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PROJECT REPORT
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PREFACE
In this era of globalization and liberalization of economy, business practices have evolved and are
in the process and procedures of government. In this context, technical and field education has also
changed its strive for excellence to meet global standard.
Giving this due consideration, practical training schedules have been inducted in curriculum of
technical studies as they give practical exposure to actual condition.
It is the matter as great pleasure for me to present the following report on my industrial implant
training in at
It out line the whole course of my training in a specific and oriented manner. The basic aim of this
report is to study the organizational set up of the industry, to study about the division of various
blocks, auxiliary unit as well as latest manufacturing techniques employed to produce quality
product.
From the electrical point of view the main strain is given on the manufacturing and latest
techniques being employed for their production which was to us at DZG department with their best
design and more accuracy. All in all I have tried my best to present this report in a very precise
manner.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The project is an extensive report on how the T.T.L. makes its strategy and how the company has
been able in tackling the present tough competition and how it is cooping up by the allegations of
the quality of its products. The report begins with the history of the product and the introduction of
the .T.T.L. Ltd. This report also contains the basic marketing strategies that are used by the T.T.L.
Ltd. of manufacturing process, production policy, advertising, future prospect, The report includes
some of the key salient features of market trend issues.
In today’s world of cutthroat fierce competition, it is very essential to not only exist but also to
excel in the market. Today’s market is enormously more complex. Hence forth, to survive in
the market, the company not only needs to maximize its profit but also needs to satisfy its
customers and should try to build upon from there.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all those who, directly or
indirectly, made this project possible.
The training procedure session has contributed to develop my personality. I lean this fact in
natural environment. This training session give me opportunity to enhance professional skills and
give me a way for a success and achieving ambition in life.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank sincerely all the staff of TTL Ltd. who helped me
during my stay and who never made me feel as though I am not a permanent member of this team.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
• OBJECTIVE
• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• SWOT ANALYSIS
• SUGGESTION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ABOUT THE T.T.L. LTD
Towers & Transformer Limited is one of the associate of the Havells group. T.T.L. Ltd has
innovative skills emerged as one of the manufactures and supplier of the electronic energy meter.
The company was originally incorporated on 20th Dec. 1971 by ……Gupta under the name of
Towers & Pvt. Ltd. There after it was converted in to a Public Ltd Co. with its registered office in
Delhi. The name of the company was changed to T.T.L. Ltd on 3rd Feb 1998.
1- As per the memorandum of association of T.T.L. Ltd. the main objective of the company are -
To undertake and carry on all or any of the following industries, trades or business in all are any of
there branches and process and to do such acts and things as are necessary or usually done or
implied in undertaking or carrying on such trades or business, namely:
1) To manufacture and produces, distributors transformers, voltage regulator, battery
charges, battery eliminators, voltage testing sets, voltage stabilizers, conductors, enamel
wires, cotton/paper cover conductors and other instruments and things required for or
capable of being used for in connection with wires.
3) In line with its constant aim of expanding its scope of capabilities and marketing off
rings, the company has entered into a strategic alliance with another major player in high
end electronic energy meters like M/S Duke Arnics Electronics Ltd. With this alliance the
Havell’s has become the only company in India to have complete range of energy meters,
thus taking it to the category of the leading manufacturing in the world. It shall target
international market for a rapid growth in volume and company stature.
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4) The meters can be put to industrial application for calibration and testing HT grid
metering. The company has increased its product range to include three phase
multifunction meters, LT trivector meters, HT trivector meters, portable reference meters
and complete meter networking solution for industrial applications.
5) The company is now investing heavily in new technology development in solution for
communication with energy meters.
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ASSOCIATES OF HAVELL’S GROUP
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PLANT AT A GLANCE
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COMPANY PROFILE
QRG ENTERPRISES
QRG is step towards integrating all our companies under one common entity, one common vision.
QRG is the holding company of all erstwhile Havell’s group companies, which includes – Havell’s
India, Crabtree India, Standard Electrical, Duke Arnics, Crabtree Aquatech and TTL.
QRG is committed to meeting the challenges of the new economy through business ethics, global
reach and technological expertise.
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HAVELL’S GROUP
Havell's Group, India's leading multi product electrical engineering organization has been offering
the industries the benefits of expertise and experience of over three decades in the field of Electrical
Switchgear, Controlgear, Energy Meters, Electrical wiring Accessories and Cables & Wires etc.
The group has eight Manufacturing plants in and around Delhi equipped with latest stateof-art
manufacturing facilities supported by strong marketing network of 20 branch offices, 16
representative offices, over 500 authorized dealers and more than 100 approved outlets catering to
the needs of discerning buyers across the country and part of Asia and Africa. Most of our products
manufactured by Havell's bear ISI MARK and all the products comply with the latest IS & IEC
Specification. Most of our existing plants have been certified and accredited by ISO 9001 further
reinforcing our commitment towards quality. Havell's has made available the best technology to the
Indian buyers by virtue of its strategic alliances with leading global manufacturers in their
respective areas viz.Schiele of Germany, Geyer of Germany, DZG of Germany, Dorman Smith of
U.K., Crabtree of U. K.
Highly qualified and experienced professionals backed up by a work force of 1800 employees
manage the company. All the branches and manufacturing facilities are computerized and the
company has successfully implemented the first phase of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) so as
to provide faster response to its valued customers.
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HAVELL'S CORE PHILOSPHY
We are committed to meeting the challenges of the 21st century with integrity and
technological expertise.
Company Structure
Havell's Group came into being in 1958 with a small electrical goods trading unit M/s Guptajee &
Co. Manufacturing units have been added from time to time viz.Havell's Industries (HI) in 1971.
M/s Towers and Transformers (TTL) are a deemed public limited Company belongs to the Havell's
Group of companies a renowned name in the field of electrical.
Havell's India Ltd (HIL) was floated in 1983 in collaboration with M/s Christian Geyer A.G.of
Germany which has raised capital through a public issue in 1993.
M/s Havell's Switchgears Pvt Ltd. (HSPL), a new group company, has since started trading and
Distribution of the groups has recently acquired Electric control and Switchboards Pvt Ltd. (ECS)
which is engaged in designing, fabrication, installation and commissioning of control panels,
switchboards, and bus bars etc.
Judicious mix of family control vis-a-vis delegation to professionals in planning and management
process with emphasis on product quality and after sale service has helped the group to build a
market image and to maintain effective presence in the market. Two of the group companies, TTL
& HIL have obtained ISO-9001 Certification.
The group has also started into joint ventures with a few reputed international giants for setting up
joint ventures in India for expanding the product base of the group.
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HAVELL'S JOINT VENTURES:
Miniature Circuit Breaker- GEYER Germany
RCCB & Controlgear - SCHIELE Germany
Changeover Switch - P E T E R R E I N S Germany
Moulded Case circuit Breaker- DORMAN SMITH UK
Wiring Accessories - Crabtree UK
Electronic Meters - AMPY UK
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HAVELL'S NETWORK
Corporate office
Delhi
Branches:
Bangalore, Baroda, Bhopal, Calcutta, Chennai, Cochin, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Mumbai
Representatives:
Ahmedabad, Bhubneshwar, Chandigarh, Dhanbad,Guwahati, Indore, Jashedpur, Jalandher,
Ludhiana, Patiala, Pune, Sonebhadra, Varanasi
The Head Office of the group is based in Delhi. The office consist of 8'employees who were
involved in functions like sales & marketing, Accounts, Personnel & HRD, Commercial etc. Over
the years the head office has taken a multi-functional role and has evolved into a decision making,
policy formulating, monitoring & coordinating agency for the entire Group's business activities,
thereby transforming itself into the "Corporate office", besides retaining all unit based activities.
The various functions currently being performed by the Corporate, office at New Delhi are:
a). Accounts:
The main function of the accounts dept. at Head Office is to control & supervise all the accounting
functions at the head office as well as the units. It involves finalisation of accounts of the company
& all the subsidiary company. It monitors investment and fund resources. It also complies details
for income tax & sales tax assessment cases.
b). Legal:
The main function of the legal dept. is to coordinate & streamline the realisation of money due from
various parties & check out all legal compliance's applicable to Havell's as per the Companies Act.
To satisfy all correspondences & complaints of shareholders. To correspond with stock exchange,
RBI; & other related dept.
c). Marketing
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The marketing dept are responsible for overall formulation & implementation of marketing
strategies for their respective product lines. They also monitor the sales targets periodically & co-
ordinate with the respective production dept. for timely deliveries schedules, collection of sales
proceeds, order status, dispatch details stock availability etc. Marketing dept. ensures
f). Commercial
The commercial dept. formulate policy guidelines for different units for buying of materials
sending production programs to factory, inspection cases to DGS&D, & inspection formalities. It
also involves attending liasoner, tender attending, & commercial correspondences etc.
g). Communication & Market Support
The role & responsibilities of CMS are as follows. -
• Design, creative development, Visualization, editing, proofing, printing, execution &
• Distribution of catalogue, mailer, price-lists, profiles.
• Release of press advertisements & press releases to agencies and print media.
• Design and installation of dealers and retailers sign board, wall paintings, kiosks, bus
back panels & hoardipg
• Arranging an execution meets Conferences, seminars, Exhibition and road shows &
Launches.
• Dispatch and billing.
• New launch products: Pre-launch information / surveys, Post launch activities.
• Product : Comparisons, life cycle analysis, sample analysis & features & benefits
• Complaints after sale services/ analysis sample analysis & features & benefits.
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• Complaints after sale services / analysis /coordination with work.
EDP (Electronic Data Processinq Dept.)
• This dept. supervises the database at various units & also develops modules as per
requirement.
• Developing various Database programs for the various dept.
• Keeping the records of all hardware group / training tools of BAAN /To customise the
• Baan Reports & interactive new system as per company's requirement.
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Function:
Export function
• Market development: which involves international Dealers, Agent, and direct institutional
development.
• Administrative development: which involves quality improvement & packaging improvement.
• Exim commercial:
o Export Export documentation & customer clearance.
o Import documentation & customer clearance.
o Availing export promotion benefits
o Interaction with banks for negotiation of export documents
o Interaction with A/c ( finance for arranging)
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HAVELL'S WIDE PRODUCT RANGE
INDUSTRIAL
• Switch fuses, Fuse Switches, HRC Fuse Links, Distribution Boards, Switch isolator
and allied products.
• Contactors, Relays, Timers, Motor Starters.
• Changeover switches, Programmable Switches, Control switches
• SENTRY - Motor Protection circuit Breakers
• Dorman Smith Load line Series Moulded Case Circuit breakers
DOMESTIC
• Miniature Circuit Breakers, Residual Current Circuit Breakers, Plastic I Metallic
Distribution Boards.
• PVC Wires / Cables
• Crabtree Electrical Wiring Accessories (Modular Plate Switches)
POWER CABLES:
• JOINING FORMALITIES
(a) Submit the joining report.
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(b) Submit copies of certificates supporting your educational qualifications, Date of birth certificate
and other testimonials, passport -size photograph, clearance certificate from your previous
employer.
(e) Submit a copy of the vehicle registration form for claiming conveyance allowance.
(f) Open a saving bank A/c with the prescribed bank for crediting of your salary: All the above
documents are to be submitted to the HRD & Personnel dept.
EMPLOYMENT RULES.
(a) Timings
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You are required to sign the attendance register. A 'mark' is put if you late & three such marks
result in deduction of half day's leave. However employees may be permitted to inform the office in
advance about their late comings on A/c of any unforeseeable
exigencies subject however to a maximum of twice a month.
Attendance is normally calculated from the 26th of the previous month to the 25th of the present
month for the calculations of salary. However this practice may somewhat vary from one unit
/business to the other
8. PERSONNEL REGULATIONS.
(a) Probation /Confirmation
If you are newly appointed employee at the level of Dy.Manager or below you are normally
required to serve a one-year probationary period or as otherwise specifically prescribed. At the end
of the probation period,- your performance will be evaluated, and based on the assessment by your
seniors, a decision will be taken to either confirm you in the services of the company to extend the
period of probation or terminate your services and the decision as it may be, of the management,
will ,be intimated to you in writing. However it may be noted that either due to unsatisfactory work
performance or for any other reason whatsoever The services of a probationer are liable to be
terminated by the company by giving 7 (seven) days notice during the probationary period & one
month notice after confirmation.
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(c) Promotion
These are decided on the basis of consistently good performance over functional head, discussion
with the HRD & Personnel dept. or the unit head at you _location.
Casual leave
Leave availed of in the nature of personnel engagements and of casual nature will be adjusted
against "CL" standing to your credit. However if there is no casual leave is standing to your credit,
it will be adjusted against your privilege only.
Remaining unavailed CL will automatically stand lapsed at the end of the leave year / calendar
year.
Privileqe leave
The term privilege leave is synonymous with "Earned Leave" or "Annual Leave" and is meant for
an employee's rest & recuperation. The company therefore expects that an employee will avail of
privilege leave at least once in each year & have an enjoyable holidays so that he returns to work
fully refreshed . 1.25 leave after every 20 actual working days and total 15 days for which one must
have' actually worked for 240 days in the previous year before his entitlement begins: Earned leave
with pay is allowed as under:
a) 3 leave after completion of first quarter., ,
b) - Balance leave after completion of 4th quarter .
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All unavailed earned leaves are encashable at the end of the year. These shall not be carried over for
accumulation in the next year.
ESI is a statutory social security scheme extended by the Govt of India. All employees drawing a
gross salary (excluding conveyance allowance) upto Rs.6500/(Basic + HRA) per month are covered
under the scheme. They can avail of medical facilities for self, spouse, children, & dependent
parents at the rate of 1.75% by the employee and 4.75% by the employer
The Provident Fund Act of 1952 came into being to provide compulsory contribution on the
employer & that of the employee as an old age benefit to the employee.
According to its prevailing provision, the act states that "Every employee whose pay does not
exceed Rs.5000 PM (Basic earned) is required to becomb a member of the fund " However in our
organisation it is imperative for every employee, irrespective of the basic salary to become a
member of this fund".
The PF scheme is applicable to all the employees on the rolls of HAVELL'S and its other
associated subsidiaries companies. The employee contribution to the PF scheme is 12% of the basic
salary & Havell's also contributes an equal amount to employees provident fund account as per EPF
act 1952.
An employee can take loan from his PF contributions after fulfilling the necessary requirements.
The details of the same can be obtained from the personnel & HRD dept. at your location.
The entire contribution under this fund is payable to the employee under the following events.
(i) Voluntary or normal retirement of an employee.
(ii) In the event of the employee's death (amount will be paid to the nominee / nominees).
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(iii) If the employee retires due to permanent or total disablement.
(iv) On employees resigning from the company or settling abroad.(after certain number of
months )
(v) If the employee joins another company which does not have a PF facility
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d) Gratuity
As a part of the terminal benefit extended to all the employees gratuity becomes payable upon
cessation of the employment after rendering a continuos service of not less than 5 years either in
case (six months or more are considered to be one year).
-On Retirement
-On Resignation
After completion of every one year he will be entitled for 15 days salary as gratuity. However in
case of death the Gratuity benefits will be payable (minimum one year service is required for
qualifying this. scheme). The Gratuity shall be payable for every completed year of service or part
thereof in excess of six months the employer shall pay the gratuity to an employee at the rate of
fifteen days' wages based on the rate of wages last drawn by the employee concerned on the basis
of the following formula.
15/26 x Last salary drawn x Number of completed years of service
e) Maternity benefits
According to the Maternity Benefit Act 1961 maternity benefits are applicable to all married female
employees of the company, who have worked for atleast 80 (eighty) days preceding the 12 months
immediately the date of her expected delivery. The maximum duration for which any woman is
entitled to maternity benefits would not exceed 12 weeks, ordinarily six weeks upto & including the
day of the delivery & six weeks immediately following the date.
In case of miscarriage she shall on production of medical proof be entitled to avail leave with salary
(at the rate of maternity benefit) for a period of six weeks immediately following the day of her
miscarriage. In addition the employee can avail leave for a maximum period of one month in case
of her illness or illness of her child arising out of delivery. -
However in case of a miscarriage or illness the employee should submit a medical certificate from
the registered medical practitioner . After completion of maternity leave& before resuming duty the
employee would have to submit a fitness certificate'.
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f) Accident Insurance
Employees including managerial staff who have to travel regularly on office duty may be insured
against accident risks for an amount of Rs.1 Lac to 6 lacs according to their status as determined by
the company. The company shall pay 100% premium of such insurance. The categories are as
under:
They shall not be entitled for any medical benefit from`the company.. Employee not covered under
ESI scheme shall get medical relief as per the mentioned norms below.
Salary Entitlement
Rs. 6501/- and above (Basic + HRA) Equal to one-month Basic salary p.a.
This benefit is extended to the employee, his spouse, children & dependent parents. Medical bills
should be submitted, minimum 60% to 70% in original and balance can
be through declaration.
e) Leave Encashment
All the employees are entitled to this benefit. This benefit can be availed of provided privilege
leaves are standing to his credit The encashable amount would be calculated on the basis of his
prevailing total salary & is usually paid during
December/Jan every year. At the time of cessation of service either on account of Resignation,
Retirement or discharge the entire privilege standing to his credit is encashed as per the company
rule.
Loan scheme:
Presently, no specific loan scheme exists in the company but subject to availability of -additional
funds, loans may be given in exceptional cases on the 100% discretiion of the management for the
purpose of marriage of children, or dependent persons, housing, purchase of vehicle (in case of
entitlement) and or any unforeseen
circumstances.
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To avail loan prior sanction must be secured in the prescribed proforma from Head office before
any case is considered / recommended. Presently we are allowing loan facility giving salary
equivalent to one-month total salary & same should be deducted in six equal installments.
Notice of Termination
On Probation :
During the probation period, the company may terminate the services of the employee at any time
by giving 7days notice with or without assigning any reason whatsoever. Similarly the employee
would also be at liberty to leave the services of the company at any time upon giving 7days
prescribed notice.
On Confirmation
During the confirmed period, the company may terminate , the services of the employee at any
time by giving one-month notice with or without assigning any reason whatsoever. Similarly the
employee would also be at liberty to leave. the services of the company at any time giving one
month's prescribed notice.
Once accepted he will fill in a clearance form & get it signed from his departmental head. The-
relieving letter would be issued. Only after the acceptance of his resignation & when the
clearance form reaches the HRp & personnel dept. The full & final settlement of dues would be
initiated as soon as the relieving letter is issued.
The marketing and sales department has to submit No due certificate from all the dealers, before
leaving the company
Service Certificate:
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At the time of discharge, dismissal, termination of service, resignation or superannuation, an
employee shall be furnished with a service certificate in the prescribed form.
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TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
The company is growing with more products being sold to increasingly diverse set of customers &
competing against new set of competitors. It is therefore, imperative for us to keep abreast with
world engineering needs, market development & competition.
The main objective of T&D department is "to build a competent & competitive work force to meet
the challenges of growth & achieve the corporate mission". `Excellence' is moving target & the
means to achieve this is learning which in itself an unending process is". There is a constant need
for training in terms of product improvement and honing sales / marketing skill.
This needs result in establishing Training & Development dept., which impart training to the
employees in various fields. The process of training & retraining has been set into motion to bring
about a positive cultural & attitudinal change so as to ensure better responsiveness & accountability
among its employees & sufficient resources have been earmarked to promote continuos
development activities at all its business location in a planned, systematic & organized manner.
Most of the Training programs are conducted by in-house trainer who adds to the sense of
belonging to the company & an itch to do something. The major focus area comprises of:
• Corporate presentation programs.
• Product Training programs
• Sales management programs.
• Skill development programs.
• Technical education to dealers / customers
• Servicing of products tips for proper use & preventive maintenance of products.
The various training programs will be conducted at Head office in Delhi and Regional offices such
as Calcutta, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Cochin, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Chandigarh etc. Training
programs are conducted for executives & managers to improve Technical & Professional skills so
as to ensure positive contribution towards enhancing all round development of our employees as
well as organisation thus equipping all concerned towards better cohesiveness, improved,
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performance, & achievement of targeted results. These training programs build a sense of comrade
ship among the branches and also inter branch colleagues.
The training aims at updating the employees on the product, system & building the confidence to
motivate them in taking up the challenges to achieve growth, profitability & excellence.
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AN INTRODUCTION TO TRAINING:
Successful candidates placed on the job need training to perform their duties effectively Workers
must be trained to operate machines, reduce scrap and avoid accidents It is not only workers but
executives and supervisors who need training as well in order to enable them to acquire maturity
of thought and action Training and development constitute an ongoing process in any organization
Training thus means to turn members into productive insiders It is the second step after
recruitment, screening and selection The principles of learning make training work ,thus how a
person learns should be the guiding principle in explaining how a person should be trained Thus
training requires
Practice
Feedback
Motivation to learn
Thus training is systematic and intentional basically involving the felicitation of the learning
process Further training enhances three broad classes of skills
Motor skills: manipulation of physical environment based on certain patterns of bodily
movements
Cognitive skills: acqusitional of mental and attitudinal functions
Interpersonal skills: enhancing interactions with other people
No organization has unlimited resources, so training has to be done on the basis of identified
resources in three phases
PRE TRAINING
-Clear understanding of the situation that calls for more effective behavior
TRAINING-
Implementing the effectiveness in behavior
POST TRAINING-
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The management has to handle a person who is more confident, post training A lot of adjustment
is needed on both sides
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
a. PRIMARY DATA: Informal conversations were the source of information regarding the
training methods already followed and identification of the training needs of the workers
b. SECONDARY DATA: Information regarding the new methods that can be implemented
was collected on the basis of book research
In simple terms training and development refer to imparting of specific skills abilities and
knowledge to an employee A formal definition of training and development is
“ …………it is any attempt to improve current or future employee performance by increasing an
employee’s ability to perform through learning ,usually by changing the employees attitude or
increasing his or her skills and knowledge The need for training and development is determined by
employee’s performance deficiency which is computed as under:
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT NEED=
Standard performance
-Actual performance”
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According to Edward B. Flippo ”Training is the act of increasing the knowledge an skills of an
employee for doing a particular job”
Thus training is an organized activity for increasing the knowledge and skills of people for a
definite purpose It involves a systematic procedure for transferring technical know how to the
employees so as to increase their knowledge and skills for doing specific jobs with proficiency In
other words, the trainees acquire technical knowledge, skills and problem solving ability by
undergoing the training programme Training objectives should always be expressed in behavioral
terms to remove ambiguity and vagueness e.g. To have more productive workers (vague)
To increase output by 10%over current levels (behavioral terms)
TRAINING DEVELOPMENT
Training means learning skills and Development means the growth of an
knowledge for doing a particular job It employee in all respects It shapes attitudes
increases the job skills
The term training is generally used to The term development is associated with the
indicate imparting specific skills among overall growth of the executives
operative workers and employees
Training is concerned with maintaining and Executive development seeks to develop
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improving the current job performance Thus competence and skills for future
it has a short term perspective performance Thus it has a long term
perspective
Training is job centered in nature Development is career centered in nature
The role of trainer or supervisor is very All development is ‘self development’ The
important in training executives have to be internally motivated
for self development
TRAINING EDUCATION
Application oriented Theoretical orientation
Job experience Classroom learning
Specific task General concepts
Narrow perspective Broad perspective
To conclude, in order to bring about a distinction, amongst training development and education in
sharp focus it can be said that training is offered to operatives, whereas development programmes
are meant for employees in higher position Education however is common to all employees their
grade not withstanding
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
Optimize the workers performance in pursuit of organizational goals
To develop a person ‘s behavioral patterns in areas of knowledge skills or attitude to
achieve a desired performance level
Interaction during training programmes lets the management understand what motivates or
satisfies the workers
Leads to improvement in safety standards
Leads to understanding of corporate strategies
Manpower planning
Unifying individual objectives with those of the organization and vice versa
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INPUTS IN TRAINING NAD DEVELOPMENT
Any training and development programme must contain inputs which enable the participants to
gain skills, learn theoretical concepts and help acquire vision to look into the distant future In
addition to these there is a need to impart ethical orientation, emphasize on attitudinal changes and
stress upon decision making and problem solving abilities
SKILLS
There are three kinds of skills that need to be imparted These are
• Basic skills/technical skills
• Motor skills
• Interpersonal skills
It also enables to operate machines and use other equipment with least damage and scrap Without
the basic skill an operator will not be able to function properly Motor or psychomotor skills on the
other hand refer to performance of specific physical activities These skills involve learning to
move various parts of one’s body in response to internal and external stimuli Lastly employees
particularly supervisors and executives need interpersonal or the people skill to understand oneself
and others better and act accordingly
EDUCATION
The purpose of education is to teach theoretical concepts and develop a sense of reasoning and
judgment that any T&D programme must contain an element of education is well understood by
the HR professionals Any such programme has university professors as resource person to
enlighten participants about theoretical knowledge of the topics proposed to be discussed
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DEVELOPMENT
Another component of training and development programme is development, which is less skill
oriented but stresses on knowledge An organization expects the following from its mangers when
they are deputed to attend training and development programme
• How to make managers self-starters How to imbue them with a sense of commitment and
motivation so that they become self-starters?
• How to make them subordinate their parochial, functional loyalties to the interests of the
organization as a whole?
• How to make them result oriented? How to help them to see and internalize the
differences between activity and results between efficiency and effectiveness?
• How to make them sensitive to the environment in which they function both at the
workplace and outside
• How to make them aware of themselves –their potentials and their limitations How to help
them to see themselves as others see them?
• How to teach them to communicate without filters to see and feel others view points
• How to help them to understand power and thereby develop leadership styles which
inspire and motivate others?
• How to instill a zest for excellence a divine discontent a nagging dissatisfaction with the
status quo
ETHICS
There is a need for imparting greater ethical orientation as they are largely ignored It is also
significant because of the following reasons:
• Ethics correspond to the basic human needs All of s want to be ethical in our personal lives
and business dealings too
• Values create credibility in public
• Values lend management credibility with employees They provide a common language for
aligning a company’s leadership and its people
• Ethical attitudes help management make better decisions which are in the interest of the
public the employees and in the long run the company itself
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• Ethical practices are good even from the profitability point of view According to a survey
organizations that showed the highest concern were the ones that showed highest profits
• Finally ethics are important because government and law cannot always protect the society
but ethics can
ATTITUDNAL CHANGES
Attitude represent feelings and beliefs of individuals towards others Attitudes affect motivation,
satisfaction and job commitment Negative attitudes need to be converted into positive ones
Negative attitudes are difficult to change because
• Employees refuse to change
• They have prior commitments; and
• Information needed to change attitude may not be sufficient
Just like the budget TNA estimates the training needs of the different levels of employees in the
organization Although this is done at the beginning of the year, yet to make my concepts clearer I
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was asked to submit an exhaustive list of many topics, on which training could be carried out at he
different levels The levels were classified into:
Top level
Middle level
Lower level
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11. Stress management
12. Conflict resolution
13. Labour relations
14. Business ethics and conduct
15. Self appraisal
16. Counseling
17. Planning, organizing and controlling
18. Management by objectives
19. Job enrichment
20. Effective communication
21. OD interventions
22. Civil rights and equal opportunity programs
23. Employee empowerment
24. Customer development (marketing)
25. Personal development
26. Customer relationship management (marketing department)
27. Grievance handling (particularly the HR department)
28. Technology trends
29. Training for internal trainers
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FOR THE MIDDLE LEVEL
1. Manpower planning
2. Job enrichment
3. Self appraisal
4. Civil rights and equal opportunity programme
5. Work performance and conduct
6. Security and safety
7. Labour relations
8. Prevention of stock shortages and equipment failures
9. Effective communication
10. Interpersonal skills
11. Technology trends
12. Supervision
13. Training for internal trainers
14. Quality management
15. Basic decision making
16. Cost cutting
17. Motivation
18. Team building
19. Kaizen and 5S
20. Disciplinary training
41
number of workers to gain knowledge the venue was shifted over to the company’s garden The
timings were 6:00-7:00PM i.e. after the days work was over
Mr. Sanjay Kumar Nagar provided the training, Head HR &Administration He imparted training
on the following topics
1.Effective communication
2.5s
3.Kaizen
4.Hygiene and safety
Hindi in its simplest and spoken form was used, as a medium of instruction Humor was an
important element without which the attendance would have been quite low these meetings had an
air of relaxed informality where participation and questions were encouraged on the part of
workers
42
FACTORS THAT ENSURE SUCCESS OF A TRAINING PROGRAMME
43
The job of a training manager
Produce a
Design the training
-Target population analysis
process and produce a
-Task analysis
training plan
-Performance analysis
The systems approach to training given by Eckstrand involves seven major steps
1.define training objectives
2.develop criterion measure to evaluate training
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3.define training contents
4.design methods and training materials
5.integrate training programmes and trainees
6.compare graduates to criteria standards set in step 2
7.modify step 3 &4 based upon results in step 6
Recognition of the
Stimulus
Recognition of the
need to change
Diagnosis
Goals
In other words we can say that Training needs assessment (TNA) is the examination or the
diagnostic portion of the training system, the system that TNA examines are often referred to as
perceived performance deficiencies A perceived performance deficiency exists where there is a
difference between the expected and perceived job performance Perceived performance deficiency
can be equated with the reasons that often lead to losses within organizations or with the
symptoms of the need to change The example below depicts this in a clearer way:
46
Failure to train SYMPTOMS OF THE NEED TO Failure to
workers CHANGE motivate the
effectively 1.low productivity employees
2.high absenteeism
3high turnover
4low employee morale
5high grievances
STIMULUS: The trainer’s communication must be scientific and to the point The trainee should
understand what he is going to learn The instructor must use all or at least most of the sense organs
of the trainee so as to get maximum possible participation
RESPONSE: The trainer must observe the responses of the trainees as well as the result of his
stimuli The responses of the trainees can be observed either by asking questions or allowing him to
do the job according to his directions The instructor should allow the repetition of the correct
response and encourage the trainees to retain the improved behaviour
MOTIVATION: The trainee must be motivated to learn Unless the trainee is motivated and
interested in learning, even a good instructor cannot train him Thus a positive attitude towards
learning must be inculcated in the trainee
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REWARDS AND INCENTIVES: Rewards and incentives act as a stimulus for the trainee to
satisfy his need for social approval For any effective training programme the management must
have a provision for the trainees The management must give sufficient information about the
reward whether in the form of financial or non financial benefits to the trainees who will come out
successfully of the training programme
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Any well done TNA is time consuming and costly ,it may seem logical that many organizations
do not conduct a TNA prior to training
TNA increases the probability of a successful training effort by determining if and how training
can help to solve a particular problem It is impossible for trainers to prove that their training
activity caused an improvement in job performance without conducting a TNA
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KEY STEPS INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING A TNA
• Defining the perceived performance deficiency
• Prioritizing the problem
• Identifying the job requirements, trainees skills and abilities and environmental constraints
on correcting the deficiency
• Developing the behavioral description of the need
1. PERSON ANALYSIS
A person analysis compares the individual with the task requirements The individual must
have the necessary KSA as well as the motivation and the opportunity to perform the task
Training the incumbent can typically rectify the deficiencies that are due to lack of skill or
knowledge To ascertain whether a lack of KSA is the cause of the performance deficiency the
incumbent must be asked to perform the desired behavior
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2. DEFINE THE DEFICIENCY IN BEHAVIORAL TERMS
The first step in the diagnostic process is to clearly define the deficiency in the behavioral
terms, that needs to be corrected In a reactive TNA the problem is typically identified as a
result of the performance appraisal Problem identification for a proactive TNA stems from
performance appraisal in conjunction with a planning process Whatever be the source or type,
there is often a tendency to state the problem in terms of the perceived solutions rather than in
behavioral terms According to Mager and Pipe one way of removing the problem is to ask the
individual defining the problem “what specific behaviors are not taking place that should
be” Without a specific behavioral description of the problem an accurate TNA is highly
improbable.
ORGANISATIONAL GOALS: The extent to which the performance deficiency hinders the
attainment of organizational goals
RESOURCES: The capacity to take corrective action must also be considered Just as any
individual has strengths and weaknesses so to do training departments (and immediate
supervisors) differ in their abilities to rectify the performance problems These along with other
resource limitations (such as budget and time constraints must be considered)
PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS: The objective of training is to improve
performance by changing behavior Even if a training need is accurately identified and the
correct timing is effectively administered there are still a variety of factors that may inhibit
behavioral change One such factor is the particular climate/culture of the organization
Orientation towards development is a dimension of climate that has been identified by several
researchers The table on the next page lists a variety of resources that can be used in
organizational analysis.
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DATA SOURCE TRAINING NEED IMPLICATION
RECOMMENDED
Organizational goals Were the training emphasis can and should be placed These
and objectives provide normative standards of both direction and expected
impact which can highlight deviations from objective and
performance problems
Manpower inventory Where training is needed to fill the gaps caused by retirement
turnover age etc This provides an important demographic
data base regarding possible scope of the training programme
Skill inventory Number of employees in each skill group, knowledge and
skill level training time per job etc This provides an estimate
of the magnitude of the specific training needs Useful in cost
benefit analysis of training projects
Organizational These “quality of working life” indicators at the
climate indices organizational level may help focus on problems that have
training components
Analysis of effective Cost accounting concepts may represent ratio between actual
indices performance and the standard or desired
Changes in system or New or changed equipment may present training problems
subsystem
Management requests One of the most commom techniques of TNA
or interrogation
Exit interviews Often information not otherwise available can be obtained in
these problem areas and supervisory training needs specially
MBO or Work Provides performance review potential review and long term
Planning and Review business objective Provides actual performance data on
systems recurring basis so that base line measurement may be known
subsequently improvements may be made
Of all the sources listed the most useful for an organizational analysis is the organizations goal
and objectives In larger organizations a formal strategic document exists which the trainer
should not only read but analyze to get the true feeling for the direction in which the
organization is headed
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Even if the KS is acquired there is no guarantee that the deficiency will be eliminated Training
can only rectify a deficiency which is due to the lack of KS.However, the capacity to perform
will not result in performance if the other two variables are not present analysis The
assessment of whether these variables are present is referred to as work environment
4. DEVELOP OBJECTIVES
The information obtained in the job, person and work environment analysis is used to develop
the training objectives Many advocate this approach while others have questioned its value.
Critics have typically stated that behavioral objectives are rigid and fail to consider individual
learning styles
While the purpose of training in the business context has changed very little over the past several
years, the approach, the methods and the techniques used have progressed considerably Specialists
have become more aware of what their role should be, what trends to motivate people to work in
various kinds of employment and what are the most acceptable and profitable ways of achieving
the desired performance from individuals and groups Employers too have grown to recognize the
value of investing in training with these ends in view
It has been accepted over some years that all training can be categorized under the heading of
knowledge skills and attitudes At one time little distinction was made between these three areas
Skills were seen to be acquired when knowledge of the method process or system was passed on
either by word of mouth or in writing Learners were expected to be proficient in a job after being
told what to do Those who were slow learners were considered untrainable and thus discharged
The approach to attitude in training was negative Employees were often seen to have the wrong
attitude when they failed to meet the employer’s demand but it wasn’t in practice to inculcate the
right attitude i.e. the one that could be accepted as constructive But the work of behavioral
scientists has helped to bring about a change in the recent years Trainers today are aware that men
cannot be treated like machines
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The distinction between knowledge and skills has also come about much by reason of workers
pressure as because of managerial enlightenment Employees were outsiders and the business
secrets were not divulged to them They lived in blissful ignorance of the aims of the organization
and the significance of themselves Today managements have become aware of the facts that
employees who re kept in the picture about what is going on are likely to accept and give
commitment to management decisions After all uncertainty can have a more damaging effect on
workforce than bad news
Moreover employees need to be continually updated in specific work areas Many, but not
employees are dedicated enough to undertake private study to keep abreast of the latest
developments in their field Self development according to most trainers is the best and the most
effective means of training Nevertheless the employers have a responsibility towards the
employees Thus there is a continuous need for ‘knowledge ‘training Not only is it necessary to
cover the knowledge required to enable an employee to carry out a specific job but a good deal
more information about the business has to be imparted if a person is to be made the contributing
member of the team
In selecting training and development techniques, trade off exists That is no single technique is
always best: the best method depends on: cost effectiveness, desired programme content,
learning principles, appropriateness of the facilities, trainee preferences and capabilities The
importance of these six trade offs depend s on the situation There is a range of ‘teaching
methods’ available to trainers Each method has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of
the ‘objective ‘ of a particular training programme The difference between training methods lie
mainly in terms of the trainees personal involvement or participation in the process of learning
The choice of the training method depends on
• Experience and competence of the instructor; and
• How much a particular group of trainees will learn from a particular method or a
combination of methods
• The intellectual level and educational background of the participants, the participants
age and practical experience
• Depends on the social and cultural factors in the environment Now many participative
methods are accepted and used in management training
• Some methods are more effective in achieving certain objectives than others
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• It also depends on the time and availability of resources and infrastructure al facilities
Training may be classified lucidly as given by Yoder into the following categories
1. General training methods
2. Rank and file job training methods
3. Craft training method
4. Executive training method
5. Special training method
The second classification can be on the basis where the training takes place i.e.
1. On the job training
2. Off the job training
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TYPES OF TRAINING METHODS ON THE BASIS OF ABOVE CLASIFICATION
58
• SUPERVISORY TRAINING
Supervisory training needs reveal utmost divergence in view of the divergent duty of
the supervisor Employee attitude survey s help in finding areas of supervisory training
Likewise supervisors themselves may be requested to indicate the areas where they
need training Frequently these surveys indicate that supervisors need training in human
relations, production control, company policies and how to instruct Supervisory
courses consist of Job method training (JMT) and Job relations training (JRT)
The JMT helps the supervisors to improve methods in their departments, while the
JRT helps them in handling human relations problems in their departments
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JIT may include the following steps
1. The trainee receives an overview of the job, its purpose and its desired
outcomes with an emphasis on the relevance of the training
2. The trainer demonstrates the job to give the employees a model to
copy
3. The trainee then mimics the trainer’s example
4. Demo by the trainer and practice by the trainees is continued till the
job is mastered
5. On the above basis a continuous feedback is received
6. Finally the employee performs the job without supervision, although
the trainer may visit the employee to see if there are any lingering
questions
ADVANTAGES
• It is easily organized, is realistic and stimulates high motivation
• It speeds up the workers adjustment to his superior and fellow workers
• The cost of such a training is quite low
• In terms of learning principles, the method facilitates positive transfer since the
training and actual work situations are almost identical
• It provides active practice and immediate knowledge of results
DISADVANTAGES
The assigned instructor may be a poor teacher
• The instructor may be antagonized by an additional assignment
• The worker in his haste for immediate production may fail to learn the best way
of doing the job
• The actual costs considering the trainers time loss (if the trainee fails to learn the
job properly) as well as the wasted material and damaged equipment may be
heavy
• The training programmes are often briefly and poorly structured
• Many established workers find teaching a new recruit to be a nuisance and the
new employee may be pressured to master the task too quickly
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Before implementing effective JIT programme, one should take into account certain
things, these are as under:
• Firstly the choice of trainers should be based upon their ability to teach and
their desire to take this added responsibility
• The trainer should be trained in proper methods of instructions
• Adequate evaluation of the trainers progress has to be made frequently and
then fed off back to the trainee using reliable and valid methods
• Trainers and trainees should be carefully paired in order to minimize
differences in background languages personality, attitudes or age that may
inhibit communication
• The trainer must be made to realize the importance of close supervision in
order to avoid trainee injuries
• JIT should be used in conjunction with other training approaches such as
programmed instruction lectures and films
JOB ROTATION
To cross train employees in a variety of jobs, some trainers move a trainee from job to job by job
instruction training This is a method of training wherein workers rotate through a variety of jobs,
thereby providing them a wider exposure Trainees are placed in different jobs in different parts of
the organization for a specified period of time They may spend several days or even years in
different company locations In this way they get an overall perspective of the organization Besides
giving workers variety in their jobs it helps the organizations in vacations ,absences downsizing or
when resignations occur It helps workers to sharpen their skills and is used to develop people for
higher level positions by exposing them to a wide range of experience in a relatively short span of
time It is used for both blue collared as well as white collared positions
ADVANTAGES
• High degree of learner participation and job transferability
• Creates flexibility during manpower shortages
• Workers having the right skills can step in to fill open slots
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• The method provides new and different work on systematic basis giving employees
a variety of experiences and challenges
• Employees also increase their flexibility and marketability as they can perform a
wide array of tasks
LIMITATIONS
• Time consuming and expensive
• Due to individual differences different employees are not equally suited for all
jobs It weakens a worker’s commitment to a given job
• Job rotation also challenges one of the basic principles of personnel placement:
that workers be assigned to job that best matches their talents and challenges
APPRENTICESHIP
Apprenticeship training is ancient device An apprentice is a worker who is learning a trade but
who has not reached the state where he is competent to work without supervision It is particularly
common in the skilled trades. Organizations that employ skilled trade people such as plumbers,
carpenters, masons, printers and sheet metal workers may develop journeymen by conducting
formal apprentices programmes A new worker is tutored by a established worker An
apprenticeship lasts 2 to 5 years Classroom instructions are imparted typically in the evenings for
144 or more hours per year Each apprentice is usually given a workbook consisting of reading
material, tests to be taken and practice problems to be solved The apprentice serves as an assistant
and learns the craft by working with a fully skilled member of the trade called a Journeyman This
training is used in such trades ,crafts and technical fields in which proficiency can be acquired
after a relatively long period of direct association with the work and under the direct supervision of
experts At the end of apprenticeship programme ,the person is “promoted” to journeyman
ADVANTAGES
Training is intense, lengthy and usually on one to one basis
DISADVANTAGES
This kind of training basically discriminates and gives preference treatment to friends and relatives
Time use in the programme is on basis of advancement rather than demonstrated ability This result
in some skilled apprentices remaining at minimal wages, a situation that companies sometimes
have exploited
The members of the trade predetermine the amount of time an apprenticeship lasts
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COACHING
At management levels, coaching of immediate subordinates by their managers is common
Coaching is similar to apprenticeships because the coach attempts to provide a model for the
trainee to copy It tends to be less formal than an apprenticeship programme because there are few
formal classroom sessions and because it is provided when needed rather than being part of a
carefully planned programme Coaching is almost always handled by the supervisor or the manager
not by the HR department
ADVANTAGES
• Coaching thrives in a “climate of confidence”, a climate in which subordinates respect the
integrity and capacity of their superiors
• Coaching can take greatest advantage of the possibilities of individualized instruction
concentrating on those specific stimulus situations subordinates find hardest to deal with,
those specific performances subordinates find hardest to improve and the kind and quality
of feedback which can have great impact on subordinates
• Participation, feedback and job transference are likely to be high in this form of learning
DISADVANTAGES
• Coaching is likely not to be effective as less directive approaches such as nondirective
counseling or sensitivity training the trainees shortcomings are emotional or personal
Coaching may be effective if relations between trainee and coach are ambiguous, in that
the trainee cannot trust the coach
VESTIBULE TRAINING
To keep instructions from disrupting normal operations, some organizations use vestibule training
This type of training is often used in production work A vestibule consists of training equipment
that is set up a short distance from actual production line The method is good for promoting
practice a learning principle involving the repetition of behavior These special training areas are
used for skilled and semiskilled jobs particularly those involving technical equipment
ADVANTAGES
Trainees can practice in the vestibule without getting in the way or slowing down the production
line
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DISADVANTAGES
Vestibule is small so relatively few people can be trained at the same time
OFF THE JOB TRAINING TECHNIQUES
Off the job methods are those training and development programmes that take place away from the
daily pressures of the job and are conducted by highly competent outside resource people who
often serve as trainers, which is one of the main advantages of this method Such people include
technicians, consultants and university faculty Its major drawback is the transfer problem Too
often trainees learn new facts and principles at lectures workshops and conferences but have no
idea how to apply them, once they are back in their jobs
LECTURES
The lecture method is a popular form of instruction in educational institutions Even though the
effectiveness of the lecture method is often questioned many instructors find themselves 30%-50%
of their time lecturing It is also used in industry Lectures consist of meeting in which one or a
small number of those present actually play an active part The lecturer may be a member of the
company or a guest speaker Before preparing a lecture the following 4 questions must be
considered
• Who is your audience?
• What is your audience?
• What is the available time?
• What is the subject matter?
Besides the following points must be considered:
It should be brief and to the point, presenting the theme of the subject in a manner
that arouses the interest of the audience from the start
The speaker must poised courteous and sincere
Simple language must be used
The method is generally used when:
1. Basic theoretical knowledge has to be built up before actual practice
2. When the summary of some research work has to be communicated
3. With a more homogeneous audience a trainer can direct the lecture to specific topics and
techniques which is often more beneficial than using some broad based material
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MERITS:
• Large number of people can be trained /taught at the same time
• Method is cost efficient and effective
• Lecture method has more participant acceptability than training directions
DEMERITS:
• It gives very little opportunity for active practice, development, knowledge of results and
transfer of learning
• It produces staleness and monotony resulting in less absorption of knowledge by students
• Trainees themselves have to understand and personalize the contents of a lecture
• There is a little chance for dialogue, questions or discussion of individual problems and
special interests
• It is not suitable for courses where people with work experience are participating
• There is one way communication, no interaction among group members is encouraged
• The method cannot adopt itself to the individual differences and is farthest from reality
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AUDIO VISUAL TECHNIQUES:
Audiovisual techniques cover an array of training techniques, such as films slides and videotapes.
It allows participants to see while listening and is usually quite good at capturing their interests
These allow a trainers message to be uniformly given to numerous organizational locations at one
time and to be reused as often as required It is important to note that people remember 20%of what
they hear, 30% of what they see and 50% of what they see and hear
AVAILABLE DEVICES
Blackboard: It is inexpensive and is available in all lecture halls Its use require no prior
preparation is very useful for demonstrating calculations and formulations One of the major
disadvantages of using a blackboard is that the speaker has to turn away from the audience
Flip chart: It can replace the blackboard with the advantage that no erasing is required It is
especially useful for single presentations which may not justify the designing of costly visuals
Limitation of space is a major disadvantage Drawings have to be stored away flat to avoid damage
OVERHEAD PROJECTOR: It projects large size transport images onto a screen under normal
lighting conditions
MERITS:
• Useful for training people in a work process or a sequence as they can more readily trace
the pattern of work flow when laid out graphically
• The trainer can readily face the audience retaining an eye contact and thus make his talk
more effective
• According to a study conducted by Konz and Duckey, a slide presentation is superior to
verbal and printed instruction in training employees to complete various work assembly
operations
• Videotapes are extremely useful in time and motion study in recording employees’ job
behavior which can be later evaluated and feedback provided
• They are time saving as copies of the same films can be mailed to all plants at one time
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• Trainees can also be provided with immediate visual feedback of their behavior when
necessary
LIMITATIONS:
• A trainer cannot modify formal visuals in response to new situations and in answering
questions
• If the training content changes, a whole new film has to be made
Sometimes the lecture method may be followed by a conference, giving the participants a chance
to share opinion about the material An effective trainer can get all the participants involved even
the less vocal ones The success of this method depends largely on the skills personality and
education of the discussion leader
The conference method can draw on the learning principles of motivation and feedback
MERITS
• Stimulated participants readily join in the discussion and then receive feedback on their
ideas from others in the group This method is used to enhance knowledge or attitudinal
development
• This method does not usually involve any tangible assets other than people, the
attitudes, enthusiasm and verbal communication skills of the participants affect the
outcome more than for any other training method
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DEMERIT
• This method is only restricted to small groups and therefore, it proves to be costly
ROLE PLAYING:
Role playing believes that learning is facilitated by active participation rather than passive
reception This is a training method often aimed at enhancing either human relations, skills or sales
techniques Role playing can be defined as an educational or therapeutic technique in which some
problems involving human interaction, real or imaginary is presented and then spontaneously acted
out Participants suggest how the problem can be handled more effectively in the future The acting
is followed by discussion and analysis to determine what happened and why and if necessary how
the problem can be handled in the future Role playing is less structured than acting, where
performers have to say lines on cue Participants are assigned different roles in the scenario to be
enacted so in this way it is a device that forces trainees to assume different identities Usually
participants exaggerate each others behaviour Ideally ,they get to see themselves as others see
them The experience may create greater empathy and tolerance of individual differences and is
therefore well suited to diversity training which aims to create a work environment conducive to a
diverse workforce The unique values of role playing include the following
• It requires a person to carry out a thought or decision he may have reached Role playing
experience demonstrates the gap between thinking and doing
• It permits the practice of carrying out an action and make it clear that good human
relations require skills
• Attitudinal change is effectively accomplished by placing the person in the specified role
• It trains a person to be aware of, and be sensitive to others feelings The information serves
as feedback of the effect his behaviour has on other people
• A fuller appreciation of the important part played by feelings in determining behaviour in
social situations is developed
• Each person is able to discover his own personal faults
• It permits training in control of feelings and emotions
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1. Structured role play is characterized by use of written cases selected from
text or written to meet organizational training objectives It can further be
subdivided into three types
• Single role play consists of two or three playing out roles in front of a class
ADVANTAGE
It allows the entire class to examine in depth all the dynamics and complexities
involved when individuals attempt to solve a problem or understand one another
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DISADVANTAGES
a. If players do badly, it may be difficult for the trainers to handle the negative comments
about them that are likely to emerge in the discussion following the role play
b. Regardless of the number of roles in any written role play, burden is placed on only one of
the players
c. Some players tend to feel embarrassed performing in front of the entire class
• Multiple role play is the one in which all the trainees are players Each player
is given a written role or an assignment as an observer and then the entire class
role plays at the same time It causes almost no embarrassment to the players
and sharply reduces the problems related to negative comments about
ineffective role play behaviour The problem in this type is that very little time
can be allowed for discussion of process experiences of each individual group
• Role rotation consists typically of one person playing the role usually that of
an individual who has a problem and having several class members attempt to
use their skills to handle the situation Participants tend to feel less embarrassed
and are more willing
2.Spontaneous role play is used to help the participant acquire an insight into his
own problem and not on skill development The trainee elicits some problem from
the group itself and does not use written material
ADVANTAGE
It tends to develop more deeply into motivations and assumptions that influences a
role player’s behaviour
DISADVANTAGE
The major problem is that it requires extremely high skills on the part of the
trainer and only a few persons get an opportunity of active participation
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THE WARM UP:
The objective of the warm up is to get the trainees participate in a constructive
manner with minimum anxiety and maximum motivation The trainee’s
introduction to the session should be such that it would arouse interest of the
trainees
THE ENACTMENT:
Before carrying out enactment the trainer should do the following
• Read aloud the general information
• Those who have volunteered to role play are given briefing sheets and
sent out of the room with the instruction of not to communicate among
themselves
• The instructor should clarify all the doubts that the role player might have
• Role players take their positions facing the class
• To begin the role play, the trainer sets the scene by restarting the identity
of the roles being enacted and making a brief statement about what has
just happened
POST ENACTMENT:
In conducting post enactment discussion, reaction to role-play
should be obtained from the people who have acted a role-play
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ADVANTAGE
• By “putting their feet in the other person’s shoe” participants gain some
understanding of what it is like to experience interpersonal conflict from
someone else’s position
DISADVANTAGE
• Some people tend to put more emphasis on acting out rather than problem
solving
However managerial personnel have indicated only a fair acceptance of this method of training
CASE STUDY:
By studying the case, trainees learn about real or hypothetical circumstances and the action s
others take under those circumstances Besides learning the content of the case a person can
develop decision making skills particularly the analytical skills
According to KR Andrews “business case is a written description of an actual situation in
business which provokes in the reader the need to decide what is going on what the situation
really is or what the problems are and what can and should be done”
Cases are organized around one or more problems or issues that are confronted by an organization
Cases are designed primarily to illustrate problem issues rather than to portray “success stories”
Cases can range in length from one page to over fifty pages The method calls for language skills
But many people are sent to case study courses primarily because they lack communication skills
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ADVANTAGES
• When cases are meaningful and similar to work related situations there is
some transference
• There also is the advantage of participation through discussion of the case
It improves participants skills in problem analysis, communication and
particularly brings home to the participant that nothing is absolutely “right
or wrong” in the field of human behaviour
DISADVANTAGES
Feed back and reception are usually lacking
One inherent difficulty is personal bias
According to Castore trainees may grow tired of case study after being exposed to it for awhile and
find other methods more involving and more interesting
Survey results indicate that the case method is considered by the training directors to be the best
method of developing problem solving skills
SIMULATION
Simulation is an approach that replicate certain essential characters of the real world organization
so that the trainees can react to it as if it were the real thing and then consequently transfer what
has been learned from the to their job As the name implies, simulation training is based on a
reproduction of some aspect of job reality
Coppard defines simulation as “a representation of a real life situation which attempts to duplicate
selected components of the situation along with their interrelationships in such a way that it can be
manipulated by the user” Simulation usually enhances cognitive skills, particularly decision
making Avery popular training technique for higher level jobs in which the employees must
process large amounts of information
Simulation have many forms –some use expensive technical instruments while others are far less
costly Some simulations need only one participant, while others may involve as many as 15 to 20
people working together as a team Simulations are broad based training techniques that can be
adapted to suit a company’s need By using equipment simulators workers can practice new
behaviour and operate certain complex equipment free of danger to themselves Equipment
simulators can range from simple mock ups to computer based simulations of complete
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environments Some of them are utilized to train a single individual and others are used for team
training
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DISAVANTAGES
• These games are expensive to conduct and to administer
• The method is essentially individual and non interactive
• It provides very little opportunity for learning team building activities
B. BUSINESS GAMES
It is described as a dynamic training exercise utilizing a model of a business situation This trains
the employee in certain skills within the rules of the game participants try to meet the stated
objectives of the exercise Participants may be divided into various teams which are placed in
competition to each other in resolving some problem information which may be supplied to all the
teams The game illustrates the value of analytic technique such as use of mathematical model to
arrive at the optimal solution
Business games are developed to simulate interpersonal relations problems, financial, budgeting
and resource allocation problems It is a simulation which consists of a sequential decision making
exercise structured around the hypothetical model of an organizations operations in which the
participants assume roles in managing the simulated operations It attempts to reproduce the social
psychological and economic dynamics or organizational behaviour in an artificial setting
Participants are told about the objective of the game and evaluated on the basis of how far they are
able to meet the objectives
ADVANTAGES
• They are time saving thereby provide the trainees with many years of experience in a few
days
• They are able to demonstrate some very broad but vital facets of organizational life
• It helps in modifying attitudes to a great extent
• Provides experience in the application of statistical and analytical methods
• These games are quite absorbing and interest provoking
• They give the trainee the opportunity to learn from experience without the fear of failure
or the consequences
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• They are excellent means of emphasizing the importance of long range planning i.e. a
business should run on the basis of well established policies rather than short range
opportunistic one
DISADVANTAGES
• It is too costly in cases where computers are needed, the cost goes still higher
• It may become only a game to be won without any learning outcomes
• Some games may be too simplified models of reality to be effective for real learning of
actual business situations
• Many games involve only quantitative variables completely ignoring the human aspect
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
It is a training approach which makes the advantage of private tutoring available to large group of
students being trained in new skills Programmed instruction is one of the innovations used in
teaching technology developed in recent years but its origin goes to the research of learning
theorist BF Skinner The method involves an actual piece of equipment usually called the
Teaching machine or a specially constructed paper booklet In either case, the method has three
characteristics:
• The participants are active and they determine their own learning pace
• What is to be learned involves many discrete pieces of material, and the participants get
immediate feedback on whether they have learned each piece
• The material to be learned is prepared in such a way that it can be presented to the learner
in a series of sequential steps These steps progress from simple to more complex level of
instruction The information to be taught is presented in the form of a programme The
person who writes the programme is is called the programmer and the people for whom
the programme is being written is referred to as the target population
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• INTRINSIC OR BRNDING PROGRAMMING: This form developed by Dr Crowder
makes the student work through the programme by one of the several “paths” or
“branches” according to the response he chooses
• ADAPTIVE PROGRAMMING: Developed by Gordon Pask these programmes can only
be presented in machines which “adapt” to the trainees This form makes allowance for
more variations in student ability
ADVANTAGES
• It reduces the training time
• The learning takes place at the student’s own pace
• Participants get immediate feedback
• Since the material is presented in a precise and systematic manner there is no gap in
presentation
• The participants are active learners, there is a constant exchange of information among
them
• When participants make mistakes they suffer no embarrassment as they are the only one s
who know that a mistake has been made
• Fast learners don’t have to wait for the slow ones to catch up
• Administrative simplicity and increased productivity in training results in lower training
cost per student
• An individual may receive instructions at any time
DISADVANTAGES
• There is an absence of a teacher, the book becomes the teacher The learner has to be highly
motivated to continue learning
• Developing programmed instructions is time consuming
• The material has to be broken into a number of logical steps since there are several correct
ways to perform a task
• This method does not appear to improve training performance in terms of immediate
learning or retention over a time compared to other conventional methods
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COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION
It is one of the newest developments in instructional methodology It is a logical extension of
programmed instruction and shares many of its benefits
ADVANTAGES
• CAI has the advantage of individual pace instruction and a considerably wider range of
application
• It requires less time to teach the same amount of information than any conventional
method Trainees also react favorably to this method
• The computer is capable of assessing the progress of the trainees and can also adapt to his
needs by virtue of its storage and memory capacities
• It presents the advantage of standard presentation, structured practices and instant
specific feedback
DISADVANTAGE
• The major drawback to CAI for most organizations is the initial high costs
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SYNDICATE METHOD
Working in small groups to achieve a particular purpose is described as Syndicate method The
essence of this method is that the participants learn from each other and contribute their own
experience to the fullest The syndicate method is designed to provide the participant an
environment that would help him to reflect critically on his own work and experience; to
update his knowledge of new concepts and techniques with the help of other co participants to
develop sound judgment through greater insight into the human behaviour The method is
suitable for training and development of executives with considerable experience It is not
useful in the case of management students without any experience
The participants are divided into groups consisting of about eight to ten participants These
groups are called syndicates Each syndicate functions as a team that can represent various
functions as well as interest areas The syndicates are given assignments which have to be
furnished and a report submitted by specific date and time By rotation each member of the
syndicate becomes the leader for completing the specific task Each assignment to the syndicate
is given in the form of a “brief” This is a carefully prepared document by the faculty Generally
each syndicate is required to submit a report which is circulated to other syndicates for critical
evaluation
ADVANTAGES
• It secures a very high level of involvement from the participants
• For the practicing managers their own experience is the starting point in this method
• It is a method of self development, which is obviously the best development
• The method gives the participant a practice in communicating with his colleague and
understanding them
• It provides an environment far away from his daily working situation and thus free from
the pressures and biases
• It involves interaction over an extended period of time and living together with a large
cross section of people from different types of organizations with varied functional interest
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DISADVANTAGES
• If the syndicate is not structured properly it could lead to a lot of wastage of time and cause
frustration
• In the absence of proper pressure on the participants by trainers or participants themselves
some participants might start dragging their feet
BEHAVIOUR MODELLING
According to social learning theory, most human behaviour is learnt observationally through
modeling when social learning theory is applied to industrial training programme it is
commonly referred to as behaviour modeling. It is generally used to improve the interpersonal
and communication skills of supervisors in dealing with the subordinates.
There are a number of training sessions and each session follows the same format The topic is first
introduced by the trainer and then a film is shown depicting the supervisor model effectively
handling a situation followed by asset of three to six learning parts that are shown in the film
immediately before and after the model is presented A group discussion is held in which the
effectiveness of the method is discussed After this the practice session starts in which one of the
trainee assumes the role of an employee And then feedback from the training class is given on the
effectiveness of each trainee in demonstrating the desired behaviour.
At the end of each training session the trainees are given copies of the learning points and are
asked to try and apply them to their job in the following week It has been found that this
programme has had desirable effects on learning behaviour and performance criteria
Employees may learn a new behaviour by observing and then imitating the new behaviour
recreation of the behaviour may be videotaped so that the trainer and the trainee can review it
When watching the ideal behaviour the trainee also gets to see negative consequences of not
following the right behaviour By observing the positive and negative consequences the employee
receives enforcement that enables him to correct the behaviour This approach has been
successful in teaching supervisors how to discipline employees and is particularly common in
athletics
SENSTIVITY TRAINING
It provides the participants with an opportunity to actually experience some concept of
management just as a manager would experience them in his organizational situation Sensitivity
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training purports to develop awareness and sentiments to one’s own and other’s behavioral
patterns is a group training method that uses intensive participation and immediate feedback for
self analysis and change The method provides face to face learning of on going behaviour within a
small group and lacks structure In this the participants remain involved and enthusiastic This
attempts to develop the diagnostic ability of the participants –the ability to perceive reality The
individual is made more aware of himself and his impact on others At a group level one learns
about normative structures and authority relationships leading to better team work It increases
sensitivity and awareness towards others and their styles It helps to understand how conflicts arise
and are resolved
Obviously the learning is at an emotional rather than at an intellectual level Being an emotional
experience the degree of change depends on the amount of emotional involvement A predominant
problem with the effectiveness of sensitivity training is the transfer problem that is the inability of
the participant to apply concepts and awareness gained in the laboratory or group to his job
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SENSTIVITY
TRAINING
T-GROUP TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS
T-GROUP
One of the significant and repeated methods of sensitivity training is the Tgroup T group leads to
understanding of self and contribute towards organizational change and development through
training in attitudinal change in the participants and create better team work
• To give the trainee an understanding of how and why he acts towards other people as he
does and of the way in which he affects them
• To provide some insights into why people act the way they do
• To teach the participants how to listen i.e. actually hear what other people are saying rather
than concentrating on a replay
• To provide insights concerning how groups operate and what sorts of processes groups go
under certain conditions
• To foster tolerance and understanding of the behaviour of others
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• To provide a setting in which an individual can try new ways of interacting with people
and receive feedback as to how these new ways affect them
FISHBOWL METHOD
It is essentially used in providing skills for understanding human behaviour It effectively uses
group interaction to develop in the participants a degree of self awareness The primary objective of
this method is to inculcate in the participants the discipline of observing others and on the basis of
this provide feedback to learn about ones behaviour and personality as seen through the eyes of
others
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Fish bowl can be effectively used in developing:
• Individual and group behaviour
• Content of communication
• Role that an individual plays in-group activities
• Resolving intergroup conflict level of participation
• Dynamics of group problem solving
• Decision making; and
• Interpersonal relations
METHODOLOGY :
The exercise can involve up to 25 participants seated in 2 circles one inner and one outer The inner
group is the target group, members of this group will either discuss a reselected topic or move
towards the completion of a group task After the discussion by the members of the inner group the
outer group is asked to comment on the content and more importantly the dynamics and processes
of the inner group members Feedback may be obtained by one of the following methods:
• Each member of the outer group observes all the members of the inner group on a specific
dimension of the group process
• Each member of the outer group observes one member of the inner group on all the
dimensions of group activity
Participants must learn to provide feedback with clarity and precision Feedback must never be
critical or lose its constructive nature After one cycle is completed the outer circle changes places
with the inner circle and the cycle repeated
NON-GROUP METHODS:
Under this method the assessment is made on an individual basis It is of three types:
• Counseling
• Understudy system
• Special projects
COUNSELING : It helps the trainees to observe their weaknesses and involve measures to
overcome them It is related to periodic appraisal or rating Specific counseling purports to help the
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subordinates to do their job better picture of how they are doing their job build strong personal
relationships and eliminate or minimize anxiety.
UNDERSTUDIES SYSTEM: In this the trainees work directly with individuals whom they are
likely to replace However ,it is disappointing as a training method because of the likelihood of
imitation of week and strong points of the seniors
Some of other methods of training that can be useful particularly for management students and
beginners are
Field trips
Prescribed reading
Distance learning
Induction training
CONCLUSION:
Of all the methods mentioned above none can be quoted as the best A combination of methods can
be used or it can be changed according to the changing circumstances
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• Learning can be controlled
• No off the job cost involved
• No transferability of trainee required
DISADVANTAGES
• Cost lost in departmental budget
• Risk to machine, equipment etc and increase in scrap due to lack of experience
• Part time instructor may lack training skills
• Lack of time due to pressures of production
• Difficulty in accommodating trainee idiosyncrasies
• Psychological pressures on trainee due to exposure before experienced workers
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EVALUATION OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
It basically involves the following steps:
• Setting the evaluation criteria
• Selecting the trainees to be tested
• Testing on the basis of set criteria
• Finding out the gap between the actual and set standard performance
• Giving feedback, showing the path to improvement
• Transfer to the job
• Follow up studies
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REASONS WHY TRAINING IS IGNORED BY ORGANISATIONS /WHY TRAINING
RESULTS ARE NOT EVALUATED
• Many training directors don’t have the proper skills to conduct a rigorous evaluation research
• Some managers are just reluctant to evaluate something which they have already convinced
themselves is worthwhile
• Many organizations carry out training because their competitors are doing so or the unions are
demanding it
• Training is in itself expensive, evaluation adds up to the cost
• Some training cannot be evaluated because of the complexity of the behaviour being taught
BENEFITS OF TRAINING
• Leads to improved profitability and or more positive attitude towards profit orientation
• Improves the job knowledge and skills at all levels of an organization
• Improve the morale of the workplace
• Helps create a better corporate image
• Helps people identify with organizational goals
• Foster authenticity, openness and trust
• Improves the relationship between boss and subordinates
• Aids in organizational development
• The organization may learn from the inputs given by the trainees
• Helps prepare guidelines for work
• Aids in understanding and carrying out organizational responsibilities
• Provides information for future needs in all areas of the organization
• Helps employees adjust to change
• Aids in improving organizational communication
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SECONDARY DATA ON TRAINING NEEDS IDENTIFICATION IN INDIAN
INDUSTRIES
A few years ago a survey was conducted to identify the training needs in Indian industry I have
included this to get a better view of the the overall picture
SAMPLE
The questionnaire was distributed to 1000 executives of which about 400 completed forms were
received This sample of companies was drawn up on the basis of three criteria
Adequate representation of various industry groups
Enough common ground to allow meaningful comparison between companies
All core aspects of management were covered i.e. Production, Marketing Finance, Personnel,
Systems etc
TOOL
The data was collected through as structured questionnaire namely “Training Needs Assessment
Questionnaire” developed by Pattanayak and Dhar, 1996 The questionnaire comprised of 44 items
is designed to elicit detailed information with respect to the assessment of training needs
PROCEDURE
The questionnaire was distributed to the executives both personally and through post and later on
collected The participants for the various Executive Development Programmes (EDP) at NITIE
were also contacted and they filled questionnaires
The TNA variables were evaluated on the pre decided scale as shown
• Strongly agree - 5 points
• Agree - 4 points
• Neutral - 3 points
• Disagree - 2 points
• Strongly disagree - 1 point
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The executives were broadly classed as those working in the
• Public sector
• Private sector
They were further classified as
• Senior level
• Middle level
• Junior level; in each category
ANALYSIS
On the basis of data collected under the structured questionnaire the analysis was drawn on
statistical packages and the various graphs and charts were obtained to draw out results
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Based on the survey conducted, the results were analyzed and inferences drawn from senior,
middle and junior level executives of public and private sectors
1. SENIOR LEVEL EXECUTIVES
PUBLIC SECTOR: The questions which received the maximum waitage pertained to:
• Understanding the quality requirements of the job
• Enhancing organizational effectiveness
• Acquiring new skills in general
• Improving the decision making skills
• Increasing the managerial/supervisory effectiveness
• Enriching the job knowledge
Senior level executives of public sector laid almost equal stress on all the facets of development
with a marginally extra importance to personal development (34%) and organizational
development (34%) followed by customer development (33%)
PRIVATE SECTOR: The points which received the maximum support by senior executives of
private sector organizations were:
Improving their performance
• Enhancing organizational effectiveness
• Learning cost effectiveness techniques
• Involving decision-making skills
• Increasing the managerial/supervisory effectiveness
• Updating technical skills
Executives have laid maximum stress on the organizational development (35%) followed by
personal development (33%) and customer relationship development (32%) This can be attributed
to the fact that these personnel that have gone through severe screening procedure and have grown
up with customer relations related education passed on to them quite early Moreover, maximum
needs is realized for organizational development so as to increase effectiveness in an increasing
competitive scenario.
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• Enhancing organizational effectiveness
• Facilitating growth and development of the individual
• Increasing job satisfaction
• Improving their decision making skills
• Increasing the managerial/supervisory effectiveness
Whereas relatively lesser response was received from areas such as ethical values, middle level
public sector employees were sensitive to training in areas of personal development (34%) and
organizational development (34%), which is marginally ahead of customer development needs
(32%)
b) PRIVATE SECTOR: For this segment training needs were maximum for:
• Improving their performance
• Understanding the quality requirements of their jobs
• Increasing the managerial/supervisory effectiveness
• Learning and developing the MIS
• Promoting a positive attitude in general
• Enhancing organizational effectiveness
Whereas fairly average response was received for training on ethical values, occupational health,
etc importance to organizational development and personal development related training needs
was 2%ahead of customer development needs (32%) We observe similarity between public and
private sector in middle level executive category This shows equal concern for improvement in
personal performance
3.JUNIOR LEVEL EXECUTIVES
a) PUBLIC SECTOR: Maximum training needs are felt for:
• Improving performance
• Understanding the quality requirements of their jobs
• Promoting a positive attitude in general
• Facilitating growth and development of the individual
• Familiarizing them to new job related technique
• Enriching their job knowledge
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However a mediocre response was received in the field of learning and practicing the ethical
values Personal development needs (34%) are a slightly more than customer development needs
(33%) and organizational development needs (33%)
b) PRIVATE SECTOR: Maximum training needs were:
• Improving performance
• Understanding the quality requirements of their jobs
• Facilitating growth and development of the individual
• Familiarizing them to new job related technique
• Preparing themselves for meeting the challenges of global competition
• Facilitating rapid organizational growth and development
However a lesser need was felt for training in serving the customer in terms of quality of product
or service, and enrichment of the organizational culture Overall organizational development (34%)
was felt slightly more compared to the need for personal development (33%) and customer
development (33%)
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SUMMARY
Cumulative results of the senior level executives surveyed showed that they had greater
concern for training needs in the areas as organizational and personal development
Cumulative results of the middle were also along the pattern of senior level executives with
greater emphasis on personal and organizational development
Junior survey differ from senior and middle level executives survey who identified
maximum training needs for organizational development
There are certain areas in which almost all level executives both public and private sector wanted
some sort of training, which varied with individual requirements
1) Performance improvement
2) Quality of work life improvement
3) Quality improvement of the job itself
4) Managing organization professionally
5) Improving presentation and communicational skills
Some of the areas which remained untouched i.e. in which they remain least bothered are:
1) Increasing ethical values in business
2) Commitment to organization
3) Increasing awareness about occupational health
RESULTS
Graphical presentation of the findings is as follows:
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RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR TRAINNING NEEDS OF JUNIOR LEVEL
EXECUTIVES IN PUBLIC SECTOR
CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT
33% 33%
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
0RGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
34%
PERSONAL DEVLOPMENT
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVLOPMENT
33%
95
RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR TRAINING NEEDS OF MIDDLE LEVEL
EXECUTIVES IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR
CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT
34%
34% 32%
CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
34%
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RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR TRAINING NEEDS IDENTIFIED BY SENIOR
EXECUTIVES OF PRIVATE SECTOR
35% 32%
CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
33%
34% 32%
CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
34%
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TO IMPROVE ONE'S UNDERSTANDING ABOUT
NATURE,REQUIREMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF JOB
60 56
50 COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL
GENERALLY SUCCESSFUL
40
PERCENT
LIMITED SUCCESS
30 25
FAILED
20 17
10
1
0
FACTORS
98
TO INCREASE ONE'S KNOWLEDGE
OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
MANAGEMENT
60 57
50
LIMITED SUCCESS
40
PERCENT
FAILED
30
22 20 COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL
20
GENERALLY SUCCESSFUL
10
2
0
FACTORS
99
TO DEVELOP SKILLS TO CONDUCT SUCCESSFUL SUBORDINATE
INTERACTION
50
45
45 41
40
35
COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL
PERCENT
30
GENERALLY SUCCESSFUL
25
LIMITED SUCCESS
20
FAILED
15
10
10
5 3
0
FACTORS
50
45
45
40 37
35
COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL
PERCENT
30
GENERALLY SUCCESSFUL
25
LIMITED SUCCESS
20
15 FAILED
15
10
5 3
0
FACTORS
100
TO IMPROVE ONES KNOWLEDGE ABOUT POLICIES WITHIN WHICH
ONE MUST WORK
50 46
40
31 FAILED
PERCENT
30 LIMITED SUCCESS
18
20 GENERALLY SUCCESSFUL
10 5 COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL
0
FACTORS
60
52
50
40
COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL
PERCENT
28 GENERALLY SUCCESSFUL
30
LIMITED SUCCESS
20 15
FAILED
10 5
0
FACTORS
101
DO TRAINING PROGRAMMES MEET ONES
NEED AS AN EXECUTIVE?
80 75
60
PERCENT
YES
40 UNCERTAIN
23
NO
20
2
0
ANSWERS RECEIVED
80
62
60
PERCENT
YES
40 31
NO
20 7 UNCERTAIN
0
ANSWERS RECEIVED
102
TO WHAT EXTENT EXECUTIVES ARE ALLOWED TO PRACTICE
WHAT THEY LEARN
60 55
50
10
3
0
ANSWERS
40 37
35 33
30
IGNORE EFFECTS
PERCENT
25
NEUTRAL
20 17
15 13 MODERATELY INTERESTED
ASSIST IN PRACTISING
10
5
0
ANSWERS
103
AFTER ATTENDING A TRAINING PROGRAMME WHAT DO THE
EXECUTIVES FEEL?
60
48
50
40
PERCENT
33 DEPARTMENT INTERESTED
30 CAN'T PRACTICE
19 DEPARTMENT PROBLEMS
20
10
0
ANSWERS
70
62
60
50
PERCENT
40 YES
31 UNCERTAIN
30
NO
20
10 7
0
ANSWERS
104
DO EXECUTIVES USE THE READING MATERIAL PROVIDED
DURING A TRAINING PROGRAMME?
70
60
60
50
PERCENT
40 YES
32
NO
30
UNCERTAIN
20
8
10
0
ANSWERS
105
SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE COMPANY
STRENGTHS:
Talented human resources
Financially secure company
WEAKNESS
Training not conducted on a regular basis
OPPURTUNITIES
Huge potential for growth in the market because of excellent process operations
All round improvement assured if training is conducted on a regular basis
THREATS
Irregularity in training can demotivate the employees leading to failure and downfall
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SUGGESTIONS:
Often it so happens that the management is so focused on achieving the targets set that
training takes a backseat and is ignored This should not happen and training should be
made a part of regular organizational activity
Generally programmes for training are so designed that a few topics like communication,
kaizen etc get more priority and others like personal development and skill enhancement
are ignored If training programme is carried on a regular basis probably all topics will get
equal attention
In my view leadership skills can be developed more effectively by day to day interactions
rather than short term training programmes
More reading material should be provided which can be kept for later use
Efforts should be made to make training programmes bi-directional and where both the
trainer and trainee are equally at work This can be done if methods other than coaching
such as roleplays, audiovisuals etc are used
Training results must be immediately measured and stored for future reference This should
be done keeping in view the Continuous Process Improvement (CPI) tenet “Nothing
improves until it is measured” and the corollary “As soon as something is measured it
automatically begins to improve”
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SUMMARY
Thus to sum up “success is a journey and not a destination” Likewise its true for an organization as
well In order to enable continuous improvement a continuous training programme must be
carried out An organization is like a sapling, if it receives regular care and nutrition then it
grows to provide shelter and food else in adverse circumstances it vanes and dies out
The success of an organization’s plans for the future depends largely on a sound training strategy
In the face of continuous technological innovation higher levels of knowledge and skills and
their applications are crucial resources that can only be mobilized by training Training and
development infact, maximize the growth of the executives in the organization, improve their
competence and skills, foster a higher level of motivation and build behavior adaptability to
changes in technology, structure and environment of the organization
But these can be of use only when the organizations perceive and attach importance to training and
development of their managers and plan to ensure successful conduct of training programmes for
employees as well
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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