cross
secIiohal area ih square ihches.
OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
AppIication Temperature
For elevaIed IemperaIure, sIahdard alloy sIeels are useIul
Io abouI 550F-600F. However, iI plaIihg is used, Ihe
maximum IemperaIure may be less (eg. cadmium
should hoI be used over 450F.
AusIehiIic sIaihless sIeels (300 Series) may be useIul
Io 800F. They cah maihIaih sIrehgIh above 800F buI will
begih Io oxidize oh Ihe surIace.
Corrosion Environment
A plaIihg may be selecIed Ior mild aImospheres or salIs.
I plaIihg is uhsaIisIacIory, a corrosioh resisIahI IasIeher
may be speciIied. The proper selecIioh will be based
upoh Ihe severiIy oI Ihe corrosive ehvirohmehI.
FATIGUE STRENGTH
S]N Curve
MosI comparaIive IaIigue IesIihg ahd speciIicaIioh
IaIigue IesI requiremehIs are ploIIed oh ah S/N curve.
h Ihis curve, Ihe IesI sIress is showh oh Ihe ordihaIe
(y-axis) ahd Ihe humber oI cycles is showh oh Ihe
abscissa (x-axis) ih a lograIhmic scale. Oh Ihis Iype
curve, Ihe high load Io low load raIio musI be showh.
This is usually P =.1, which meahs Ihe low load ih all
IesIs will be 10% oI Ihe high load.
Effect of PreIoad
hcreasihg Ihe P Io .2, .3 or higher will chahge Ihe curve
shape. AI some poihI ih Ihis curve, Ihe humber oI cycles
will reach 10 millioh cycles. This is cohsidered Ihe
Double Shear
Sihgle Shear
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
10
4
10
5
Cycles Io Failure
TypicaI Unbrako Socket Head Cap Screws
S-N Curve for Finite Fatigue Life
Curve represehIs 90% probabiliIy oI survival
SPS
10
6
P=0.1
10
7
53
SCREWFASTENER THEORY & APPLICATIONS
ehdurahce limiI or Ihe sIress aI which ihIihiIe liIe mighI
be expecIed.
Modified Goodman] Haigh Soderberg Curve
The S/N curve ahd Ihe ihIormaIioh iI supplies will hoI
provide Ihe ihIormaIioh heeded Io deIermihe how ah
ihdividual IasIeher will perIorm ih ah acIual applicaIioh.
h applicaIioh, Ihe preload should be higher Ihah ahy oI
Ihe preloads oh Ihe S/N curve.
ThereIore, Ior applicaIioh ihIormaIioh, Ihe modiIied
Goodmah Diagram ahd/or Ihe Haigh Soderberg Curve
are more useIul. These curves will show whaI IaIigue
perIormahce cah be expecIed wheh Ihe parIs are properly
preloaded.
METHODS OF PRELOADING
EIongation
The modulus Ior sIeel oI 30,000,000 (IhirIy millioh) psi
meahs IhaI a IasIeher will elohgaIe .001 ih/ih oI lehgIh
Ior every 30,000 psi ih applied sIress. ThereIore, iI 90,000
psi is Ihe desired preload, Ihe bolI musI be sIreIched .003
ihches Ior every ihch oI lehgIh ih Ihe |oihI.
This meIhod oI preloadihg is very accuraIe buI iI
requires IhaI Ihe ehds oI Ihe bolIs be properly prepared
ahd also IhaI all measuremehIs be very careIully made.
h addiIioh, direcI measuremehIs are ohly possible where
boIh ehds oI Ihe IasIeher are available Ior measuremehI
aIIer ihsIallaIioh. OIher meIhods oI measurihg lehgIhs
chahges are ulIrasohic, sIraih gages ahd Iurh oI Ihe huI.
Torque
By Iar, Ihe mosI popular meIhod oI preloadihg is by
Iorque. FasIeher mahuIacIurers usually have recom-
mehded seaIihg Iorques Ior each size ahd maIerial
IasIeher. The ohly requiremehI is Ihe proper size
Iorque wrehch, a cohsciehIious operaIor ahd Ihe
proper Iorque requiremehI.
Strain
Sihce sIress/sIraih is a cohsIahI relaIiohship Ior ahy
giveh maIerial, we cah use IhaI relaIiohship |usI as Ihe
elohgaIioh chahge measuremehIs were used previously.
Now, however, Ihe sIraih cah be deIecIed Irom sIraih
gages applied direcIly Io Ihe ouIside surIace oI Ihe bolI
or by havihg a hole drilled ih Ihe cehIer oI Ihe bolI ahd
Ihe sIraih gage ihsIalled ihIerhally. The ouIpuI Irom Ihese
gages heed ihsIrumehIaIioh Io cohverI Ihe gage elecIrical
measuremehI meIhod. I is, however, ah expehsive
meIhod ahd hoI always pracIical.
Turn of the Nut
The huI Iurh meIhod also uIilizes chahge ih bolI lehgIh.
h Iheory, ohe bolI revoluIioh (360 roIaIioh) should
ihcrease Ihe bolI lehgIh by Ihe Ihread piIch. There are
aI leasI Iwo variables, however, which ihIluehce Ihis
relaIiohship. FirsI, uhIil a shug |oihI is obIaihed, ho bolI
elohgaIioh cah be measured. The shuggihg produces a
large variaIioh ih preload. Secohd, |oihI compressioh is
also Iakihg place so Ihe relaIive sIiIIhesses oI Ihe |oihI
ahd bolI ihIluehces Ihe load obIaihed.
VARIABLES IN TOROUE
Coefficient of Friction
Sihce Ihe Iorque applied Io a IasIeher musI overcome
all IricIioh beIore ahy loadihg Iakes place, Ihe amouhI oI
IricIioh presehI is imporIahI.
h a sIahdard uhlubricaIed assembly, Ihe IricIioh Io
be overcome is Ihe head bearihg area ahd Ihe Ihread-Io-
Ihread IricIioh. ApproximaIely 50% oI Ihe Iorque applied
will be used Io overcome Ihis head-bearihg IricIioh ahd
approximaIely 35% Io overcome Ihe Ihread IricIioh. So
85% oI Ihe Iorque is overcomihg IricIioh ahd ohly 15% is
available Io produce bolI load.
I Ihese ihIerIaces are lubricaIed (cadmium plaIe,
molybdehum disulIide, ahIi-seize compouhds, eIc.), Ihe
IricIioh is reduced ahd Ihus greaIer preload is produced
wiIh Ihe same Iorque.
The chahge ih Ihe coeIIiciehI oI IricIioh Ior diIIerehI
cohdiIiohs cah have a very sighiIicahI eIIecI oh Ihe
slope oI Ihe Iorque Iehsioh curve. I Ihis is hoI Iakeh
ihIo cohsideraIioh, Ihe proper Iorque speciIied Ior a
plaih uhlubricaIed bolI may be suIIiciehI Io yield or
break a lubricaIed IasIeher.
Thread Pitch
The Ihread piIch musI be cohsidered wheh a giveh sIress
is Io be applied, sihce Ihe cross-secIiohal area used Ior
sIress calculaIiohs is Ihe Ihread Iehsile sIress area ahd is
diIIerehI Ior coarse ahd Iihe Ihreads. The Iorque recom-
mehdaIiohs, IhereIore, are slighIly higher Ior Iihe Ihreads
Ihah Ior coarse Ihreads Io achieve Ihe same sIress.
DiIIerehces beIweeh coarse ahd Iihe Ihreads.
Coarse Threads are.
more readily available ih ihdusIrial IasIehers.
easier Io assemble because oI larger helix ahgle.
require Iewer Iurhs ahd reduce cross Ihreadihg.
higher Ihread sIrippihg sIrehgIh per giveh lehgIh.
less criIical oI Iap drill size.
hoI as easily damaged ih hahdlihg.

-- -

P
P
P
P
P

54
Their disadvahIages are.
lower Iehsile sIrehgIh.
reduced vibraIiohal resisIahce.
coarse ad|usImehI.
Fihe Threads provide...
higher Iehsile sIrehgIh.
greaIer vibraIiohal resisIahce.
Iiher ad|usImehI.
Their disadvahIages are.
easier cross Ihreaded.
Ihreads damaged more easily by hahdlihg.
Iap drill size slighIly more criIical.
slighIly lower Ihread sIrippihg sIrehgIh.
Other Design GuideIines
h addiIioh Io Ihe |oihI desigh IacIors discussed, Ihe
Iollowihg cohsideraIiohs are imporIahI Io Ihe proper use
oI high-sIrehgIh IasIehers.
AdequaIe Ihread ehgagemehI should be guarahIeed
by use oI Ihe proper maIihg huI heighI Ior Ihe sysIem.
Mihimum lehgIh oI ehgagemehI recommehded ih a
Iapped hole depehds oh Ihe sIrehgIh oI Ihe maIerial,
buI ih all cases should be adequaIe Io prevehI sIrippihg.
SpeciIy huI oI proper sIrehgIh level. The bolI ahd huI
should be selecIed as a sysIem.
SpeciIy compaIible maIihg Iemale Ihreads. 2B Iapped
holes or 3B huIs are possibiliIies.
Corrosioh, ih geheral, is a problem oI Ihe |oihI, ahd hoI
|usI oI Ihe bolI alohe. This cah be a maIIer oI galvahic
acIioh beIweeh dissimilar meIals. Corrosioh oI Ihe
IasIeher maIerial surrouhdihg Ihe bolI head or huI cah
be criIical wiIh high-sIrehgIh bolIihg. Care musI be
exercised ih Ihe compaIibiliIy oI |oihI maIerials ahd/or
coaIihgs Io proIecI dissimilar meIals.
PROCESSING CONTROL
The qualiIy oI Ihe raw maIerial ahd Ihe processihg
cohIrol will largely aIIecI Ihe mechahical properIies oI
Ihe Iihished parIs.
MATERIAL SELECTION
The selecIioh oI Ihe Iype oI maIerial will depehd oh iIs
ehd use. However, Ihe cohIrol oI Ihe ahalysis ahd qualiIy
is a criIical IacIor ih IasIeher perIormahce. The maIerial
musI yield reliable parIs wiIh Iew hiddeh deIecIs such as
cracks, seams, decarburizaIioh ahd ihIerhal Ilaws.
FABRICATION METHOD
Head
There are Iwo geheral meIhods oI makihg bolI heads,
Iorgihg ahd machihihg. The ecohomy ahd graih Ilow
resulIihg Irom Iorgihg make iI Ihe preIerred meIhod.
The IemperaIure oI Iorgihg cah vary Irom room
IemperaIure Io 2000F. By Iar, Ihe greaIesI humber oI
parIs are cold upseI oh Iorgihg machihes khowh as
headers or bolImakers. For maIerials IhaI do hoI have
ehough IormabiliIy Ior cold Iorgihg, hoI Iorgihg is used.
HoI Iorgihg is also used Ior bolIs Ioo large Ior cold upseI-
Iihg due Io machihe capaciIy. The largesI cold Iorgihg
machihes cah make bolIs up Io 1-1/2 ihch diameIer. For
large quahIiIies oI bolIs, hoI Iorgihg is more expehsive
Iheh cold Iorgihg.
Some maIerials, such as sIaihless sIeel, are warm
Iorged aI IemperaIures up Io 1000F. The heaIihg resulIs
ih Iwo beheIiIs, lower Iorgihg pressures due Io lower
yield sIrehgIh ahd reduced work hardehihg raIes.
Machihihg is Ihe oldesI meIhod ahd is used Ior very
large diameIers or small producIioh ruhs.
The disadvahIage is IhaI machihihg cuIs Ihe meIal
graih Ilow, Ihus creaIihg plahes oI weakhess aI Ihe
criIical head-Io-shahk IilleI area. This cah reduce Iehsioh
IaIigue perIormahce by providihg IracIure plahes.
FiIIets
The head-Io-shahk IrahsiIioh (IilleI) represehIs a sizable
chahge ih cross secIioh aI a criIical area oI bolI perIor-
mahce. I is imporIahI IhaI Ihis hoIch eIIecI be mihi-
mized. A geherous radius ih Ihe IilleI reduces Ihe hoIch
eIIecI. However, a compromise is hecessary because Ioo
large a radius will reduce load-bearihg area uhder Ihe
head.
ComposiIe radii such as ellipIical IilleIs, maximize
curvaIure oh Ihe shahk side oI Ihe IilleI ahd mihimize iI
oh Ihe head side Io reduce loss oI bearihg area oh Ihe
load-bearihg surIace.
CriticaI Fastener Features
Head-Shahk-FilleI: This area oh Ihe bolI musI hoI be
resIricIed or bouhd by Ihe |oihI hole. A suIIiciehI chamIer
or radius oh Ihe edge oI Ihe hole will prevehI ihIerIer-
ehce IhaI could seriously reduce IaIigue liIe. Also, iI Ihe
bolI should seaI oh ah uhchamIered edge, Ihere mighI
be serious loss oI preload iI Ihe edge breaks uhder load.
Threads
Threads cah be produced by grihdihg, cuIIihg or rollihg.
h a rolled Ihread, Ihe maIerial is caused Io Ilow ihIo
Ihe Ihread die cohIour, which is grouhd ihIo Ihe surIace
durihg Ihe mahuIacIure oI Ihe die. Machihes wiIh Iwo or
Ihree circular dies or Iwo IlaI dies are mosI commoh.
Thread cuIIihg requires Ihe leasI Ioolihg cosIs ahd is
by Iar Ihe mosI popular Ior producihg ihIerhal Ihreads. I
is Ihe mosI pracIical meIhod Ior producihg Ihih wall
parIs ahd Ihe ohly Iechhique available Ior producihg
large diameIer parIs (over 3 ihches ih diameIer).
Thread grihdihg yields high dimehsiohal precisioh
ahd aIIords good cohIrol oI Iorm ahd Iihish. I is Ihe ohly
pracIical meIhod Ior producihg Ihread plug gages.
BoIh machihihg ahd grihdihg have Ihe disadvahIage
oI cuIIihg maIerial Iibers aI Ihe mosI criIical poihI oI
perIormahce.
The shape or cohIour oI Ihe Ihread has a greaI eIIecI
oh Ihe resulIihg IaIigue liIe. The Ihread rooI should be
large ahd well rouhded wiIhouI sharp corhers or sIress
risers. Threads wiIh larger rooIs should always be used
Ior harder maIerials.
h addiIioh Io Ihe beheIiIs oI graih Ilow ahd coh-
Irolled shape ih Ihread rollihg, added IaIigue liIe cah
resulI wheh Ihe rollihg is perIormed aIIer heaI IreaImehI.
55
SCREWFASTENER THEORY & APPLICATIONS
This is Ihe accepIed pracIice Ior high IaIigue perIor-
mahce bolIs such as Ihose used ih aircraII ahd space
applicaIiohs.
EVALUATING PERFORMANCE
MechanicaI Testing
h Ihe IasIeher ihdusIy, a sysIem oI IesIs ahd examiha-
Iiohs has evolved which yields reliable parIs wiIh proveh
perIormahce.
Some IesIs are cohducIed oh Ihe raw maIerial, some
oh Ihe Iihished producI.
There always seems Io be some cohIusioh regardihg
mechahical versus meIallurgical properIies. Mechahical
properIies are Ihose associaIed wiIh elasIic or ihelasIic
reacIioh wheh Iorce is applied, or IhaI ihvolve Ihe rela-
Iiohship beIweeh sIress ahd sIraih. Tehsile IesIihg sIress-
es Ihe IasIeher ih Ihe axial direcIioh. The Iorce aI which
Ihe IasIeher breaks is called Ihe breakihg load or ulIimaIe
Iehsile sIrehgIh. Load is desighaIed ih pouhds, sIress ih
pouhds per square ihch ahd sIraih ih ihches per ihch.
Wheh a smooIh Iehsile specimeh is IesIed, Ihe charI
obIaihed is called a SIress-SIraih Curve. From Ihis curve,
we cah obIaih oIher useIul daIa such as yield sIrehgIh.
The meIhod oI deIermihihg yield is khowh as Ihe oIIseI
meIhod ahd cohsisIs oI drawihg a sIraighI lihe parallel Io
Ihe sIress sIraih curve buI oIIseI Irom Ihe zero poihI by a
speciIied amouhI. This value is usually 0.2% oh Ihe sIraih
ordihaIe. The yield poihI is Ihe ihIersecIioh oI Ihe sIress-
sIraih curve ahd Ihe sIraighI lihe. This meIhod is hoI
applicable Io IasIehers because oI Ihe variables ihIro-
duced by Iheir geomeIy.
Wheh a IasIeher Iehsile IesI is ploIIed, a load/
elohgaIioh curve cah be obIaihed. From Ihis curve, a
yield deIermihaIioh khowh as Johhsoh's 2/3 approximaIe
meIhod Ior deIermihaIioh oI yield sIrehgIh is used Io
esIablish IasIeher yield, which will be accepIable Ior
desigh purposes. I is hoI recommehded Ior qualiIy
cohIrol or speciIicaIioh requiremehIs.
Torque-Iehsioh IesIihg is cohducIed Io correlaIe Ihe
required Iorque hecessary Io ihduce a giveh load ih a
mechahically IasIehed |oihI. I cah be perIormed by hahd
or machihe. The load may be measured by a Iehsile
machihe, a load cell, a hydraulic Iehsile ihdicaIor or by
a sIraih gage.
FaIigue IesIs oh Ihreaded IasIehers are usually alIer-
haIihg Iehsioh-Iehsioh loadihg. MosI IesIihg is dohe aI
more severe sIraih Ihah iIs desighed service load buI
ususally below Ihe maIerial yield sIrehgIh.
Shear IesIihg, as previously mehIiohed, cohsisIs
oI loadihg a IasIeher perpehdicular Io iIs axis. All shear
IesIihg should be accomplished oh Ihe uhIhreaded
porIioh oI Ihe IasIeher.
Checkihg hardhess oI parIs is ah ihdirecI meIhod Ior
IesIihg Iehsile sIrehgIh. Over Ihe years, a correlaIioh oI
Iehsile sIrehgIh Io hardhess has beeh obIaihed Ior mosI
maIerials. See page 83 Ior more deIailed ihIormaIioh.
Sihce hardhess is a relaIively easy ahd ihexpehsive IesI,
iI makes a good ihspecIioh check. h hardhess checkihg,
iI is very imporIahI IhaI Ihe specimeh be properly pre-
pared ahd Ihe proper IesI applied.
SIress durabiliIy is used Io IesI parIs which have
beeh sub|ecIed Io ahy processihg which may have ah
embriIIlihg eIIecI. I requires loadihg Ihe parIs Io a value
higher Ihah Ihe expecIed service load ahd maihIaihihg
IhaI load Ior a speciIied Iime aIIer which Ihe load is
removed ahd Ihe IasIeher examihed Ior Ihe presehce oI
cracks.
mpacI IesIihg has beeh useIul ih deIermihihg Ihe
ducIile briIIle IrahsIormaIioh poihI Ior mahy maIerials.
However, because Ihe impacI loadihg direcIioh is
Irahsverse Io a IasIeher's hormal lohgiIude loadihg, iIs
useIulhess Ior IasIeher IesIihg is mihimal. I has beeh
showh IhaI mahy IasIeher Iehsioh impacI sIrehgIhs do
hoI Iollow Ihe same paIIerh or relaIiohship oI Charpy
or zod impacI sIrehgIh.
MetaIIurgicaI Testing
MeIallurgical IesIihg ihcludes chemical composiIioh,
microsIrucIure, graih size, carburizaIioh ahd decarbur-
izaIioh, ahd heaI IreaI respohse.
The chemical composiIioh is esIablished wheh Ihe
maIerial is melIed. NoIhihg subsequehI Io IhaI process
will ihIluehce Ihe basic composiIioh.
The microsIrucIure ahd graih size cah be ihIluehced
by heaI IreaImehI. CarburizaIioh is Ihe addiIioh oI carboh
Io Ihe surIace which ihcreases hardhess. I cah occur iI
heaI IreaI Iurhace aImospheres are hoI adequaIely coh-
Irolled. DecarburizaIioh is Ihe loss oI carboh Irom Ihe
surIace, makihg iI soIIer. ParIial decarburizaIioh is preIer-
able Io carburizaIioh, ahd mosI ihdusIrial sIahdards allow
iI wiIhih limiIs.
h summary, ih order Io prevehI service Iailures, mahy
Ihihgs musI be cohsidered:
The AppIication Requirements
SIrehgIh Needed - SaIeIy FacIors
Tehsioh/Shear/FaIigue
TemperaIure
Corrosioh
Proper Preload
The Fastener Requirements
MaIerial
FabricaIioh CohIrols
PerIormahce EvaluaIiohs
0 1 2 3 4
FASTENEP PONT END
FASTENEP HEAD END
PELATVE NTEPNAL STPESS
AT FPST ENGAGED THPEAD
56

Wheh bolIed |oihIs are sub|ecIed Io exIerhal Iehsile
loads, whaI Iorces ahd elasIic deIormaIioh really exisI?
The ma|oriIy oI ehgiheers ih boIh Ihe IasIeher mahuIac-
Iurihg ahd user ihdusIries sIill are uhcerIaih. Several
papers, arIicles, ahd books, reIlecIihg various sIages oI
research ihIo Ihe problem have beeh published ahd Ihe
volume oI Ihis maIerial is ohe reasoh Ior cohIusioh.
The purpose oI Ihis arIicle is Io clariIy Ihe various
explahaIiohs IhaI have beeh oIIered ahd Io sIaIe Ihe
IuhdamehIal cohcepIs which apply Io Iorces ahd elasIic
deIormaIiohs ih cohcehIrically loaded |oihIs. The arIicle
cohcludes wiIh geheral desigh Iormulae IhaI Iake ihIo
accouhI variaIiohs ih IighIehihg, preload loss durihg
service, ahd Ihe relaIioh beIweeh preloads, exIerhal
loads ahd bolI loads.

Forces less Ihah prooI load cause elasIic sIraihs.
Cohversely, chahges ih elasIic sIraihs produce Iorce
variaIiohs. For bolIed |oihIs Ihis cohcepI is usually
demohsIraIed by |oihI diagrams.
The mosI imporIahI deIormaIiohs wiIhih a |oihI are
elasIic bolI elohgaIioh ahd elasIic |oihI compressioh ih
Ihe axial direcIioh. I Ihe bolIed |oihI ih Fig. 1 is sub|ecIed
Io Ihe preload F
i
Ihe bolI elohgaIes as showh by Ihe lihe
OB ih Fig. 2A ahd Ihe |oihI compresses as showh by
Ihe lihe OJ. These Iwo lihes, represehIihg Ihe sprihg
characIerisIics oI Ihe bolI ahd |oihI, are combihed ihIo
ohe diagram ih Fig. 2B Io show IoIal elasIic deIormaIioh.
I a cohcehIric exIerhal load F
e
is applied uhder Ihe
bolI head ahd huI ih Fig. 1, Ihe bolI elohgaIes ah addi-
Iiohal amouhI while Ihe compressed |oihI members
parIially relax. These chahges ih deIormaIioh wiIh
exIerhal loadihg are Ihe key Io Ihe ihIeracIioh oI Iorces
ih bolIed |oihIs.
h Fig. 3A Ihe exIerhal load F
e
is added Io Ihe |oihI
diagram Fe is locaIed oh Ihe diagram by applyihg Ihe
upper ehd Io ah exIehsioh oI OB ahd movihg iI ih uhIil
Ihe lower ehd cohIacIs OJ. Sihce Ihe IoIal amouhI oI
elasIic deIormaIioh (bolI plus |oihI) remaihs cohsIahI Ior
a giveh preload, Ihe exIerhal load chahges Ihe IoIal bolI
elohgaIioh Io
B
+ ahd Ihe IoIal |oihI compressioh Io

J
- .
h Fig. 3B Ihe exIerhal load F
e
is divided ihIo ah addi-
Iiohal bolI load F
eB
ahd Ihe |oihI load F
eJ
, which uhloads
Ihe compressed |oihI members. The maximum bolI load
is Ihe sum oI Ihe load preload ahd Ihe addiIiohal bolI
load:
F
B max
= F
i
+ F
eB
I Ihe exIerhal load Fe is ah alIerhaIihg load, F
eB
is IhaI
parI oI F
e
workihg as ah alIerhaIihg bolI load, as showh
ih Fig. 3B. This |oihI diagram also illusIraIes IhaI Ihe |oihI
absorbs more oI Ihe exIerhal load Ihah Ihe bolI sub|ecIed
Io ah alIerhaIihg exIerhal load.
The imporIahce oI adequaIe preload is showh ih Fig.
3C. Comparihg Fig. 3B ahd Fig. 3C, iI cah be seeh IhaI F
eB
will remaih relaIively small as lohg as Ihe preload F
i
is
greaIer Ihah F
eJ
. Fig. 3C represehIs a |oihI wiIh ihsuIIiciehI
preload. Uhder Ihis cohdiIioh, Ihe amouhI oI exIerhal
load IhaI Ihe |oihI cah absorb is limiIed, ahd Ihe excess
load musI Iheh be applied Io Ihe bolI. I Ihe exIerhal load
is alIerhaIihg, Ihe ihcreased sIress levels oh Ihe bolI pro-
duce a greaIly shorIehed IaIigue liIe.
Wheh seaIihg requires a cerIaih mihimum Iorce or
wheh Irahsverse loads are Io be IrahsIormed by IricIioh,
Ihe mihimum clampihg load F
J mih
is imporIahI.
F
J mih
= F
B max
- F
e
- load vs.
deIormaIioh diagrams oI bolI ahd |oihIs.

-
-
- show
exIerhal load F
e
added (A),
ahd exIerhal load divided
ihIo ah addiIiohal bolI
load F
eB
ahd reducIioh ih
|oihI compressioh F
eJ
(B).
JoihI diagram (C) shows
how ihsuIIiciehI preload F
i
causes excessive addiIiohal
bolI load F
eB
.

|
d
0.4d

1
0.4d

57
JOINT DIAGRAMS
Spring Constants
To cohsIrucI a |oihI diagram, iI is hecessary Io deIermihe
Ihe sprihg raIes oI boIh bolI ahd |oihI. h geheral, sprihg
raIe is deIihed as:
K =
F
l
From Hook's law:
l =
lF
EA
ThereIore:
K =
EA
l
To calculaIe Ihe sprihg raIe oI bolIs wiIh diIIerehI
cross secIiohs, Ihe reciprocal sprihg raIes, or compli-
ahces, oI each secIioh are added:
1
=
1
+
1
+
. . . .
+
1
K
B
K
1
K
2
K
h
Thus, Ior Ihe bolI showh ih Fig. 4:
1
=
1 0.4d
+
1
+
2
+
3
+
0.4d
K
B
E ( A
1
A
1
A
2
A
m
A
m
)
where
d = Ihe mihor Ihread diameIer ahd
A
m
= Ihe area oI Ihe mihor Ihread diameIer
This Iormula cohsiders Ihe elasIic deIormaIioh oI Ihe
head ahd Ihe ehgaged Ihread wiIh a lehgIh oI 0.4d each.
CalculaIioh oI Ihe sprihg raIe oI Ihe compressed
|oihI members is more diIIiculI because iI is hoI always
obvious which parIs oI Ihe |oihI are deIormed ahd which
are hoI. h geheral, Ihe sprihg raIe oI a clamped parI is:
K
J
=
EA
S
J
where A
s
is Ihe area oI a subsIiIuIe cylihder Io be
deIermihed.
Wheh Ihe ouIside diameIer oI Ihe |oihI is smaller Ihah or
equal Io Ihe bolI head diameIer, i.e.,as ih a Ihih bushihg,
Ihe hormal cross secIiohed area is compuIed:
A
s
=

(D
c
2
- D
h
2
)
4
where
D
c
= OD oI cylihder or bushihg ahd
D
h
= hole diameIer
Wheh Ihe ouIside diameIer oI Ihe |oihI is larger Ihah
head or washer diameIer D
H
, Ihe sIress disIribuIioh is ih
Ihe shape oI a barrel, Fig 5. A series oI ihvesIigaIiohs
proved IhaI Ihe areas oI Ihe Iollowihg subsIiIuIe cylihders
are close approximaIiohs Ior calculaIihg Ihe sprihg coh-
IehIs oI cohcehIrically loaded |oihIs.
Wheh Ihe |oihI diameIer D
J
is greaIer Ihah D
H
buI less
Ihah 3D
H
,
Fig. 4 AnaIysis
of boIt Iengths
cohIribuIihg Io
Ihe bolI sprihg
raIe.
Fig. 5 Lines of equaI axiaI stresses in a boIted joint
obIaihed by Ihe axisymmeIric IihiIe elemehI meIhod are
showh Ior a 9/16-18 bolI preloaded Io 100 KS. PosiIive
humbers are Iehsile sIresses ih KS, hegaIive humbers
are compressive sIresses ih KS.
58
A
s
=

(D
H
2
- D
h
2
)
4
+
D
J
- 1
D
H J
+
J
2
8 (DH )( 5 100)
Wheh Ihe |oihI diameIer D
J
is equal Io or greaIer Ihah 3D
H
:
A
s
=

|(D
H
+ 0.1
J
)
2
- D
h
2
]
4
These IormulaIe have beeh veriIied ih laboraIories
by IihiIe elemehI meIhod ahd by experimehIs.
Fig. 6 shows |oihI diagrams Ior sprihgy bolI ahd
sIiII |oihI ahd Ior a sIiII bolI ahd sprihgy |oihI. These
diagrams demohsIraIe Ihe desirabiliIy oI desighihg wiIh
sprihgy bolI ahd a sIiII |oihI Io obIaih a low addiIiohal
bolI load F
eB
ahd Ihus a low alIerhaIihg sIress.
The Force Ratio
Due Io Ihe geomeIry oI Ihe |oihI diagram, Fig. 7,
F
eB
=
K
e
K
B
K
B
+ K
J
DeIihihg =
K
B
K
B
+ K
J
F
eB
= F
e
ahd
, called Ihe Force PaIio, =
F
eB
F
e
For compleIe derivaIioh oI , see Fig. 7.
To assure adequaIe IaIigue sIrehgIh oI Ihe selecIed
IasIeher Ihe IaIigue sIress ampliIude oI Ihe bolI resulIihg
Irom ah exIerhal load F
e
is compuIed as Iollows:
-
B
=
F
eB
/2
or
A
m
-
B
=
F
e
2 A
m
Effect of Loading PIanes
The |oihI diagram ih Fig 3, 6 ahd 7 is applicable ohly
wheh Ihe exIerhal load F
e
is applied aI Ihe same loadihg
plahes as Ihe preloaded F
i
, uhder Ihe bolI head ahd Ihe
huI. However, Ihis is a rare case, because Ihe exIerhal
load usually aIIecIs Ihe |oihI somewhere beIweeh Ihe
cehIer oI Ihe |oihI ahd Ihe head ahd Ihe huI.
Wheh a preloaded |oihI is sub|ecIed Io ah exIerhal
load F
e
aI loadihg plahes 2 ahd 3 ih Fig. 8, F
e
relieves Ihe
compressioh load oI Ihe |oihI parIs beIweeh plahes 2
ahd 3. The remaihder oI Ihe sysIem, Ihe bolI ahd Ihe
|oihI parIs beIweeh plahes 1-2 ahd 3-4, Ieel addiIiohal
load due Io F
e
applied plahes 2 ahd 3, Ihe |oihI maIerial
beIweeh plahes 2 ahd 3 is Ihe clamped parI ahd all oIher
|oihI members, IasIeher ahd remaihihg |oihI maIerial,
are clampihg parIs. Because oI Ihe locaIioh oI Ihe load-
ihg plahes, Ihe |oihI diagram chahges Irom black lihe
Io Ihe blue lihe. CohsequehIly, boIh Ihe addiIiohal bolI
load F
B max
decrease sighiIicahIly wheh Ihe loadihg plahes
oI F
e
shiII Irom uhder Ihe bolI head ahd huI Ioward Ihe
|oihI cehIer.
DeIermihaIioh oI Ihe lehgIh oI Ihe clamped parIs is,
however, hoI IhaI simple. FirsI, iI is assumed IhaI Ihe
exIerhal load is applied aI a plahe perpehdicular Io Ihe
bolI axis. Secohd, Ihe disIahce oI Ihe loadihg plahes
Irom each oIher has Io be esIimaIed. This disIahce may
be expressed as Ihe raIio oI Ihe lehgIh oI clamped parIs
Io Ihe IoIal |oihI lehgIh. Fig. 9 shows Ihe eIIecI oI Iwo
diIIerehI loadihg plahes oh Ihe bolI load, boIh |oihIs
havihg Ihe same preload F
i
ahd Ihe same exIerhal load
F
e
. The lehgIhs oI Ihe clamped parIs are esIimaIed Io
be 0.75
J
Ior |oihI A, ahd 0.25
J
Ior |oihI B.
h geheral, Ihe exIerhal bolI load is somewhere
beIweeh F
eB
= 1F
e
Ior loadihg plahes uhder head ahd
huI ahd F
eB
= 0F
e
= 0 wheh loadihg plahes are ih Ihe
|oihI cehIer, as showh ih Fig. 10. To cohsider Ihe loadihg
plahes ih calculaIioh, Ihe Iormula:
Fig. 6 Joint diagram of a springy boIt in a stiff joint (A), is compared Io a diagram oI a sIiII bolI ih a sprihgy |oihI (B).
Preload F
i
ahd exIerhal load F
e
are Ihe same buI diagrams show IhaI alIerhaIihg bolI sIresses are sighiIicahIly lower
wiIh a sprihg bolI ih a sIiII |oihI.
Fe
2
Fe
2
Fe
2
Fe
2
Fe
2
Fe
2
Fe
2
Fe
2

-- -

--

-
-- - -
-
-
-
-- - ---

- -
--- --
--

--

- -

- - -

-- --
-

61
JOINT DIAGRAMS
F
eB
= F
e
musI be modiIied Io :
F
eB
= h F
e
where h equals Ihe raIio oI Ihe lehgIh oI Ihe clamped
parIs due Io F
e
Io Ihe |oihI lehgIh
|
. The value oI h cah
rahge Irom 1, wheh F
e
is applied uhder Ihe head ahd huI,
Io O, wheh F
e
is applies aI Ihe |oihI cehIer. CohsequehIly
Ihe sIress ampliIude:
-
B
=
F
e
becomes
2 A
m
-
B
=
h F
e
2 A
m
GeneraI Design FormuIae
HiIherIo, cohsIrucIioh oI Ihe |oihI diagram has assumed
lihear resiliehce oI boIh bolI ahd |oihI members. However,
recehI ihvesIigaIiohs have showh IhaI Ihis assumpIioh is
hoI quiIe Irue Ior compressed parIs.
Takihg Ihese ihvesIigaIiohs ihIo accouhI, Ihe |oihI
diagram is modiIied Io Fig. 11. The lower porIioh oI Ihe
|oihI sprihg raIe is hohlihear, ahd Ihe lehgIh oI Ihe lihear
porIioh depehds oh Ihe preload level F
i
. The higher F
i
Ihe
lohger Ihe lihear porIioh. By choosihg a suIIiciehIly high
mihimum load, F
mih
>2F
e
, Ihe hoh-lihear rahge oI Ihe |oihI
sprihg raIe is avoided ahd a lihear relaIiohship beIweeh
F
eB
ahd F
e
is maihIaihed.
Also Irom Fig. 11 Ihis Iormula is derived:
F
i mih
= F
J mih
+ ( 1 - ) F
e
+ F
i
where F
i
is Ihe amouhI oI preload loss Io be
expecIed. For a properly desighed |oihI, a preload loss
F
i
= - (0.005 Io 0.10) F
i
should be expecIed.
The IlucIuaIioh ih bolI load IhaI resulIs Irom IighIeh-
ihg is expressed by Ihe raIio:
a =
F
i max
F
i mih
where a varies beIweeh 1.25 ahd 3.0 depehdihg oh Ihe
IighIehihg meIhod.
Cohsiderihg a Ihe geheral desigh Iormulae are:
F
i hom
= F
J mih
= (1 - ) F
e
F
i max
= a | F
| mih
+ (1 - ) F
e
+ F
i
]
F
B max
= a | F
| mih
+ (1 - ) F
e
+ F
i
] + F
e
ConcIusion
The Ihree requiremehIs oI cohcehIrically loaded |oihIs
IhaI musI be meI Ior ah ihIegral bolIed |oihI are:
1. The maximum bolI load FB max musI be less Ihah
Ihe bolI yield sIrehgIh.
2. I Ihe exIerhal load is alIerhaIihg, Ihe alIerhaIihg
sIress musI be less Ihah Ihe bolI ehdurahce limiI Io avoid
IaIigue Iailures.
3. The |oihI will hoI lose ahy preload due Io perma-
hehI seI or vibraIioh greaIer Ihah Ihe value assumed Ior
F
i
.
SYMBOLS
A Area (ih.
2
)
Am Area oI mihor Ihread diameIer (ih.
2
)
A
s
Area oI subsIiIuIe cyliher (ih.
2
)
A
x
Area oI bolI parI 1
x
(ih.
2
)
d DiameIer oI mihor Ihread (ih.)
D
c
OuIside diameIer oI bushihg (cylihder) (ih.)
D
H
DiameIer oI BolI head (ih.)
D
h
DiameIer oI hole (ih.)
D
J
DiameIer oI JoihI
E Modulus oI ElasIiciIy (psi)
F Load (lb)
F
e
ExIerhal load (lb.)
F
eB
AddiIihal BolI Load due Io exIerhal load (lb)
F
eJ
Peduced JoihI load due Io exIerhal load (lb)
F
i
Preload oh BolI ahd JoihI (lb)
F
i
Preload loss (-lb)
F
i mih
Mihimum preload (lb)
F
i max
Maximum preload (lb)
F
| hom
Nomihal preload (lb)
F
B max
Maximum BolI load (lb)
F
J mih
Mihimum JoihI load (lb)
K Sprihg raIe (lb/ih.)
K
B
Sprihg raIe oI BolI (lb/ih.)
K
J
Sprihg raIe oI JoihI (lb/ih.)
K
x
Sprihg raIe oI BolI parI l
x
(lb/ih.)
l LehgIh (ih.)
l Chahge ih lehgIh (ih.)
l
B
LehgIh oI BolI (ih.)
l
B
BolI elohgaIioh due Io F
i
(ih.)
l
J
LehgIh oI JoihI (ih.)
l
J
JoihI compressioh Io F
i
(ih.)
l
x
LehgIh oI BolI parI x (ih.)
h
LehgIh oI clamped parIs
ToIal JoihI LehgIh
TighIehihg IacIor
Force raIio
BolI ahd JoihI elohgaIioh due Io F
e
(ih.)
-
B
BolI sIress ampliIude ( psi)
62
TIGHTENING TOROUES AND THE
TOROUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP
All oI Ihe ahalysis ahd desigh work dohe ih advahce will
have liIIle meahihg iI Ihe proper preload is hoI achieved.
Several discussiohs ih Ihis Iechhical secIioh sIress Ihe
imporIahce oI preload Io maihIaihihg |oihI ihIegriIy.
There are mahy meIhods Ior measurihg preload (see
Table 12). However, ohe oI Ihe leasI expehsive Iech-
hiques IhaI provides a reasohable level oI accuracy
versus cosI is by measurihg Iorque. The IuhdamehIal
characIerisIic required is Io khow Ihe relaIiohship
beIweeh Iorque ahd Iehsioh Ior ahy parIicular bolIed
|oihI. Ohce Ihe desired desigh preload musI be idehIiIied
ahd speciIied IirsI, Ihe Iorque required Io ihduce
IhaI preload is deIermihed.
WiIhih Ihe elasIic rahge, beIore permahehI sIreIch
is ihduced, Ihe relaIiohship beIweeh Iorque ahd Iehsioh
is essehIially lihear (see Iigure 13). Some sIudies have
Iouhd up Io 75 variables have ah eIIecI oh Ihis relaIioh-
ship: maIerials, IemperaIure, raIe oI ihsIallaIioh, Ihread
helix ahgle, coeIIiciehIs oI IricIioh, eIc. Ohe way IhaI has
beeh developed Io reduce Ihe complexiIy is Io depehd
oh empirical IesI resulIs. ThaI is, Io perIorm experimehIs
uhder Ihe applicaIioh cohdiIiohs by measurihg Ihe
ihduced Iorque ahd recordihg Ihe resulIihg Iehsioh. This
cah be dohe wiIh relaIively simple, calibraIed hydraulic
pressure sehsors, elecIric sIraih gages, or piezoelecIric
load cells. Ohce Ihe daIa is gaIhered ahd ploIIed oh a
charI, Ihe slope oI Ihe curve cah be used Io calculaIe a
correlaIioh IacIor. This Iechhique has creaIed ah accepIed
Iormula Ior relaIihg Iorque Io Iehsioh.
T = K D P
T = Iorque, lbI.-ih.
D = IasIeher homihal diameIer, ihches
P = preload, lbI.
K = "huI IacIor," "IighIehihg IacIor," or "k-value"
I Ihe preload ahd IasIeher diameIer are selecIed ih
Ihe desigh process, ahd Ihe K-value Ior Ihe applicaIioh
cohdiIiohs is khowh, Iheh Ihe hecessary Iorque cah be
calculaIed. I is hoIed IhaI eveh wiIh a speciIied Iorque,
acIual cohdiIiohs aI Ihe Iime oI ihsIallaIioh cah resulI ih
variaIiohs ih Ihe acIual preload achieved (see Table 12).
Ohe oI Ihe mosI criIical criIeria is Ihe selecIioh oI Ihe
K-value. AccepIed homihal values Ior mahy ihdusIrial
applicaIiohs are:
K = 0.20 Ior as-received sIeel bolIs ihIo sIeel holes
K = 0.15 sIeel bolIs wiIh cadmium plaIihg, which acIs like
a lubricahI,
K = 0.28 sIeel bolIs wiIh zihc plaIihg.

I is readily apparehI IhaI iI Ihe Iorque ihIehded Ior a

zihc plaIed IasIeher is used Ior cadmium plaIed IasIeher,
Ihe preload will be almosI Iwo Iimes IhaI ihIehded, iI
may acIually cause Ihe bolI Io break.
AhoIher ihIluehce is where IricIioh occurs. For sIeel
bolIs holes, approximaIely 50% oI Ihe ihsIallaIioh Iorque
is cohsumed by IricIioh uhder Ihe head, 35% by Ihread
IricIioh, ahd ohly Ihe remaihihg 15% ihducihg preload
Iehsioh. ThereIore, iI lubricahI is applied |usI oh Ihe
IasIeher uhderhead, Iull IricIioh reducIioh will hoI be
achieved. Similarly, iI Ihe maIerial agaihsI which Ihe
IasIeher is bearihg, e.g. alumihum, is diIIerehI Ihah Ihe
ihIerhal Ihread maIerial, e.g. casI iroh, Ihe eIIecIive
IricIioh may be diIIiculI Io predicI, These examples
illusIraIe Ihe imporIahce ahd Ihe value oI idehIiIyihg
Ihe Iorque-Iehsioh relaIiohship. I is a recommehd
pracIice Ioo cohIacI Ihe lubricahI mahuIacIurer Ior
K-value ihIormaIioh iI a lubricahI will be used.
The recommehded seaIihg Iorques Ior Uhbrako
headed sockeI screws are based oh ihducihg preloads
reasohably expecIed ih pracIice Ior each Iype. The
values Ior Uhbrako meIric IasIehers are calculaIed
usihg VD2230, a complex meIhod uIilized exIehsively
ih Europe. All values assume use ih Ihe received coh-
diIioh ih sIeel holes. I is uhdersIahdable Ihe desigher
may heed preloads higher Ihah Ihose lisIed. The
Iollowihg discussioh is presehIed Ior Ihose cases.
TORSION-TENSION YIELD AND TENSION
CAPABILITY AFTER TOROUING
Ohce a headed IasIeher has beeh seaIed agaihsI a bear-
ihg surIace, Ihe ihducemehI oI Iorque will be IrahslaIed
ihIo boIh Iorsioh ahd Iehsioh sIresses. These sIresses
combihe Io ihduce IwisI. I Iorque cohIihues Io be ihduced,
Ihe sIress alohg Ihe ahgle oI IwisI will be Ihe largesI
sIress CohsequehIly, Ihe
sIress alohg Ihe bolI axis (axial Iehsioh) will be someIhihg
less. This is why a bolI cah Iail aI a lower Iehsile sIress
Ihah wheh iI is pulled ih sIraighI Iehsioh
alohe, eg . a Iehsile IesI. Pesearch has ihdicaIed Ihe axial
Iehsioh cah rahge Irom 135,000 Io 145,000 PS Ior ihdusIry
sockeI head cap screws aI Iorsioh-Iehsioh yield, depehd-
ihg oh diameIer. hcludihg Ihe preload variaIioh IhaI cah
occur wiIh various ihsIallaIioh Iechhiques, eg. up Io 25%,
iI cah be uhdersIood why some recommehded Iorques
ihduce preload reasohably lower Ihah Ihe yield poihI.
Figure 13 also illusIraIes Ihe eIIecI oI sIraighI Iehsioh
applied aIIer ihsIallaIioh has sIopped. mmediaIely aIIer
sIoppihg Ihe ihsIallaIioh procedure Ihere will be some
relaxaIioh, ahd Ihe Iorsioh compohehI will drop Ioward
zero. This leaves ohly Ihe axial Iehsioh, which keeps
Ihe |oihI clamped IogeIher. Ohce Ihe Iorsioh is relieved,
Ihe axial Iehsioh yield value ahd ulIimaIe value Ior Ihe
IasIeher will be appropriaIe.
-
-
Feel (operaIor's |udgemehI) 35 1
Torque wrehch 25 1.5
Turh oI Ihe huI 15 3
Load-ihdicaIihg washers 10 7
FasIeher elohgaIioh 3 Io 5 15
SIraih gages 1 20
TabIe 12
IndustriaI Fasteners Institute's
Torque-Measuring Method
63
THE TOROUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP
Fig. 14
ElohgaIioh (ih.)
Torque-ihduced
Iehsioh
SIraighI Iehsioh
aIIer Iorquihg
Io preload
SIraighI Iehsioh
Fig. 13 Torque]Tension ReIationship
- --
-

-
-
#0 - 2.1 - 2.1 - 2.1
#1 3.8 4.1 3.8 4.1 3.8 4.1
#2 6.3 6.8 6.3 6.8 6.3 6.8
#3 9.6 10.3 9.6 10.3 9.6 10.3
#4 13.5 14.8 13.5 14.8 13.5 14.8
#5 20 21 20 21 20 21
#6 25 28 25 28 25 28
#8 46 48 46 48 46 48
#10 67 76 67 76 67 76
1/4 158 180 136 136 113 113
5/16 326 360 228 228 190 190
3/8 580 635 476 476 397 397
7/16 930 1,040 680 680 570 570
1/2 1,420 1,590 1,230 1,230 1,030 1,030
9/16 2,040 2,250 1,690 1,690 1,410 1,410
5/8 2,820 3,120 2,340 2,340 1,950 1,950
3/4 5,000 5,340 4,000 4,000 3,340 3,340
7/8 8,060 8,370 6,280 6,280 5,230 5,230
1 12,100 12,800 9,600 9,600 8,000 8,000
1 1/8 13,800 15,400 13,700 13,700 11,400 11,400
1 1/4 19,200 21,600 18,900 18,900 15,800 15,800
1 3/8 25,200 28,800 24,200 24,200 20,100 20,100
1 1/2 33,600 36,100 32,900 32,900 27,400 27,400
NOTES:
1. Torques based oh 80,000 psi bearihg sIress uhder head oI screw.
2. Torques based oh 60,000 psi bearihg sIress uhder head oI screw.
3. Torques based oh 50,000 psi bearihg sIress uhder head oI screw.
DehoIes Iorques based oh 100,000 psi Iehsile sIress ih screw
Ihreads up Io 1" dia., ahd 80,000 psi Ior sizes 1 1/8" dia. ahd larger.
To cohverI ihch-pouhds Io ihch-ouhces - mulIiply by 16.
To cohverI ihch-pouhds Io IooI-pouhds - divide by 12.
Fig. 15 Recommended Seating Torques (Inch-Lb.) for AppIication in Various MateriaIs
UNBRAKO pHd (1960 Series) Socket Head Cap Screws
TOPOUE VS. NDUCED LOAD
UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEW
TYPCAL
64
STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES
Charts and sampIe probIems for obtaining minimum
thread engagement based on appIied Ioad, materiaI,
type of thread and boIt diameter.
Khowledge oI Ihe Ihread sIrippihg sIrehgIh oI
Iapped holes is hecessary Io develop Iull Iehsile sIrehgIh
oI Ihe bolI or, Ior IhaI maIIer, Ihe mihimum ehgagemehI
heeded Ior ahy lesser load.
Cohversely, iI ohly limiIed lehgIh oI ehgagemehI is
available, Ihe daIa help deIermihe Ihe maximum load
IhaI cah be saIely applied wiIhouI sIrippihg Ihe Ihreads
oI Ihe Iapped hole.
AIIempIs Io compuIe lehgIhs oI ehgagemehI ahd
relaIed IacIors by Iormula have hoI beeh ehIirely saIis-
IacIory-maihly because oI subIle diIIerehces beIweeh
various maIerials. ThereIore, sIrehgIh daIa has beeh
empirically developed Irom a series oI Iehsile IesIs oI
Iapped specimehs Ior seveh commohly used meIals
ihcludihg sIeel, alumihum, brass ahd casI iroh.
The desigh daIa is summarized ih Ihe six accom-
pahyihg charIs, (CharIs E504-E509), ahd covers a rahge
oI screw Ihread sizes Irom #0 Io ohe ihch ih diameIer
Ior boIh coarse ahd Iihe Ihreads. Though developed
Irom IesIs oI Uhbrako sockeI head cap screws havihg
mihimum ulIimaIe Iehsile sIrehgIhs (depehdihg oh Ihe
diameIer) Irom 190,000 Io 180,000 psi , Ihese sIrippihg
sIrehgIh values are valid Ior all oIher screws or bolIs oI
equal or lower sIrehgIh havihg a sIahdard Ihread Iorm.
DaIa are based oh sIaIic loadihg ohly.
h Ihe IesI program, bolIs Ihreaded ihIo Iapped spec-
imehs oI Ihe meIal uhder sIudy were sIressed ih Iehsioh
uhIil Ihe Ihreads sIripped. Load aI which sIrippihg
occurred ahd Ihe lehgIh oI ehgagemehI oI Ihe specimeh
were hoIed. CohdiIiohs oI Ihe IesIs, all oI which are meI
ih a ma|oriIy oI ihdusIrial bolI applicaIiohs, were:
Tapped holes had a basic Ihread depIh wiIhih Ihe rahge
oI 65 Io 80 per cehI. Threads oI Iapped holes were
Class 2B IiI or beIIer.
Mihimum amouhI oI meIal surrouhdihg Ihe Iapped
hole was 2 1/2 Iimes Ihe ma|or diameIer.
TesI loads were applied slowly ih Iehsioh Io screws
havihg sIahdard Class 3A Ihreads. (DaIa, Ihough, will
be equally applicable Io Class 2A exIerhal Ihreads as
well.)
SIudy oI Ihe IesI resulIs revealed cerIaih IacIors IhaI
greaIly simpliIied Ihe compilaIioh oI Ihread sIrippihg
sIrehgIh daIa:
SIrippihg sIrehgIhs are almosI idehIical Ior loads
applied eiIher by pure Iehsioh or by screw Iorsioh.
Thus daIa are equally valid Ior eiIher cohdiIioh oI
applicaIioh.
SIrippihg sIrehgIh values vary wiIh diameIer oI screw.
For a giveh load ahd maIerial, larger diameIer bolIs
required greaIer ehgagemehI.
Mihimum lehgIh oI ehgagemehI (as a percehI oI
screw diameIer) is a sIraighI lihe IuhcIioh oI load.
This permiIs easy ihIerpolaIioh oI IesI daIa Ior ahy
ihIermediaIe load cohdiIioh.
Wheh ehgagemehI is ploIIed as a percehIage oI bolI
diameIer, iI is apparehI IhaI sIrippihg sIrehgIhs Ior a
wide rahge oI screw sizes are close ehough Io be
grouped ih a sihgle curve. Thus , ih Ihe accompahyihg
charIs, daIa Ior sizes #0 Ihrough #12 have beeh repre-
sehIed by a sihgle seI oI curves.
WiIh Ihese curves, iI becomes a simple maIIer Io
deIermihe sIrippihg sIrehgIhs ahd lehgIhs oI ehgage-
mehI Ior ahy cohdiIioh oI applicaIioh. A Iew examples
are giveh below:
ExampIe 1. CalculaIe lehgIh oI Ihread ehgagemehI
hecessary Io develop Ihe mihimum ulIimaIe Iehsile
sIrehgIh (190,000 psi) oI a 1/2-13 (NaIiohal Coarse)
Uhbrako cap screw ih casI iroh havihg ah ulIimaIe shear
sIrehgIh oI 30,000 psi. E505 is Ior screw sizes Irom #0
Ihrough #10, E506 ahd E507 Ior sizes Irom 1/4 ih. Ihrough
5/8 ih., E508 ahd E509 Ior sizes Irom 3/4 ih. Ihrough 1 ih.
Usihg E506 a value 1.40D is obIaihed. MulIiplyihg homi-
hal bolI diameIer (0.500 ih.) by 1.40 gives a mihimum
lehgIh oI ehgagemehI oI 0.700 ih.
ExampIe 2. CalculaIe Ihe lehgIh oI ehgagemehI Ior
Ihe above cohdiIiohs iI ohly 140,000 psi is Io be applied.
(This is Ihe same as usihg a bolI wiIh a maximum Iehsile
sIrehgIh oI 140,000psi.) From E506 obIaih value oI 1.06D
Mihimum lehgIh oI ehgagemehI = (0.500) (1.06) = 0.530.
ExampIe 3. Suppose ih Example 1 IhaI mihimum
lehgIh oI ehgagemehI Io develop Iull Iehsile sIrehgIh
was hoI available because Ihe Ihickhess oI meIal allowed
a Iapped hole oI ohly 0.600 ih. Hole depIh ih Ierms oI
bolI dia. = 0.600/0.500 = 1.20D. By workihg backwards ih
Fig. 2, maximum load IhaI cah be carried is approximaIely
159,000 psi.
ExampIe 4. Suppose IhaI Ihe hole ih Example 1 is
Io be Iapped ih sIeel havihg ah ulIimaIe shear sIrehgIh
65,000 psi. There is ho curve Ior Ihis sIeel ih E506 buI a
desigh value cah be obIaihed by Iakihg a poihI midway
beIweeh curves Ior Ihe 80,000 psi ahd 50,000 psi sIeels
IhaI are lisIed. Uhder Ihe cohdiIiohs oI Ihe example, a
lehgIh oI ehgagemehI oI 0.825D or 0.413 ih. will be
obIaihed.
65
STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES
THPEAD STPPPNG STPENGTH
N VAPOUS MATEPALS
FOP UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEWS
SZES #0 THPOUGH #10 COAPSE AND FNE THPEADS
TYPCAL
THPEAD STPPPNG STPENGTH
N VAPOUS MATEPALS
FOP UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEWS
SZES 1/4" THPU 5/8" DAMETEP COAPSE THPEADS
TYPCAL
66
THPEAD STPPPNG STPENGTH
N VAPOUS MATEPALS
FOP UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEWS
SZES 1/4" THPU 5/8" DAMETEP FNE THPEADS
TYPCAL
THPEAD STPPPNG STPENGTH
N VAPOUS MATEPALS
FOP UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEWS
SZES 3/4" THPU 1" DAMETEP COAPSE THPEADS
TYPCAL
67
STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES
THPEAD STPPPNG STPENGTH
N VAPOUS MATEPALS
FOP UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEWS
SZES 3/4" THPU 1" DAMETEP FNE THPEADS
TYPCAL
THPEAD STPPPNG STPENGTH
N VAPOUS MATEPALS
FOP UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP
SCPEWS
SZES OVEP 1"
TYPCAL
68
HIGH-TEMPERATURE JOINTS
BolIed |oihIs sub|ecIed Io cyclic loadihg perIorm besI iI
ah ihiIial preload is applied. The ihduced sIress mihi-
mizes Ihe exIerhal load sehsed by Ihe bolI, ahd reduces
Ihe chahce oI IaIigue Iailure. AI high IemperaIure, Ihe
ihduced load will chahge, ahd Ihis cah adeversely aIIecI
Ihe IasIeher perIormahce. I is IhereIore hecessary Io
compehsaIe Ior high-IemperaIure cohdiIiohs wheh
assemblihg Ihe |oihI aI room IemperaIure. This arIicle
describes Ihe IacIors which musI be cohsidered ahd illus-
IraIes how a high-IemperaIure bolIed |oihI is desighed.
h high-IemperaIure |oihIs, adequaIe clampihg Iorce
or preload musI be maihIaihed ih spiIe oI IemperaIure-
ihduced dimehsiohal chahges oI Ihe IasIeher relaIive Io
Ihe |oihI members. Ihe chahge ih preload aI ahy giveh
IemperaIure Ior a giveh Iime cah be calculaIed, ahd Ihe
aIIecI compehsaIed Ior by proper IasIeher selecIioh ahd
ihiIial preload.
Three prihcipal IacIors Iehd Io alIer Ihe ihiIial
clampihg Iorce ih a |oihI aI elevaIed IemperaIures,
provided IhaI Ihe IasIeher maIerial reIaihs requisiIe
sIrehgIh aI Ihe elevaIed IemperaIure. These IacIors are:
Modulus oI elasIiciIy, coeIIiciehI oI Ihermal expahsioh,
ahd relaxaIioh.
ModuIus Of EIasticity: As IemperaIure ihcreases,
less sIress or load is heeded Io imparI a giveh amouhI
oI elohgaIioh or sIraih Io a maIerial Ihah aI lower Iem-
peraIures. This meahs IhaI a IasIeher sIreIched a cerIaih
amouhI aI room IemperaIure Io develop a giveh preload
will exerI a lower clampihg Iorce aI higher IemperaIure
iI Ihere is ho chahge ih bolI elohgaIioh.
Coefficient of Expansion: WiIh mosI maIerials, Ihe
size oI Ihe parI ihcreases as Ihe IemperaIure ihcreases.
h a |oihI, boIh Ihe sIrucIure ahd Ihe IasIeher grow wiIh
ah ihcrease ih IemperaIure, ahd Ihis cah resulI,depehd-
ihg oh Ihe maIerials, ih ah ihcrease or decrease ih Ihe
clampihg Iorce. Thus, maIchihg oI maIerials ih |oihI
desigh cah assure suIIiciehI clampihg Iorce aI boIh
room ahd elevaIed IemperaIures. Table 16 lisIs meah
coeIIiciehI oI Ihermal expahsioh oI cerIaih IasIeher
alloys aI several IemperaIures.
ReIaxation: AI elevaIed IemperaIures, a maIerial
sub|ecIed Io cohsIahI sIress below iIs yield sIrehgIh will
Ilow plasIically ahd permahehIly chahge size. This phe-
homehoh is called creep. h a |oihI aI elevaIed Iempera-
Iure, a IasIeher wiIh a Iixed disIahce beIweeh Ihe bearihg
surIace oI Ihe head ahd huI will produce less ahd less
clampihg Iorce wiIh Iime. This characIerisIic is called
relaxaIioh. I diIIers Irom creep ih IhaI sIress chahges
while elohgaIioh or sIraih remaihs cohsIahI. Such
elemehIs as maIerial, IemperaIure, ihiIial sIress,
mahuIacIurihg meIhod, ahd desigh aIIecI Ihe raIe oI
relaxaIioh.
PelaxaIioh is Ihe mosI imporIahI oI Ihe Ihree IacIors.
I is also Ihe mosI criIical cohsideraIioh ih desigh oI
elevaIed-IemperaIure IasIehers. A bolIed |oihI aI 1200F
cah lose as much as 35 per cehI oI preload. Failure Io
compehsaIe Ior Ihis could lead Io IaIigue Iailure Ihrough
a loose |oihI eveh Ihough Ihe bolI was properly IighIehed
ihiIially.
I Ihe coeIIiciehI oI expahsioh oI Ihe bolI is greaIer
Ihah IhaI oI Ihe |oihed maIerial, a predicIable amouhI oI
clampihg Iorce will be losI as IemperaIure ihcreases.
Cohversely, iI Ihe coeIIiciehI oI Ihe |oihed maIerial is
greaIer, Ihe bolI may be sIressed beyohd iIs yield or eveh
IracIure sIrehgIh. Or, cyclic Ihermal sIressihg may lead Io
Ihermal IaIigue Iailure.
Chahges ih Ihe modulus oI elasIiciIy oI meIals wiIh
ihcreasihg IemperaIure musI be ahIicipaIed, calculaIed,
ahd compehsaIed Ior ih |oihI desigh. Uhlike Ihe coeIIi-
ciehI oI expahsioh, Ihe eIIecI oI chahge ih modulus is Io
reduce clampihg Iorce wheIher or hoI bolI ahd sIrucIure
are Ihe same maIerial, ahd is sIricIly a IuhcIioh oI Ihe
bolI meIal.
Sihce Ihe IemperaIure ehvirohmehI ahd Ihe maIe-
rials oI Ihe sIrucIure are hormally "Iixed," Ihe desigh
ob|ecIive is Io selecI a bolI maIerial IhaI will give Ihe
desired clampihg Iorce aI all criIical poihIs ih Ihe oper-
aIihg rahge oI Ihe |oihI. To do Ihis, iI is hecessary Io
balahce ouI Ihe Ihree IacIors-relaxaIioh, Ihermal expah-
sioh, ahd modulus-wiIh a IourIh, Ihe amouhI oI ihiIial
IighIehihg or clampihg Iorce.
h acIual |oihI desigh Ihe deIermihaIioh oI clampihg
Iorce musI be cohsidered wiIh oIher desigh IacIors such
as ulIimaIe Iehsile, shear, ahd IaIigue sIrehgIh oI Ihe Ias-
Ieher aI elevaIed IemperaIure. As IemperaIure ihcreases
Ihe ihherehI sIrehgIh oI Ihe maIerial decreases.
ThereIore, iI is imporIahI Io selecI a IasIeher maIerial
which has suIIiciehI sIrehgIh aI maximum service
IemperaIure.
ExampIe
The desigh approach Io Ihe problem oI maihIaihihg saI-
isIacIory elevaIed-IemperaIure clampihg Iorce ih a |oihI
cah be illusIraIed by ah example. The example choseh is
complex buI Iypical. A cuI-ahd-Iry process is used Io
selecI Ihe righI bolI maIerial ahd size Ior a giveh desigh
load uhder a Iixed seI oI operaIihg loads ahd ehviroh-
mehIal cohdiIiohs, Fig.17.
The IirsI sIep is Io deIermihe Ihe chahge ih Ihick-
hess, , oI Ihe sIrucIure Irom room Io maximum
operaIihg IemperaIure.
For Ihe AS 4340 maIerial:

1
=
1
(
2
-
1
)

1
= (0.05)(800 - 70) (7.4 x 10
-6
)

1
= 0.002701 ih.
For Ihe AMS 6304 maIerial:

2
= (0.75)(800 - 70)(7.6 10
-6
)

2
= 0.004161 ih.
The IoIal ihcrease ih Ihickhess Ior Ihe |oihI members
is 0.00686 ih.
The IoIal eIIecIive bolI lehgIh equals Ihe IoIal |oihI
Ihickhess plus ohe-Ihird oI Ihe Ihreads ehgaged by Ihe
huI. I iI is assumed IhaI Ihe smallesI diameIer bolI
should be used Ior weighI savihg, Iheh a 1/4-ih. bolI
should be Iried. Thread ehgagemehI is approximaIely
ohe diameIer, ahd Ihe eIIecIive bolI lehgIh is:
Because oI relaxaIioh, iI is hecessary Io deIermihe
Ihe ihiIial preload required Io ihsure 1500-lb. clampihg
Iorce ih Ihe |oihI aIIer 1000 hr aI 800F.
Wheh relaxaIioh is cohsidered, iI is hecessary Io
calculaIe Ihe maximum sIress Io which Ihe IasIeher is
sub|ecIed. Because Ihis sIress is hoI cohsIahI ih dyhamic
|oihIs, Ihe resulIahI values Iehd Io be cohservaIive.
ThereIore, a maximum sIress oI 44,000 psi should be
cohsidered alIhough Ihe hecessary sIress aI 800F heed
be ohly 41,200 psi. PelaxaIioh aI 44,000 psi cah be ihIer-
polaIed Irom Ihe Iigure, alIhough ah acIual curve could
be cohsIrucIed Irom IesIs made oh Ihe IasIeher aI Ihe
speciIic cohdiIiohs.
The ihiIial sIress required Io ihsure a clampihg sIress
oI 44,000 psi aIIer 1000 hr aI 800F cah be calculaIed by
ihIerpolaIioh.
= 61,000 - 44,000 = 17,000
= 61,000 - 34,000 = 27,000
= 80,000 - 50,000 = 30,000
= 80,000 -
= 17,000 = 80,000 -
27,000 30,000
= 61,100 psi
The bolI elohgaIioh required aI Ihis IemperaIure is
calculaIed by dividihg Ihe sIress by Ihe modulus aI Iem-
peraIure ahd mulIiplyihg by Ihe eIIecIive lehgIh oI Ihe
bolI. ThaI is: (61,000 1.333)/24.6 10
6
= 0.0033
Sihce Ihe |oihI musI be cohsIrucIed aI room Iem-
peraIure, iI is hecessary Io deIermihe Ihe sIresses aI
Ihis sIaIe. Because Ihe modulus oI Ihe IasIeher maIerial
chahges wiIh IemperaIure, Ihe clampihg Iorce aI room
IemperaIure will hoI be Ihe same as aI 800F. To deIer-
69
HIGH-TEMPERATURE JOINTS
=
1
+
2
+ (1/3 d)
= 0.50 + 0.75 +(1/3 x 0.25)
= 1.333 ih.
The ideal coeIIiciehI oI Ihermal expahsioh oI Ihe
bolI maIerial is Iouhd by dividihg Ihe IoIal chahge ih
|oihI Ihickhess by Ihe bolI lehgIh Iimes Ihe chahge ih
IemperaIure.
b =
I
L I
=
.00686
= 7.05 10
-6
ih./ih./deg. F
(1.333)(800 - 70)
The maIerial, wiIh Ihe hearesI coeIIiciehI oI expah-
sioh is wiIh a value oI 9,600,000 aI 800F.
To deIermihe iI Ihe bolI maIerial has suIIiciehI
sIrehgIh ahd resisIahce Io IaIigue, iI is hecessary Io cal-
culaIe Ihe sIress ih Ihe IasIeher aI maximum ahd mihi-
mum load. The bolI load plus Ihe cyclic load divided by
Ihe Iehsile sIress oI Ihe Ihreads will give Ihe maximum
sIress. For a 1/4-28 bolI, Iehsile sIress area,Irom Ihread
hahdbook H 28, is 0.03637 sq. ih. The maximum sIress is
S =
BolI load = 1500 + 100
SIress area 0.03637
S = 44,000 psi
ahd Ihe mihimum bolI sIress is 41,200 psi.
H-11 has a yield sIrehgIh oI 175,000 psi aI 800F,
Table 3, ahd IhereIore should be adequaIe Ior Ihe work-
ihg loads.
A Goodmah diagram, Fig. 18, shows Ihe exIremes
oI sIress wiIhih which Ihe H-11 IasIeher will hoI Iail by
IaIigue. AI Ihe maximum calculaIed load oI 44,000 psi,
Ihe IasIeher will wiIhsIahd a mihimum cyclic loadihg aI
800F oI abouI 21,000 psi wiIhouI IaIigue Iailure.
F
w
F
c
F
c
F
w
F
c
F
c
F
w
F
w
AS 4340
AMS 6304
F
b
T = 0.50 ih.
1
T = 0.75 ih.
2
= BolI diam, ih.
= Modulus oI elasIiciIy, psi
= BolI preload, lb
= Clampihg Iorce, lb
(F
b
=F
c
)
= Workihg load=1500 lb
sIaIic + 100 lb cyclic
= EIIecIive bolI lehgIh, ihc.
= Poom IemperaIure= 70F
= Maximum operaIhg
IemperaIure Ior
1000 hr=800F
= Pahel Ihickhess, ih.
= CoeIIiciehI oI Ihermal
expahsioh
Fig. 17 - ParameIers Ior |oihI operaIihg aI 800F.
Fig. 18 - Goodmah diagram oI maximum ahd mihimum
operaIihg limiIs Ior H-11 IasIeher aI 800F. BolIs sIressed
wiIhih Ihese limiIs will give ihIihiIe IaIigue liIe.
200
150
100
50
50 100
Meah SIress (1000 psi)
150 200
44,000 psi
21,000 psi
TabIe 16
70
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED TO MANUFACTURE ALLOY STEEL SHCS'S
Coefficient of ThermaI Expansion, m]m]K
1
ModuIus of EIongation (Young's ModuIus)
E = 30,000,000 PS/ih/ih
NOTES:
1. Developed Irom ASM, MeIals HDBK, 9Ih EdiIioh, Vol. 1 (C = K Ior values lisIed)
2. ASME SA574
3. AS
4. MulIiply values ih Iable by .556 Ior ih/ih/F.

5137M,
51B37M
2
- 12.6 13.4 13.9 14.3 14.6
4137
3
11.2 11.8 12.4 13.0 13.6 -
4140
3
12.3 12.7 - 13.7 - 14.5
4340
3
- 12.4 - 13.6 - 14.5
8735
3
11.7 12.2 12.8 13.5 - 14.1
8740
3
11.6 12.2 12.8 13.5 - 14.1
mihe Ihe clampihg sIress aI assembly cohdiIiohs, Ihe
elohgaIioh should be mulIiplied by Ihe modulus oI
elasIiciIy aI room IemperaIure.
.0033 30.6 10
6
= 101,145 psi
The assembly cohdiIiohs will be aIIecIed by Ihe
diIIerehce beIweeh Ih ideal ahd acIual coeIIiciehIs oI
expahsioh oI Ihe |oihI. The ideal coeIIiehcI Ior Ihe Ias-
Ieher maIerial was calculaIed Io be 7.05 buI Ihe closesI
maIerial - H-11 - has a coeIIiciehI oI 7.1. Sihce Ihis
maIerial has a greaIer expahsioh Ihah calculaIed, Ihere
will be a reducIioh ih clampihg Iorce resulIihg Irom Ihe
ihcrease ih IemperaIure. This amouhI equals Ihe diIIer-
ehce beIweeh Ihe ideal ahd Ihe acIual coeIIiciehIs
mulIiplied by Ihe chahge ih IemperaIure, Ihe lehgIh oI
Ihe IasIeher, ahd Ihe modulus oI elasIiciIy aI 70F.
|(7.1 - 7.05) 10
-6
]|800 - 70]|1.333]
|30.6 10
6
] = 1,490 psi
The resulI musI be added Io Ihe ihiIial calculaIed
sIresses Io esIablish Ihe mihimum required clampihg
sIress heeded Ior assemblihg Ihe |oihI aI room
IemperaIure.
101,145 + 1,490 = 102,635 psi
Fihally, Ihe meIhod oI deIermihihg Ihe clampihg
Iorce or preload will aIIecI Ihe Iihal sIress ih Ihe |oihI aI
operaIihg cohdiIiohs. For example, iI a Iorque wrehch is
used Io apply preload (Ihe mosI commoh ahd simplesI
meIhod available), a plus or mihus 25 per cehI variaIioh
ih ihduced load cah resulI. ThereIore, Ihe maximum load
which could be expecIed ih Ihis case would be 1.5 Iimes
Ihe mihimum, or:
(1.5)(102,635) = 153,950 psi
This value does hoI exceed Ihe room-IemperaIure
yield sIrehgIh Ior H-11 giveh ih Table 19.
Sihce Ihere is a decrease ih Ihe clampihg Iorce wiIh
ah ihcrease ih IemperaIure ahd sihce Ihe sIress aI operaI-
ihg IemperaIure cah be higher Ihah origihally calculaIed
because oI variaIiohs ih ihduced load, iI is hecessary Io
ascerIaih iI yield sIrehgIh aI 800F will be exceeded
(max sIress aI 70F + chahge ih sIress) E aI 800F
aI 70F
|153,950 + (-1490)] 24.6 10
6
= 122,565
30.6 10
6
This value is less Ihah Ihe yield sIrehgIh Ior H-11 aI
800F, Table 19. ThereIore, a 1/4-28 H-11 bolI sIressed
beIweeh 102,635 psi ahd 153,950 psi aI room Iempera-
Iure will maihIaih a clampihg load 1500 lb aI 800F aIIer
1000 hr oI operaIioh. A cyclic loadihg oI 100 lb, which
resulIs ih a bolI loadihg beIweeh 1500 ahd 1600 lb will
hoI cause IaIigue Iailure aI Ihe operaIihg cohdiIiohs.
- -

PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP

SIaihless SIeels
Type 302 35,000 35,000 34,000 30,000
Type 403 145,000 110,000 95,000 38,000
PH 15-7 Mo 220,000 149,000 101,000 -
High SIrehgIh roh-Base SIaihless Alloys
A 286 95,000 95,000 90,000 85,000
AMS 5616 113,000 80,000 60,000 40,000
UhiIemp 212 150,000 140,000 135,000 130,000
High SIrehgIh roh-Base Alloys
AS 4340 200,000 130,000 75,000 -
H-11 (AMS 6485) 215,000 175,000 155,000 -
AMS 6340 160,000 100,000 75,000 -
Nickel-Base Alloys
cohel X 115,000 - - 98,000
Waspaloy 115,000 - 106,000 100,000
71
CORROSION IN THREADED FASTENERS
All IasIehed |oihIs are, Io some exIehI, sub|ecIed Io cor-
rosioh oI some Iorm durihg hormal service liIe. Desigh
oI a |oihI Io prevehI premaIure Iailure due Io corrosioh
musI ihclude cohsideraIiohs oI Ihe ehvirohmehI, cohdi-
Iiohs oI loadihg , ahd Ihe various meIhods oI proIecIihg
Ihe IasIeher ahd |oihI Irom corrosioh.
Three ways Io proIecI agaihsI corrosioh are:
1. SelecI corrosioh-resisIahI maIerial Ior Ihe IasIeher.
2. SpeciIy proIecIive coaIihgs Ior IasIeher, |oihI ihIer-
Iaces, or boIh.
3. Desigh Ihe |oihI Io mihimize corrosioh.
The soluIioh Io a speciIic corrosioh problem may
require usihg ohe or all oI Ihese meIhods. Ecohomics
oIIeh hecessiIaIe a compromise soluIioh.
Fastener MateriaI
The use oI a suiIably corrosioh-resisIahI maIerial is
oIIeh Ihe IirsI lihe oI deIehse agaihsI corrosioh. h IasIeher
desigh, however, maIerial choice may be ohly ohe oI
several imporIahI cohsideraIiohs. For example, Ihe mosI
corrosioh-resisIahI maIerial Ior a parIicular ehvirohmehI
may |usI hoI make a suiIable IasIeher.
Basic IacIors aIIecIihg Ihe choice oI corrosioh resis-
IahI Ihreaded IasIehers are:
Tehsile ahd IaIigue sIrehgIh.
PosiIioh oh Ihe galvahic series scale oI Ihe IasIeher ahd
maIerials Io be |oihed.
Special desigh cohsideraIiohs: Need Ior mihimum
weighI or Ihe Iehdehcy Ior some maIerials Io gall.
SuscepIibiliIy oI Ihe IasIeher maIerial Io oIher Iypes
oI less obvious corrosioh. For example, a selecIed
maIerial may mihimize direcI aIIack oI a corrosive
ehvirohmehI ohly Io be vulherable Io IreIIihg or sIress
corrosioh.
Some oI Ihe more widely used corrosioh-resisIahI
maIerials, alohg wiIh approximaIe IasIeher Iehsile
sIrehgIh raIihgs aI room IemperaIure ahd oIher perIihehI
properIies, are lisIed ih Table 1. SomeIimes Ihe haIure oI
corrosioh properIies provided by Ihese IasIeher maIerials
is sub|ecI Io chahge wiIh applicaIioh ahd oIher cohdi-
Iiohs. For example, sIaihless sIeel ahd alumihum resisI
corrosioh ohly so lohg as Iheir proIecIive oxide Iilm
remaihs uhbrokeh. Alloy sIeel is almosI hever used, eveh
uhder mildly corrosive cohdiIiohs, wiIhouI some sorI oI
proIecIive coaIihg. OI course, Ihe presehce oI a speciIic
corrosive medium requires a speciIic corrosioh-resisIahI
IasIeher maIerial, provided IhaI desigh IacIors such as
Iehsile ahd IaIigue sIrehgIh cah be saIisIied.
Protective Coating
A humber oI IacIors ihIluehce Ihe choice oI a corrosioh-
resisIahI coaIihg Ior a Ihreaded IasIeher. FrequehIly, Ihe
corrosioh resisIahce oI Ihe coaIihg is hoI a prihcipal
cohsideraIioh. AI Iimes iI is a case oI ecohomics. OIIeh,
less-cosIly IasIeher maIerial will perIorm saIisIacIorily ih
a corrosive ehvirohmehI iI giveh Ihe proper proIecIive
coaIihg.
FacIors which aIIecI coaIihg choice are:
Corrosioh resisIahce
TemperaIure limiIaIiohs
EmbriIIlemehI oI base meIal
EIIecI oh IaIigue liIe
EIIecI oh lockihg Iorque
CompaIibiliIy wiIh ad|acehI maIerial
Dimehsiohal chahges
Thickhess ahd disIribuIioh
Adhesioh characIerisIics
Conversion Coatings: Where cosI is a IacIor ahd cor-
rosioh is hoI severe, cerIaih cohversioh-Iype coaIihgs are
eIIecIive. These ihclude a black-oxide Iihish Ior alloy-sIeel
screws ahd various phosphaIe base coaIihgs Ior carboh
ahd alloy-sIeel IasIehers. FrequehIly, a rusI-prevehIihg oil
is applied over a cohversioh coaIihg.
Paint: Because oI iIs Ihickhess, paihI is hormally hoI
cohsidered Ior proIecIive coaIihgs Ior maIihg Ihreaded
IasIehers. However, iI is someIimes applied as a supple-
mehIal IreaImehI aI ihsIallaIioh. h special cases, a Ias-
Ieher may be paihIed ahd ihsIalled weI, or Ihe ehIire |oihI
may be sealed wiIh a coaI oI paihI aIIer ihsIallaIioh.
TABLE 1 - TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CORROSION RESISTANT FASTENER MATERIALS
- -
- - - - -
-- - - - -
303, passive 80 40 800 10.2 0.286 Medium 8
303, passive, cold worked 125 80 800 10.3 0.286 Medium 9
410, passive 170 110 400 5.6 0.278 Low 15
431, passive 180 140 400 6.7 0.280 Medium 16
17-4 PH 200 180 600 6.3 0.282 Medium 11
17-7 PH 200 185 600 6.7 0.276 Medium 14
AM 350 200 162 800 7.2 0.282 Medium 13
15-7 Mo 200 155 600 - 0.277 Medium 12
A-286 150 85 1200 9.72 0.286 Medium 6
A-286, cold worked 220 170 1200 - 0.286 High 7
72
EIectropIating: Two broad classes oI proIecIive
elecIroplaIihg are: 1. The barrier Iype-such as chrome
plaIihg-which seIs up ah impervious layer or Iilm IhaI is
more hoble ahd IhereIore more corrosioh resisIahI Ihah
Ihe base meIal. 2. The sacriIicial Iype, zihc Ior example,
where Ihe meIal oI Ihe coaIihg is less hoble Ihah Ihe
base meIal oI Ihe IasIeher. This kihd oI plaIihg corrodes
sacriIicially ahd proIecIs Ihe IasIeher.
Noble-meIal coaIihgs are geherally hoI suiIable Ior
Ihreaded IasIehers-especially where a close-Iolerahce IiI
is ihvolved. To be eIIecIive, a hoble-meIal coaIihg musI
be aI leasI 0.001 ih. Ihick. Because oI screw-Ihread geom-
eIry, however, such plaIihg Ihickhess will usually exceed
Ihe Iolerahce allowahces oh mahy classes oI IiI Ior
screws.
Because oI dimehsiohal hecessiIy, Ihreaded IasIeher
coaIihgs, sihce Ihey operaIe oh a diIIerehI prihciple, are
eIIecIive ih layers as Ihih as 0.0001 Io 0.0002 ih.
The mosI widely used sacriIicial plaIihgs Ior Ihreaded
IasIehers are cadmium, zihc, ahd Iih. FrequehIly, Ihe
cadmium ahd zihc are rehdered eveh more corrosioh
resisIahI by a posIihg-plaIihg chromaIe-Iype cohversioh
IreaImehI. Cadmium plaIihg cah be used aI IemperaIures
Io 450F. Above Ihis limiI, a hickel cadmium or hickel-zihc
alloy plaIihg is recommehded. This cohsisIs oI alIerhaIe
deposiIs oI Ihe Iwo meIals which are heaI-diIIused ihIo a
uhiIorm alloy coaIihg IhaI cah be used Ior applicaIiohs Io
900F. The alloy may also be deposiIed direcIly Irom Ihe
plaIihg baIh.
FasIeher maIerials Ior use ih Ihe 900 Io 1200F
rahge (sIaihless sIeel, A-286), ahd ih Ihe 1200 Io 1800F
rahge (high-hickel-base super alloys) are highly corrosioh
resisIahI ahd hormally do hoI require proIecIive coaIihgs,
excepI uhder special ehvirohmehI cohdiIiohs.
Silver plaIihg is IrequehIly used ih Ihe higher Iem-
peraIure rahges Ior lubricaIioh Io prevehI gallihg ahd
seizihg, parIicularly oh sIaihless sIeel. This plaIihg cah
cause a galvahic corrosioh problem, however, because
oI Ihe high hobiliIy oI Ihe silver.
Hydrogen EmbrittIement: A serious problem, khowh
as hydrogeh embriIIlemehI, cah develop ih plaIed alloy
sIeel IasIehers. Hydrogeh geheraIed durihg plaIihg cah
diIIuse ihIo Ihe sIeel ahd embriIIle Ihe bolI. The resulI is
oIIeh a delayed ahd IoIal mechahical Iailure, aI Iehsile
levels Iar below Ihe IheoreIical sIrehgIh, high-hardhess
sIrucIural parIs are parIicularly suscepIible Io Ihis cohdi-
Iioh. The problem cah be cohIrolled by careIul selecIioh
oI plaIihg IormulaIioh, proper plaIihg procedure, ahd
suIIiciehI bakihg Io drive oII ahy residual hydrogeh.
AhoIher Iorm oI hydrogeh embriIIlemehI, which is
more diIIiculI Io cohIrol, may occur aIIer ihsIallaIioh.
Sihce elecIrolyIic cell acIioh liberaIes hydrogeh aI Ihe
caIhode, iI is possible Ior eiIher galvahic or cohcehIra-
Iioh-cell corrosioh Io lead Io embriIIlihg oI Ihe bolI
maIerial.
Joint Design
CerIaih precauIiohs ahd desigh procedures cah be
Iollowed Io prevehI, or aI leasI mihimize, each oI Ihe
various Iypes oI corrosioh likely Io aIIack a Ihreaded
|oihI. The mosI imporIahI oI Ihese are:
For Direct Attack: Choose Ihe righI corrosioh-
resisIahI maIerial. Usually a maIerial cah be Iouhd IhaI
will provide Ihe heeded corrosioh resisIahce wiIhouI
sacriIice oI oIher imporIahI desigh requiremehIs. Be
sure IhaI Ihe IasIeher maIerial is compaIible wiIh Ihe
maIerials beihg |oihed.
Corrosioh resisIahce cah be ihcreased by usihg a
cohversioh coaIihg such as black oxide or a phosphaIe-
base IreaImehI. AlIerhaIively, a sacriIicial coaIihg such
as zihc plaIihg is eIIecIive.
For ah ihexpehsive proIecIive coaIihg, lacquer or
paihI cah be used where cohdiIiohs permiI.
For GaIvanic Corrosion: I Ihe cohdiIioh is severe,
elecIrically ihsulaIe Ihe bolI ahd |oihI Irom each oIher..
The IasIeher may be paihIed wiIh zihc chromaIe
primer prior Io ihsIallaIioh, or Ihe ehIire |oihI cah be
coaIed wiIh lacquer or paihI.
AhoIher proIecIive measure is Io use a bolI IhaI is
caIhodic Io Ihe |oihI maIerial ahd close Io iI ih Ihe galvahic
series. Wheh Ihe |oihI maIerial is ahodic, corrosioh will
spread over Ihe greaIer area oI Ihe IasIehed maIerials.
Cohversely, iI Ihe bolI is ahodic, galvahic acIioh is mosI
severe.
For Concentration-CeII Corrosion: Keep surIaces
smooIh ahd mihimize or elimihaIe lap |oihIs, crevices,
ahd seams. SurIaces should be cleah ahd Iree oI orgahic
maIerial ahd dirI. Air Irapped uhder a speck oI dirI oh Ihe
surIace oI Ihe meIal may Iorm ah oxygeh cohcehIraIioh
cell ahd sIarI piIIihg.
For maximum proIecIioh, bolIs ahd huIs should have
smooIh surIaces, especially ih Ihe seaIihg areas. Flush-
head bolIs should be used where possible. FurIher,
|oihIs cah be sealed wiIh paihI or oIher sealahI maIerial.
For Fretting Corrosion: Apply a lubricahI (usually oil)
Io maIihg surIaces. Where IreIIihg corrosioh is likely Io
occur: 1. SpeciIy maIerials oI maximum pracIicable hard-
hess. 2. Use IasIehers IhaI have residual compressive
sIresses oh Ihe surIaces IhaI may be uhder aIIack. 3.
SpeciIy maximum preload ih Ihe |oihI. A higher clampihg
Iorce resulIs ih a more rigid |oihI wiIh less relaIive move-
mehI possible beIweeh maIihg services.
Copper
SIeel
SIeel
hsulaIioh
washer
hsulaIioh
gaskeI
FIG. 1.1 - A meIhod oI elecIrically ihsulaIihg a bolIed
|oihI Io prevehI galvahic corrosioh.
73
CORROSION IN THREADED FASTENERS
For Stress Corrosion: Choose a IasIeher maIerial IhaI
resisIs sIress corrosioh ih Ihe service ehvirohmehI.
Peduce IasIeher hardhess (iI reduced sIrehgIh cah be
IoleraIed), sihce Ihis seems Io be a IacIor ih sIress
corrosioh.
Mihimize crevices ahd sIress risers ih Ihe bolIed |oihI
ahd compehsaIe Ior Ihermal sIresses. Pesidual sIresses
resulIihg Irom suddeh chahges ih IemperaIure acceleraIe
sIress corrosioh.
I possible, ihduce residual compressive sIresses ihIo
Ihe surIace oI Ihe IasIeher by shoI-peehihg or pressure
rollihg.
For Corrosion Fatigue: h geheral, desigh Ihe |oihI
Ior high IaIigue liIe, sihce Ihe prihcipal eIIecI oI Ihis Iorm
oI corrosioh is reduced IaIigue perIormahce. FacIors
exIehdihg IaIigue perIormahce are: 1. ApplicaIioh ahd
maihIehahce oI a high preload. 2. Proper alighmehI Io
avoid behdihg sIresses.
I Ihe ehvirohmehI is severe, periodic ihspecIioh is
recommehded so IhaI parIial Iailures may be deIecIed
beIore Ihe sIrucIure is ehdahgered.
As wiIh sIress ahd IreIIihg corrosioh, compressive
sIresses ihduced oh Ihe IasIeher surIaces by Ihread
rollihg, IilleI rollihg, or shoI peehihg will reduce corrosioh
IaIigue. FurIher proIecIioh is provided by surIace coaIihg.
TYPES OF CORROSION
Direct Attack.mosI commoh Iorm oI corrosioh aIIecIihg
all meIals ahd sIrucIural Iorms. I is a direcI ahd geheral
chemical reacIioh oI Ihe meIal wiIh a corrosive medium-
liquid, gas, or eveh a solid.
GaIvanic Corrosion.occurs wiIh dissimilar meIals cohIacI.
Presehce oI ah elecIrolyIe, which may be hoIhihg more
Ihah ah ihdividual aImosphere, causes corrosive acIioh
ih Ihe galvahic couple. The ahodic, or less hoble maIerial,
is Ihe sacriIicial elemehI. Hehce, ih a |oihI oI sIaihless
sIeel ahd IiIahium, Ihe sIaihless sIeel corrodes. Ohe oI
Ihe worsI galvahic |oihIs would cohsisI oI maghesium
ahd IiIahium ih cohIacI.
Concentration CeII Corrosion.Iakes place wiIh meIals ih
close proximiIy ahd, uhlike galvahic corrosioh, does hoI
require dissimilar meIals. Wheh Iwo or more areas oh
Ihe surIace oI a meIal are exposed Io diIIerehI cohcehIra-
Iiohs oI Ihe same soluIioh, a diIIerehce ih elecIrical
poIehIial resulIs, ahd corrosioh Iakes place.
I Ihe soluIioh cohsisIs oI salIs oI Ihe meIal iIselI, a meIal-
ioh cell is Iormed, ahd corrosioh Iakes place oh Ihe sur-
Iaces ih close cohIacI. The corrosive soluIioh beIweeh
Ihe Iwo surIaces is relaIively more sIaghahI (ahd Ihus
has a higher cohcehIraIioh oI meIal iohs ih soluIioh) Ihah
Ihe corrosive soluIioh immediaIely ouIside Ihe crevice.
A variaIioh oI Ihe cohcehIraIioh cell is Ihe oxygeh cell ih
which a corrosive medium, such as moisI air, cohIaihs
diIIerehI amouhIs oI dissolved oxygeh aI diIIerehI poihIs.
AcceleraIed corrosioh Iakes place beIweeh hiddeh
surIaces (eiIher uhder Ihe bolI head or huI, or beIweeh
bolIed maIerials) ahd is likely Io advahce wiIhouI
deIecIioh.
Fretting.corrosive aIIack or deIerioraIioh occurrihg
beIweeh cohIaihihg, highly-loaded meIal surIaces sub-
|ecIed Io very slighI (vibraIory) moIioh. AlIhough Ihe
mechahism is hoI compleIely uhdersIood, iI is probably
a highly acceleraIed Iorm oI oxidaIioh uhder heaI ahd
sIress. h Ihreaded |oihIs, IreIIihg cah occur beIweeh
maIihg Ihreads, aI Ihe bearihg surIaces uhder Ihe head
oI Ihe screw, or uhder Ihe huI. I is mosI likely Io occur ih
high Iehsile, high-Irequehcy, dyhamic-load applicaIiohs.
There heed be ho special ehvirohmehI Io ihduce Ihis
Iorm oI corrosioh...merely Ihe presehce oI air plus vibra-
Iory rubbihg. I cah eveh occur wheh ohly ohe oI Ihe
maIerials ih cohIacI is meIal.
Stress Corrosion Cracking.occurs over a period oI Iime
ih high-sIressed, high-sIrehgIh |oihIs. AlIhough hoI Iully
uhdersIood, sIress corrosioh crackihg is believed Io be
caused by Ihe combihed ahd muIually acceleraIihg
eIIecIs oI sIaIic Iehsile sIress ahd corrosive ehvirohmehI.
hiIial piIIihg somehow Iales place which, ih Iurh, IurIher
ihcreases sIress build-up. The eIIecI is cumulaIive ahd, ih
a highly sIressed |oihI, cah resulI ih suddeh Iailure.
Corrosion Fatigue.acceleraIed IaIigue Iailure occurrihg
ih Ihe presehce oI a corrosive medium. I diIIers Irom
sIress corrosioh crackihg ih IhaI dyhamic alIerhaIihg
sIress, raIher Ihah sIaIic Iehsile sIress, is Ihe cohIribuIihg
agehI.
Corrosioh IaIigue aIIecIs Ihe hormal ehdurahce limiI oI
Ihe bolI. The cohvehIiohal IaIigue curve oI a hormal bolI
|oihI levels oII aI iIs ehdurahce limiI, or maximum
dyhamic load IhaI cah be susIaihed ihdeIihiIely wiIhouI
IaIigue Iailure. Uhder cohdiIiohs oI corrosioh IaIigue,
however, Ihe curve does hoI level oII buI cohIihues
dowhward Io a poihI oI Iailure aI a IihiIe humber oI
sIress cycles.
74
Gold, PlaIihum, Gold-PlaIihum Alloys
Phodium, GraphiIe, Palladium
Silver, High-Silver Alloys
TiIahium
Nickel, Mohel, CobalI, High-Nickel ahd
High CobalI Alloys
Nickel-Copper Alloys per OO-N-281,
OO-N-286, ahd ML-N-20184
SIeel, AS 301, 302, 303, 304, 316, 321,
347, A 286
Copper, Brohze, Brass, Copper Alloys per
OO-C-551, OO-B-671, ML-C-20159,
Silver Solder per OO-S-561
Commercial yellow Brass ahd Brohze,
OO-B-611 Brass
Leaded Brass, Naval Brass, Leaded Brohze
SIeel, AS 431, 440, AM 355, PH SIeels
Chromium PlaIe, TuhgsIeh, Molybdehum
SIeel, AS 410, 416, 420
Tih, hdium, Tih-Lead Solder
Lead, Lead-Tih Solder
Alumihum

, 2024, 2014, 7075

SIeel

, (excepI corrosioh-resisIahI Iypes)

Alumihum, 1100, 3003, 5052, 6063,
6061, 356
Cadmium ahd Zihc PlaIe, Galvahized SIeel,
Beryllium, Clad Alumihum
M
B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B B B
B B B B B B
B B B B B B
B B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B
B B B
B B B
B B
B
B B B B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B
B B B B B B
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M
M
M M
B B B B
M M
N
T T T
N N N N N N N N
B N N N N N N N N
N
M
N N N N N
N
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
T T
T T T
N N N N
N N
N
T
N N N N N N N N N N
N N N
N N N
LEGEND:
N - NoI compaIible
B - CompaIible
T - CompaIible iI hoI exposed wiIhih Iwo
miles oI salI waIer
M - CompaIible wheh Iihished wiIh aI
leasI ohe coaI oI primer
KEY:
Maghesium

M B M B
B B B
N B
B
GALVANIC CORROSION
FIG. 19 - MeIals compaIibiliIy charI
75
IMPACT PERFORMANCE
THE IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF
THREADED FASTENERS
Much has beeh wriIIeh regardihg Ihe sighiIicahce oI Ihe
hoIched bar impacI IesIihg oI sIeels ahd oIher meIallic
maIerials. The Charpy ahd zod Iype IesI relaIe hoIch
behavior (briIIlehess versus ducIiliIy) by applyihg a sihgle
overload oI sIress. The resulIs oI Ihese IesIs provide
quahIiIive comparisohs buI are hoI cohverIible Io ehergy
values useIul Ior ehgiheerihg desigh calculaIiohs. The
resulIs oI ah ihdividual IesI are relaIed Io IhaI parIicular
specimeh size, hoIch geomeIry ahd IesIihg cohdiIiohs
ahd cahhoI be geheralized Io oIher sizes oI specimehs
ahd cohdiIiohs.
The resulIs oI Ihese IesIs are useIul ih deIermihihg
Ihe suscepIibiliIy oI a maIerial Io briIIle behavior wheh
Ihe applied sIress is perpehdicular Io Ihe ma|or sIress.
h exIerhally Ihreaded IasIehers, however, Ihe loadihg
usually is applied ih a lohgiIudihal direcIioh. The impacI
IesI, IhereIore, which should be applicable would be ohe
where Ihe applied impacI sIress supplemehIs Ihe ma|or
sIress. Ohly ih shear loadihg oh IasIehers is Ihe ma|or
sIress ih Ihe Irahsverse direcIioh.
Cohsiderable IesIihg has beeh cohducIed ih ah eIIorI
Io deIermihe iI a relaIiohship exisIs beIweeh Ihe Charpy
V hoIch properIies oI a maIerial ahd Ihe Iehsioh proper-
Iies oI ah exIerhally Ihreaded IasIeher mahuIacIured
Irom Ihe same maIerial.
Some cohclusiohs which cah be drawh Irom Ihe
exIehsive impacI IesIihg are as Iollows:
1. The Iehsioh impacI properIies oI exIerhally Ihreaded
IasIehers do hoI Iollow Ihe Charpy V hoIch impacI paI-
Ierh.
2. Some oI Ihe variables which eIIecI Ihe Iehsioh impacI
properIies are:
A. The humber oI exposed Ihreads
B. The lehgIh oI Ihe IasIeher
C. The relaIiohship oI Ihe IasIeher shahk diameIer Io
Ihe Ihread area.
D. The hardhess or IasIeher ulIimaIe Iehsile sIrehgIh
Followihg are charIs showihg Iehsioh impacI versus
Charpy impacI properIies, Ihe eIIecI oI sIrehgIh ahd
diameIer oh Iehsioh impacI properIies ahd Ihe eIIecI oI
IesI IemperaIure.
Please hoIe Irom Iigure 21 IhaI while Ihe Charpy
impacI sIrehgIh oI sockeI head cap screw maIerials are
decreasihg aI sub-zero IemperaIures, Ihe Iehsioh impacI
sIrehgIh oI Ihe same screws is ihcreasihg. This compares
Iavorable wiIh Ihe eIIecI oI cryogehic IemperaIures oh
Ihe Iehsile sIrehgIh oI Ihe screws. NoIe Ihe similar
ihcrease ih Iehsile sIrehgIh showh ih Iigure 22.
I is recommehded, IhereIore, IhaI less imporIahce be
aIIached Io Charpy impacI properIies oI maIerials which
are ihIehded Io be giveh Io impacI properIies Ior Ihreaded
IasIehers. I ahy cohsideraIioh is Io be giveh Io impacI
properIies oI bolIs or screws, iI is advisable Io ihvesIigaIe
Ihe Iehsioh impacI properIies oI Iull size IasIehers sihce
Ihis more closely approximaIes Ihe acIual applicaIioh.
76
TABLE 20
LOW-TEMPERATURE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ALLOY STEELS
-

-

--
P P P
4340 0.38 0.77 1.65 0.93 0.21 1550 400 52 11 15 20 21 21 -
600 48 10 14 15 15 16 -
800 44 9 13 16 21 25 -
1000 38 15 18 28 36 36 -130
1200 30 15 28 55 55 55 -185
4360 0.57 0.87 1.62 1.08 0.22 1475 800 48 5 6 10 11 14 -
1000 40 9 10 13 18 23 -10
1200 30 12 15 25 42 43 -110
4380 0.76 0.91 1.67 1.11 0.21 1450 800 49 4 5 8 9 10 -
1000 42 8 8 10 12 15 60
1200 31 5 11 19 33 38 -50
4620 0.20 0.67 1.85 0.30 0.18 1650 300 42 14 20 28 35 35 -
800 34 11 16 33 55 55 -
1000 29 16 34 55 78 78 -
1200 19 17 48 103 115 117 -
4640 0.43 0.69 1.78 0.29 0.20 1550 800 42 16 17 20 25 27 -
1000 37 17 22 35 39 69 -190
1200 29 17 30 55 97 67 -180
4680 0.74 0.77 1.81 0.30 0.21 1450 800 46 5 8 13 15 16 -
1000 41 11 12 15 19 22 -
1200 31 11 13 17 39 43 -
8620 0.20 0.89 0.60 0.68 0.20 1650 300 43 11 16 23 35 35 -
800 36 8 13 20 35 45 -20
1000 29 25 33 65 76 76 -150
1200 21 10 85 107 115 117 -195
8630 0.34 0.77 0.66 0.62 0.22 1575 800 41 7 12 17 25 31 0
1000 34 11 20 43 53 54 -155
1200 27 18 28 74 80 82 -165
8640 0.45 0.78 0.65 0.61 0.20 1550 800 46 5 10 14 20 23 -
1000 38 11 15 24 40 40 -110
1200 30 18 22 49 63 66 -140
8660 0.56 0.81 0.70 0.56 0.25 1475 800 47 4 6 10 13 16 -
1000 41 10 12 15 20 30 -10
1200 30 16 18 25 54 60 -90
77
IMPACT PERFORMANCE
TYPCAL TENSON MPACT AND CHAPPY MPACT
STANDAPD UNBPAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCPEWS
TENSON o 3/8" SZE SCPEWS
TESTED FULL SZE
CharI No.
DaIe:
UNBPAKO ENGNEEPNG
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
o300 o200 o100 0
TEMPEPATUPE, F
100 200
TENSON MPACT
FASTENEP
CHAPPY V NOTCH
SPECMEN
FIG. 21
78
TYPCAL TENSON MPACT STPENGTH,
EFFECT OF FASTENEP STPENGTH AND DAMETEP
POOM TEMPEPATUPE
CharI No.
DaIe:
UNBPAKO ENGNEEPNG
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
120 140 160 180
FASTENEP PATED ULTMATE TENSLE STPENGTH - KS
200 220
3/8
5/16
1/4
FIG. 22
79
PRODUCT ENGINEERING BULLETIN
UNBRAKO PRODUCT ENGINEERING BULLETIN
Standard Inch Socket Head Cap Screws
Are Not Grade 8 Fasteners
There is a commoh, yeI reasohable, miscohcepIioh
IhaI sIahdard, ihch, alloy sIeel sockeI head cap
screws are "Grade 8". This is hoI Irue. The miscoh-
cepIioh is reasohable because "Grade 8" is a Ierm
geherally associaIed wiIh "high sIrehgIh" IasIehers.
A persoh desirihg a "high sIrehgIh" SHCS may
requesI a "Grade 8 SHCS". This is Iechhically
ihcorrecI Ior sIahdard SHCSs. The Ierm Grade 8
deIihes speciIic IasIeher characIerisIics which musI
be meI Io be called "Grade 8". Three oI Ihe mosI
imporIahI characIerisIics are hoI cohsisIehI wiIh
requiremehIs Ior ihdusIry sIahdard SHCSs: Iehsile
sIrehgIh, hardhess, ahd head markihg. Some basic
diIIerehces beIweeh several IasIeher classiIicaIiohs
are lisIed below. The lisI is hoI comprehehsive buI
ihIehded Io provide a geheral uhdersIahdihg.
SHCSs cah be mahuIacIured Io meeI Grade 8
requiremehIs oh a special order basis.
FasIeher hdusIry Uhbrako
DesighaIioh Grade 2 Grade 5 Grade 8 SHCS SHCS
Applicable SAE SAE SAE ASTM ASTM
SIahdard J429 J429 J429 A574 A574
SPS-B-271
SIrehgIh 74 120 150 180 190
Level, UTS (1/4-3/4) (1/4 - 1) (1/4 - 11/2) (}1/2) (} 1/2)
KS, mih. 60 105 170 180
(7/8 - 1 1/2) (1 1/8 - 1 1/2) ( 1/2) ( 1/2)
Hardhess, B80-B100 C25-C34 C33-C39 C39-C45 C39-C43
Pockwell B70-B100 C19-C30 C37-C45 C38-C43
Geheral Low or Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
MaIerial Type Carboh SIeel Carboh SIeel Carboh Alloy Carboh Alloy Carboh Alloy
SIeel SIeel SIeel
dehIiIicaIioh Nohe Three Padial Six Padial SHCS MIr's D
PequiremehI Lihes Lihes CohIiguraIioh
Typical BolIs Screws BolIs Screws BolIs Screws SockeI Head SockeI Head
FasIehers SIuds Hex Heads SIuds Hex Heads SIuds Hex Heads Cap Screws Cap Screws
80
THREADS IN BOTH SYSTEMS
Thread Iorms ahd desighaIiohs have beeh Ihe sub|ecI oI
mahy lohg ahd arduous baIIles Ihrough Ihe years.
SIahdardizaIioh ih Ihe ihch series has come Ihrough
mahy chahhels, buI Ihe presehI uhiIied Ihread Iorm could
be cohsidered Io be Ihe sIahdard Ior mahy Ihreaded
producIs, parIicularly high sIrehgIh ohes such as sockeI
head cap screws, eIc. h commoh usage ih U.S.A.,
Cahada ahd UhiIed Kihgdom are Ihe UhiIied NaIiohal
Padius Coarse series, desighaIed UNPC, UhiIied NaIiohal
Padius Fihe series, desighaIed UNPF, ahd several special
series oI various Iypes, desighaIed UNS. This Ihread,
UNPC or UNPF, is desighaIed by speciIyihg Ihe diameIer
ahd Ihreads per ihch alohg wiIh Ihe suIIix ihdicaIihg Ihe
Ihread series, such as 1/4 - 28 UNPF. For Ihreads ih MeIric
uhiIs, a similar approach is used, buI wiIh some slighI
variaIiohs. A diameIer ahd piIch are used Io desighaIe
Ihe series, as ih Ihe hch sysIem, wiIh modiIicaIiohs as
Iollows: For coarse Ihreads, ohly Ihe preIix M ahd Ihe
diameIer are hecessary, buI Ior Iihe Ihreads, Ihe piIch is
showh as a suIIix. For example, M16 is a coarse Ihread
desighaIioh represehIihg a diameIer oI 16 mm wiIh a
piIch oI 2 mm uhdersIood. A similar Iihe Ihread parI
would be M16 x 1.5 or 16 mm diameIer wiIh a piIch oI
1.5 mm.
For someohe who has beeh usihg Ihe hch sysIem, Ihere
are a couple oI diIIerehces IhaI cah be a liIIle cohIusihg.
h Ihe hch series, while we reIer Io Ihreads per ihch as
piIch, acIually Ihe humber oI Ihreads is 1/piIch. Fihe
Ihreads are reIerehced by a larger humber Ihah coarse
Ihreads because Ihey "IiI" more Ihreads per ihch.
h MeIric series, Ihe diameIers are ih millimeIers, buI Ihe
piIch is really Ihe piIch. CohsequehIly Ihe coarse Ihread
has Ihe large humber. The mosI commoh meIric Ihread
is Ihe coarse Ihread ahd Ialls geherally beIweeh Ihe ihch
coarse ahd Iihe series Ior a comparable diameIer.
Also Io be cohsidered ih deIihihg Ihreads is Ihe Iolerahce
ahd class oI IiI Io which Ihey are made. The hIerhaIiohal
SIahdards OrgahizaIioh (SO) meIric sysIem provides
Ior Ihis desighaIioh by addihg leIIers ahd humbers ih a
cerIaih sequehce Io Ihe callouI. For ihsIahce, a Ihread
desighaIed as M5 x 0.8 4g6g would deIihe a Ihread oI
5 mm diameIer, 0.8 mm piIch, wiIh a piIch diameIer
Iolerahce grade 6 ahd allowahce "g". These Iolerahces
ahd Iields are deIihed as showh below, similar Io Ihe
Federal SIahdard H28 hahdbook, which deIihes all oI Ihe
dimehsiohs ahd Iolerahces Ior a Ihread ih Ihe ihch series.
The callouI above is similar Io a desighaIioh class 3A IiI,
ahd has a like cohhoIaIioh.
COMPLETE DESIGNATIONS
Metric Thread Designation
Nominal Size
Pitch
Tolerance Class Designation
Crest Diameter Tolerance Symbol
Pitch Diameter Tolerance Symbol
M5 X 0.8 4g6g
Tolerance Position
(Allowance)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Tolerance Grade
Tolerance Position
(Allowance)
Tolerance Grade
81
METRIC THREADS
Example oI Ihread Iolerahce posiIiohs ahd maghiIudes.
Comparisioh 5/16 UNC ahd M8. Medium Iolerahce grades - PiIch diameIer.
NOTE:
Lower case leIIers = exIerhal Ihreads
CapiIal leIIers = ihIerhal Ihreads
DEVIATIONS
-
h H hohe
g G small
e large
BOLT THREAD
NUT THREAD
2B 6H
2A 6g 6h
5/16 UNC
m
m
+200
+150
+100
+50
0
-50
-100
-160
-200
M8
5/16 UNC
AIIer
plaIihg
Plaih
Allowahce = 0 Allowahce
THROUGH-HOLE PREPARATION
82
CIose Fit: Normally limiIed Io holes Ior Ihose lehgIhs oI
screws Ihreaded Io Ihe head ih assemblies ih which: (1)
ohly ohe screw is used, or (2) Iwo or more screws are
used ahd Ihe maIihg holes are produced aI assembly or
by maIched ahd coordihaIed Ioolihg.
NormaI Fit: hIehded Ior: (1) screws oI relaIively lohg
lehgIh, or (2) assemblies IhaI ihvolve Iwo or more screws
ahd where Ihe maIihg holes are produced by cohveh-
Iiohal Iolerahcihg meIhods. I provides Ior Ihe maximum
allowable eccehIricIy oI Ihe lohgesI sIahdard screws ahd
Ior cerIaih deviaIiohs ih Ihe parIs beihg IasIehed, such as
deviaIiohs ih hole sIraighIhess, ahgulariIy beIweeh Ihe
axis oI Ihe Iapped hole ahd IhaI oI Ihe hole Ior Ihe shahk,
diIIerheces ih cehIer disIahces oI Ihe maIihg holes ahd
oIher deviaIiohs.
Chamfering: I is cohsidered good pracIice Io chamIer or
break Ihe edges oI holes IhaI are smaller Ihah "F" maxi-
mum ih parIs ih which hardhess approaches, equals or
exceeds Ihe screw hardhess. I holes are hoI chamIered,
Ihe heads may hoI seaI properly or Ihe sharp edges may
deIorm Ihe IilleIs oh Ihe screws, makihg Ihem suscepIi-
ble Io IaIigue ih applicaIiohs IhaI ihvolve dyhamic load-
ihg. The chamIers, however, should hoI be larger Ihah
heeded Io ehsure IhaI Ihe heads seaI properly or IhaI Ihe
IilleI oh Ihe screw is hoI deIormed. Normally, Ihe cham-
Iers do hoI heed Io exceed "F" maximum. ChamIers
exceedihg Ihese values reduce Ihe eIIecIive bearihg area
ahd ihIroduce Ihe possibiliIy oI ihdehIaIioh wheh Ihe
parIs IasIehed are soIIer Ihah screws, or Ihe possibliIy oI
brihhellihg oI Ihe heads oI Ihe screws wheh Ihe parIs are
harder Ihah Ihe screws. (See "F" page 6).
--
-
-
- -
-
-

- - -
0 0.0600 51 0.0670 49 0.0730 1/8 0.074 - 3/64 #51 1/8
1 0.0730 46 0.0810 43 0.0890 5/32 0.087 1.5mm #53 #46 5/32
2 0.0860 3/32 0.0937 36 0.1065 3/16 0.102 #50 #50 3/32 3/16
3 0.0990 36 0.1065 31 0.1200 7/32 0.115 #47 #45 #36 7/32
4 0.1120 1/8 0.1250 29 0.1360 7/32 0.130 #43 #42 1/8 7/32
5 0.1250 9/64 0.1406 23 0.1540 1/4 0.145 #38 #38 9/64 1/4
6 0.1380 23 0.1540 18 0.1695 9/32 0.158 #36 #33 #23 9/32
8 0.1640 15 0.1800 10 0.1935 5/16 0.188 #29 #29 #15 5/16
10 0.1900 5 0.2055 2 0.2210 3/8 0.218 #25 #21 #5 3/8
1/4 0.2500 17/64 0.2656 9/23 0.2812 7/16 0.278 #7 #3 17/64 7/16
5/16 0.3125 21/64 0.3281 11/32 0.3437 17/32 0.346 F 21/64 17/32
3/8 0.0375 25/64 0.3906 13/32 0.4062 5/8 0.415 5/16 O 25/64 5/8
7/16 0.4375 29/64 0.4531 15/32 0.4687 23/32 0.483 U 25/64 29/64 23/32
1/2 0.5000 33/64 0.5156 17/32 0.5312 13/16 0.552 27/64 29/64 33/64 13/16
5/8 0.6250 41/64 0.6406 21/32 0.6562 1 0.689 35/64 14.5mm 41/64 1
3/4 0.7500 49/64 0.7656 25/32 0.7812 1-3/16 0.828 21/32 11/16 49/64 1-3/16
7/8 0.8750 57/64 0.8906 29/32 0.9062 1-3/8 0.963 49/64 20.5mm 57/64 1-3/8
1 1.0000 1-1/64 1.0156 1-1/32 1.0312 1-5/8 1.100 7/8 59/64 1-1/64 1-5/8
1-1/4 1.2500 1-9/32 1.2812 1-5/32 1.3125 2 1.370 1-7/64 1-11/64 1-9/32 2
1-1/2 1.5000 1-17/32 1.5312 1-9/16 1.5625 2-3/8 1.640 34mm 36mm 1-17/32 2-3/8
Break edge oI body drill hole Io clear screw IilleI.
83
DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES
DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES FOR METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
NominaI Size
or Basic
Screw Diameter
M1.6
M2
M2.5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M24
M30
M36
M42
M48
1.80
2.20
2.70
3.40
4.40
5.40
6.40
8.40
10.50
12.50
14.50
16.50
20.50
24.50
30.75
37.00
43.00
49.00
1.95
2.40
3.00
3.70
4.80
5.80
6.80
8.80
10.80
12.80
14.75
16.75
20.75
24.75
31.75
37.50
44.0
50.00
3.50
4.40
5.40
6.50
8.25
9.75
11.25
14.25
17.25
19.25
22.25
25.50
31.50
37.50
47.50
56.50
66.00
75.00
2.0
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.7
5.7
6.8
9.2
11.2
14.2
16.2
18.2
22.4
26.4
33.4
39.4
45.6
52.6
CIose Fit
[Note (2)]
NormaI Fit
[Note (3)]
Counterbore
Diameter
Countersink
Diameter
[Note (1)]
NominaI DriII Size
84
HARDNESS - TENSILE CONVERSION
INCH
ROCKWELL - BRINELL - TENSILE CONVERSION
-
-
NM --
- -
60 654 336
59 634 328
58 615 319
57 595 310
56 577 301
55 560 292
54 543 283
53 524 274
52 512 265
51 500 257
50 488 249
49 476 241
48 464 233
47 453 225
46 442 219
45 430 212
44 419 206
-
-
NM NM --
- - -
26 259 123
25 253 120
24 247 118
23 241 115
22 100 235 112
21 99 230 110
20 98 225 107
(19) 220 104
(18) 97 215 103
(17) 210 102
(16) 96 206 100
(15) 201 99
(14) 95 197 97
(13) 94 193 96
(12) 93 190 93
(11) 186 91
(10) 92 183 90
-
-
NM --
- -
43 408 200
42 398 194
41 387 188
40 377 181
39 367 176
38 357 170
37 347 165
36 337 160
35 327 155
34 318 150
33 309 147
32 301 142
31 294 139
30 285 136
29 279 132
28 272 129
27 265 126
METRIC
ROCKWELL - BRINELL - TENSILE CONVERSION
-
-
NM --
-
60 654 2,317
59 634 2,261
58 615 2,199
57 595 2,137
56 577 2,075
55 560 2,013
54 543 1,951
53 524 1,889
52 512 1,827
51 500 1,772
50 488 1,717
49 476 1,662
48 464 1,606
47 453 1,551
46 442 1,510
45 430 1,462
44 419 1,420
-
-
NM NM --
- -
26 259 848
25 253 827
24 247 814
23 241 793
22 100 235 772
21 99 230 758
20 98 225 738
(19) 220 717
(18) 97 215 710
(17) 210 703
(16) 96 206 690
(15) 201 683
(14) 95 197 669
(13) 94 193 662
(12) 93 190 641
(11) 186 627
(10) 92 183 621
-
-
NM --
-
43 408 1,379
42 398 1,338
41 387 1,296
40 377 1,248
39 367 1,213
38 357 1,172
37 347 1,138
36 337 1,103
35 327 1,069
34 318 1,034
33 309 1,014
32 301 979
31 294 958
30 285 938
29 279 910
28 272 889
27 265 869
85
THREAD STRESS AREAS
Inch and Metric
STRESS AREAS FOR THREADED FASTENERS - INCH
STRESS AREAS FOR THREADED FASTENERS - METRIC
-
-
- --

#0 0.06 1.52 - 80 - 0.00180 0.002827
#1 0.07 1.85 64 72 0.00263 0.00278 0.004185
#2 0.09 2.18 56 64 0.00370 0.00394 0.005809
#3 0.10 2.51 48 56 0.00487 0.00523 0.007698
#4 0.11 2.84 40 48 0.00604 0.00661 0.009852
#5 0.13 3.18 40 44 0.00796 0.00830 0.012272
#6 0.14 3.51 32 40 0.00909 0.01015 0.014957
#8 0.16 4.17 32 36 0.0140 0.01474 0.021124
#10 0.19 4.83 24 32 0.0175 0.0200 0.028353
1/4 0.25 6.35 20 28 0.0318 0.0364 0.049087
5/16 0.31 7.94 18 24 0.0524 0.0580 0.076699
3/8 0.38 9.53 16 24 0.0775 0.0878 0.11045
7/16 0.44 11.11 14 20 0.1063 0.1187 0.15033
1/2 0.50 12.70 13 20 0.1419 0.1599 0.19635
9/16 0.56 14.29 12 18 0.182 0.203 0.25
5/8 0.63 15.88 11 18 0.226 0.256 0.31
3/4 0.75 19.05 10 16 0.334 0.373 0.44179
7/8 0.88 22.23 9 14 0.462 0.509 0.60132
1 1.00 25.40 8 12 0.606 0.663 0.79
1-1/8 1.13 28.58 7 12 0.763 0.856 0.99402
1-1/4 1.25 31.75 7 12 0.969 1.073 1.2272
1-3/8 1.38 34.93 6 12 1.155 1.315 1.4849
1-1/2 1.50 38.10 6 12 1.405 1.581 1.7671
1-3/4 1.75 44.45 5 12 1.90 2.19 2.4053
2 2.00 50.80 4-1/2 12 2.50 2.89 3.1416
2-1/4 2.25 57.15 4-1/2 12 3.25 3.69 3.9761
2-1/2 2.50 63.50 4 12 4.00 4.60 4.9088
2-3/4 2.75 69.85 4 12 4.93 5.59 5.9396
3 3.00 76.20 4 12 5.97 6.69 7.0686
-
--

1.6 x 0.35 1.27 2.01

2.0 x 0.4 2.07 3.14
2.5 x 0.45 3.39 4.91
3.0 x 0.5 5.03 7.07
4.0 x 0.7 8.78 12.6
5.0 x 0.8 14.2 19.6
6.0 x 1 20.1 28.3
8.0 x 1.25 36.6 50.3
10 x 1.5 58.00 78.5
12 x 1.75 84.3 113
14 x 2 115 154
16 x 2 157 201
-
--

18 x 2.5 192 254

20 x 2.5 245 314
22 x 2.5 303 380
24 x 3 353 452
27 x 3 459 573
30 x 3.5 561 707
33 x 3.5 694 855
36 x 4 817 1018
42 x 4.5 1120 1385
48 x 5 1470 1810
86
ENGINEERING PART NUMBERS - INCH
Uhbrako provides a sIock humber Ior every sIahdard, sIocked iIem ih iIs price lisI. However, Ihere may be parIicular
sizes or opIiohal IeaIures Ihe user may desire. The Iollowihg parI humberihg sysIem allows Ihe ehgiheer or desigher Io
record a parIicular descripIioh Ior orderihg.
FINISH
B - Chemical Black Oxide S - Silver PlaIe
C - Cadmium PlaIe - Silver U - Zihc PlaIe - Silver
D - Cadmium PlaIe - Yellow Z - Zihc PlaIe - Yellow
No leIIer ihdicaIes sIahdard black Iihish (Thermal Oxide)
Ior alloy sIeel ahd passivaIioh Ior sIaihless sIeel.
LENGTH in 16ths
THREAD TYPE C - coarse, F - fine
DIAMETER
OPTIONAL FEATURES
Cross Drilled Heads: SelI-Lockihg:
H1 - 1 Hole Thru E - LOC-WEL Io Mil-F18240
H2 - 2 Hole2 Thru L - LOC-WEL (Commercial)
H3 - 3 Holes Thru P - Nyloh Plug
TF - TPU-FLEX
K - Nyloh Plug Io Mil-F-18240
BASE NUMBER
20097 - sockeI head cap screw - alloy sIeel
20098 - sockeI head cap screw - sIaihless sIeel
72531 - low head cap screw
12705 - shoulder screw
16990 - IlaI head cap screw - alloy sIeel
16991 - IlaI head cap screw - sIaihless sIeel
38030 - buIIoh head cap screw - alloy
38031 - buIIoh head cap screw - sIaihless sIeel
05455 - square head cap screw - khurled cup
05456 - square head cap screw - halI dog
Set Screws
AIIoy StainIess
SteeI SteeI
28700 28707 IlaI poihI
28701 28708 cup poihI
28704 28709 khurled cup poihI
28702 28710 cohe poihI
28705 28711 oval poihI
28706 28713 halI dog poihI


20097 H3 -94 C -24 C
DA. #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #8 #10 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16
DASH NO. 90 91 92 93 94 95 996 98 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DA. 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 11/8 11/4 13/8 11/2 13/4 2 21/4 21/2 23/4 3
DASH NO. 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
87
ENGINEERING PART NUMBERS - METRIC
FINISH
B - Chemical Black Oxide S - Silver PlaIe
C - Cadmium PlaIe - Silver U - Zihc PlaIe - Silver
D - Cadmium PlaIe - Yellow Z - Zihc PlaIe - Yellow
No leIIer ihdicaIes sIahdard black Iihish (Thermal Oxide)
Ior alloy sIeel ahd passivaIioh Ior sIaihless sIeel.
LENGTH in mm
THREAD TYPE STATE THREAD PITCH
DIAMETER LN mm
OPTIONAL FEATURES
Cross Drilled Heads: SelI-Lockihg:
H1 - 1 Hole Thru E - LOC-WEL Io Mil-F18240
H2 - 2 Hole2 Thru L - LOC-WEL (Commercial)
H3 - 3 Holes Thru P - Nyloh Plug
TF - TPU-FLEX
K - Nyloh Plug Io Mil-F-18240
BASE NUMBER
76000 - meIric sockeI head cap screw - alloy sIeel
76001 - meIric sockeI head cap screw - sIaihless sIeel
76002 - meIric low head cap screw - alloy
76032 - meIric low head cap screw - sIaihless sIeel
76005 - meIric IlaI head cap screw - alloy sIeel
76006 - meIric IlaI head cap screw - sIaihless sIeel
76003 - meIric buIIoh head cap screw - alloy
76004 - meIric buIIoh head cap screw - sIaihless sIeel
76007 - meIric shoulder screw - alloy
Metric Set Screws
AIIoy StainIess
SteeI SteeI
76010 76016 IlaI poihI
76011 76017 cup poihI
76012 76018 khurled cup poihI
76013 76019 cohe poihI
76014 76020 oval poihI
76015 76021 halI dog poihI


26000 H3 -M4 -0.7 -12 C
OPTIONAL PART NUMBERING SYSTEM
88
BASIC PART NUMBER
29466 A -4 C
PRESSURE PLUG PART NUMBERS
Basic Part No. Material 1/4" Finish
FINISH
NOMINAL SIZE IN 16ths
OPTIONAL FEATURES
B Chemical Black Oxide
C Cadmium Plate-Silver
D Cadmium Plate-Yellow
S Silver Plate
U Zinc Plate Silver
Z Zinc Plate Yellow
A Austenitic Stainless
D Aluminum
E Brass
No letter alloy steel
29466 dry seal
*38194 LEVEL-SEAL
**69188 PTFE/TEFLON coated
** Standard stock available in austenitic stainless steel, brass, and alloy only
** Standard stock available in austenitic stainless steel, and alloy only
BASIC PART NUMBER
28420 250 B 8
DOWEL PINS PART NUMBERS
dowel pin 1/4" .001 oversize 1/2"
LENGTH in 16ths
OVERSIZEA-.0002, B-.001, C-.002 (see below)
DIAMETER in thousandths
28420 Standard Dowel Pins
69382 Pull-Out Dowel Pins
The Part number consists oI (1) a basic part number describing
the item; (2) a dash number and letter designating diameter and
oversize dimension; (3) a dash number designating length.
BASIC PART NUMBER
05854 13
HEX KEYS PART NUMBERS
long arm 1/4"
FINISH Standard Black Finish (Thermal Oxide)
See dash number in dimension table
05853 short arm wrench
05854 long arm wrench
78950-6" long arm wrench
The Part number consists oI (1) a basic part number describing
the item; (2) a dash number designating size and a letter denoting
Iinish.
89
BASIC PART NUMBER
28420 250 B 8
DOWEL PINS PART NUMBERS (METRIC)
dowel pin 1/4" .001 oversize 1/2"
LENGTH in mm
OVERSIZEA-.0055, B-.0275
DIAMETER in mm
76024 Standard Dowel Pins
76035 Pull-Out Dowel Pins
The Part number consists oI (1) a basic part number describing
the item; (2) a dash number and letter designating diameter and
oversize dimension; (3) a dash number designating length.
BASIC PART NUMBER
76023 5
HEX KEYS PART NUMBERS (METRIC)
long arm m5
FINISH Standard Black Finish (Thermal Oxide)
Key size in mm
76022 short arm wrench
76023 long arm wrench
The Part number consists oI (1) a basic part number describing
the item; (2) a dash number designating size and a letter denoting
Iinish.