CHEMISTRY UNIT ONE

Melting point of magnesium is higher than sodium Magnesium contributes two electrons. Magnesium ions are smaller than sodium ions. More energy required to overcome forces between cations and sea of electrons in magnesium compared to sodium.

Ionisation energy increases across the period More protons, same shielding, decrease in size. Greater (force of) attraction between nucleus and outer electron First ionization energy of aluminium is less than magnesium Outermost electron in 3p sub-shell Shielded by 3s electrons Two lattice energy values for AgI are different. AgI has partial covalent character due to polarization of the anion by the cation. Ionisation energy decreases down the group More shielding, increase in size. Less (force of) attraction between nucleus and outer electron.

Enthalpy change of combustion experimental value is different than book value Heat losses and Incomplete combustion

Positive Ions are smaller than atoms Ions have one less orbital More protons than electrons Greater net force on remaining electrons Ionic compounds have higher melting point Stronger attractions between opposite charged ions So large amount of energy needed to separate the ions MgO has higher melting point than MgCl2 Oxide ion has a greater charge density than the chloride ion Attraction between ions is stronger in MgO than MgCl2 More energy is required to separate Sigma and Pi Bond Sigma bond is formed by head-on overlap Pi bond is formed by sideways overlap First ionization energy decreases from Phosphorus to Sulphur Two electrons occupy the same (p) orbital Repulsion between the paired electrons