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the duct to some final outlet. This resistance is known as static pressure. Static pressure in a typical duct run is caused by the velocity of the air, type of duct material, elbows/fittings, dampers, diffusers, etc. Fan static pressure is measured in inches of water gauge To calculate static pressure, you must the ductwork system configuration. See link for an example on how to calculate static pressure
Static pressure is the measure of the potential energy of a unit of air in the particular cross section of a duct. Air pressure on the duct wall is considered static. Imagine a fan blowing into a completely closed duct; it will create only static pressure because there is no air flow through the duct. A balloon blown up with air is a similar case in which there is only static pressure. If you increase the static pressure in a duct such as with a reducer, the static pressure will decrease and the velocity pressure will increase. Total Pressure Consists of the pressure the air exerts in the direction of flow (Velocity Pressure) plus the pressure air exerts perpendicular to the plenum or container through which the air moves. (static pressure) In other words: PT = PV + PS PT = Total Pressure PV = Velocity Pressure PS = Static Pressure
The equal friction method of sizing ducts is easy and straightforward to use
The equal friction method of sizing ducts is often preferred because it is quite easy to use. The method can be summarized to
1. Compute the necessary air flow volume (m3/h, cfm) in every room and branch of the system 2. Use 1) to compute the total air volume (m3/h, cfm) in the main system 3. Determine the maximum acceptable airflow velocity in the main duct 4. Determine the major pressure drop in the main duct 5. Use the major pressure drop for the main duct as a constant to determine the duct sizes throughout the distribution system 6. Determine the total resistance in the duct system by multiplying the static resistance with the equivalent length of the longest run 7. Compute balancing dampers
Make a simplified diagram of the system like the one above. Use
1)
Note! Be aware that maximum load conditions almost never occurs in all of the rooms at the same time. Avoid oversizing the main system by multiplying the accumulated volume with a factor less than one (This is probably the hard part - and for larger systems sophisticated computer-assisted indoor climate calculations are often required).
comfort systems - air velocity 4 to 7 m/s (13 to 23 ft/s) industrial systems - air velocity 8 to 12 m/s (26 to 40 ft/s) high speed systems - air velocity 10 to 18 m/s (33 to 60 ft/s)
Use the maximum velocity limits when selecting the size of the main duct.
to calculate the pressure drop through the longest part of the duct system. Use the
the actual length + additional lengths for bends, T's, inlets and outlets
The table is based on the diagram above. Air flow and friction loss from a diagram is added. Minor pressure loss coefficients must be summarized for for the actual applications. The pressure loss in each path is summarized on the right and pressure loss is added manually in the dampers to balance the system.
The ductwork of ventilation systems are often sized with either the Velocity, the Constant Pressure Loss (or Equal Friction Loss) - or the Static Pressure Recovery Methods
The design of the ductworks in ventilation systems are often done by using the
Velocity Method Constant Pressure Loss Method (or Equal Friction Method) Static Pressure Recovery Method
(1)
Comfort Systems Type of Duct m/s Main ducts Main branch ducts Branch ducts 4-7 3-5 1-3 ftm 780 - 1380 590 - 985 200 - 590
Industrial Systems m/s 8 - 12 5-8 3-5 ftm 1575 - 2360 985 - 1575 590 - 985
High Speed Systems m/s 10 - 18 6 - 12 5-8 ftm 1670 - 3540 1180 - 2360 985 - 1575
Be aware that high velocities close to outlets and inlets may generate unacceptable noise.
The Constant Pressure Loss Method (or Equal Friction Loss Method)
A proper speed is selected in the main duct close to the fan. The pressure loss in the main duct are then used as a template for the rest of the system. The pressure (or friction) loss is kept at a constant level throughout the system. The method gives an automatic velocity reduction through the system. The method may add more duct cross sectional changes and can increase the number of components in the system compared to other methods.
With the static pressure recovery method the secondary and branch ducts are selected to achieve more or less the same static pressure in front of all outlets or inlets. The major advantage of the method are more common conditions for outlets and inlets. Unfortunate the method is complicated to use and therefore seldom used.