WHEN TO USE

STEP BY STEP SPSS 20 1. ENCODE ALL VALUES IN 1 COLUMN

ONE SAMPLE MEAN TEST

symmetrical about the mean; degree of freedom; more variable than standardized normal distribution; n<30; test the difference between means

COMPARE A SET OF DATA TO KNOWN MEAN

2. ANALYZE> COMPARE MEANS> ONE SAMPLE T TEST 3. TRANSFER VALUES TO TEST VARIABLE 4. TYPE THE KNOWN MEAN IN THE TEST VALUE 5. OK 1. STACKED FORMAT* 2. DESIGNATION @ 2ND COLUMN

T-TEST TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES (BETWEEN-SUBJECTS)

data are normally distributed; data are expressed in interval and ratio; n<30

COMPARISON OF 2 SETS OF DATA FROM 2 COMPLETELY SEPARATE SAMPLES

3. ANALYZE> COMPARE MEANS> INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T-TEST 4. VAR 1 (STACKED FORMAT)> TEST VAR BOX; VAR 2 (DESIGNATION) > GROUP VARIABLE 5. DEFINE GROUPS (1,2) 6. OK 1. ENCODE DATA IN SEPARATE COLUMNS

T-TEST FOR TWO RELATED SAMPLES

used in experimental design to test the effectiveness of a certain technique or method or program that had developed

COMPARISON OF 2 SETS OF DATA FROM SAME SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUALS; (BEFORE AND AFTER THERAPY; PRE AND POST TEST

2. ANALYZE> COMPARE MEANS> PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST 3. PLACE THE 2 SETS OF DATA IN VAR 1 AND VAR 2 4. OK

* STACKED FORMAT= ALL DATA FROM DIFFERENT GROUPS ARE ENCODED IN ONE COLUMN -HVDT-

WHEN TO USE relationship or association between variables; test reliability of TELLS THE RELATIONSHIP BUT DOES NOT EXPLAIN questionnaires; measure agreement HOW THE VARIABLES ARE RELATED TO ONE between ratings made by two different ANOTHER; MEASURE DEGREE OF STRAIGHT-LINE raters; no dependent and independent RELATIONSHIP variable; hypothesis are often directional (one-tailed)

STEP BY STEP SPSS 20 1. INPUT SETS OF DATA IN SEPARATE COLUMNS 2. ANALYZE> CORRELATE> BIVARIATE 3. OPTIONS> MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS 4. OK 1. STACKED FORMAT*

PEARSON CORRELATION (BIVARIATE)

ACCEPT NULL HYPOTHESIS= DONT DO ONE-WAY OR ONE FACTOR ANOVA [ONE- POST HOC; REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS= WAY BETWEEN-GROUPS (INDEPENDENT PROCEED TO POST HOC ANALYSIS AND GROUPS)] LOOK FOR "WHICH PAIR ACCOUNTS FOR THE DIFFERENCE"

2. DESIGNATION @ 2ND COLUMN 3. ANALYZE> COMPARE MEANS> WHEN THE EXPERIMENT HAS MORE THAN TWO ONE-WAY ANOVA LEVELS OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 4. VAR 1 (STACKED FORMAT)> DEPENDENT LIST; VAR 2 (DESIGNATION) > FACTOR 5. OPTIONS> DESCRIPTIVE 6. OK 1. ENCODE DATA IN SEPARATE COLUMNS

MAUCHLY'S TEST OF SPHERICITY= SIGNIFICANT, USE MULTIVARIATE ONE-WAY OR ONE FACTOR ANOVA [ONECOMPARE 2 OR MORE SETS OF DATA FROM SAME (PILLAI'S TRACE); MAUCHLY'S TEST OF WAY WITHIN-SUBJECTS (REPEATED SAMPLES (PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST MEASURED SPHERICITY= NOT SIGNIFICANT, USE TEST MEASURES)] SEVERAL TIMES) OF WITHIN-SUBJECTS EFFECTS (SPHERICITY ASSUMED)

2. ANALYZE> GENERAL LINEAR MODEL> REPEATED MEASURES 3. INPUT NUMBER OF LEVELS> ADD 4. DEFINE> PLACE THE VARIABLES 5. OPTIONS> DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 6. OK -HVDT-

* STACKED FORMAT= ALL DATA FROM DIFFERENT GROUPS ARE ENCODED IN ONE COLUMN

WHEN TO USE

STEP BY STEP SPSS 20 1. STACKED FORMAT 2. DESIGNATIONS AT 2ND AND 3RD COLUMN (TO DEFINE THE FACTORS) 3. ANALYZE> GENERAL LINEAR MODEL> UNIVARIATE 4. VAR 1(STACKED FORMAT)> DEPENDENT VAR 5. VAR 2 (1ST DESIGNATION) > FIXED FACTOR 6. VAR 3 (2ND DESIGNATION) > RANDOM FACTOR (NOTE VAR 2 AND VAR 3 MAY INTERCHANGE) 7. OPTIONS> DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 8. OK 1. STACKED FORMAT 2. DESIGNATION AT 2ND COLUMN 3. DATA> WEIGHT CASES (PLACE VAR 1)

3 DISTINCT HYPOTHESES: 1. MEAN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIRST FACTOR, 2. TWO-WAY ANOVA [TWO-WAY BETWEEN- MEAN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SECOND GROUPS (INDEPENDENT GROUPS)] FACTOR, 3. MEAN DIFFERENCE THAT RESULT FROM THE UNIQUE COMBINATION OF TWO FACTORS

DETERMINES SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COLUMNS AND ROWS

tells wether a given set of observations fits with an underlying probability CHI-SQUARE (GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST) distribution; requirements: 1. expected frequencies 1, 2. no more than 20% of the expected frequencies are less than 5

4. ANALYZE> NONPARAMETRIC TEST> LEGACY DIALOGS> CHI SQUARE 5. PLACE VAR 2 AT TEST VARIABLE LIST 6. EXPECTED VALUES> VALUES> (___)> ADD 7. OPTIONS> DESCRIPTIVE 8. OK -HVDT-

1. STACKED FORMAT 2. DESIGNATIONS AT 2ND AND 3RD COLUMN (TO DEFINE THE FACTORS) 3. DATA> WEIGHT CASES (PLACE VAR 1) 4. ANALYZE> DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS> CROSS TABS 5. VAR 2> ROWS; VAR 3> COLUMN (VAR 2 AND VAR3 MAY INTERCHANGE) 6. STATISTICS> CHI-SQUARE 7. CELL DISPLAY> OBSERVED, EXPECTED, ROW, COLUMN 8. OK -HVDT-

CHI-SQUARE (TEST OF INDEPENDENCE)

absence of association between two cross-tabulated variables; determine if two variables of interest are independent or dependent