A general geometrical model of scroll compressors based on

discretional initial angles of involute

Baolong Wang, Xianting Li
*
, Wenxing Shi
Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, Peoples Republic of China
Received 11 May 2004; received in revised form 1 December 2004; accepted 11 January 2005
Available online 23 May 2005
Abstract
Based on discretional initial angles of involute of scroll compressors, a general mathematical representation of scroll wraps,
working chamber volume and leakage areas is presented. The scroll wraps geometrical expressions, including interaction arc,
of the involute angle with discretional initial angles of involute are developed. By using it, a new calculation formula of working
chamber volume without restriction to special involute initial angles is set up and the expression of the volume during all the
suction, compression and discharge processes in a general subsection function style is given. A geometrical model of leakage
areas, including ank in, ank out, radial in and radial out, is also developed based on the discretional initial angles condition.
Finally, this geometrical model is applied in a thermodynamic model and the simulation results are compared with some former
experimental results. It is found that this model has a satisfactory accuracy and is easy to be used in thermodynamic simulation.
q 2005 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Scroll compressor; Modelling; Geometry; Volume; Compression
Compresseurs a` spirale : mode`le geometrique general fonde sur les
angles initiaux de la volute
Mots cles : Compresseur a` spirale ; Modelisation ; Geometrie ; Volume ; Compression
1. Introduction
The scroll theory was brought forward by Creux at the
beginning of previous century [1]. But it was impossible to
manufacture a working pair of scrolls until the mid 1970s
due to a very small tolerance required. Since then, the scroll
compressor became more and more popular because of its
unique advantages, such as low level of noise, high
efciency and high reliability.
The scroll compressors geometry is one of the main
factors affecting the efciency of the compressor. In order to
establish a thermodynamic model for a scroll compressor,
the geometry of the scroll has to be known and completely
understood. The shapes of scroll wraps include the involute
of a circle, involute of a square [2], hybrid wraps [3,4] and
so on. The most popular shape for scroll wraps is the rst
and it will be studied in this paper.
The wraps of scrolls directly affect the built-in
compression ratio and the performance of the compressor,
International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig
0140-7007/$35.00 q 2005 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2005.01.015
* Corresponding author. Tel.: C86 1 62785860; fax: C86 10
62773461.
E-mail address: xtingli@tsinghua.edu.cn (X. Li).
so many researchers have done a lot of work in this eld. For a
scroll compressor with the warps of the involute of a circle, the
research emphasis is always put on the inner portion because
the outer portion of the scroll wraps is the involute and simple.
Liu [5,6] presented a graphic and mathematical method for the
modied design of the scroll wraps. The perfect meshing
proles (PMPs) of a scroll compressor, a design with zero
clearance volume, are researched by Hirano [7] and Lee [8]. It
can be found that those foregoing researches always put the
scroll in a special angle and make a
i
ZKa
0
. So a and Ka can
be used in the simulation to stand for a
i
and a
0
, respectively,
which reduce a parameter in the geometrical expressions. This
method reduces the computation complexity of scroll wraps.
But when the loop of the scroll is not an integer, this method
make the starting orbiting angle not equal to 0, which raises a
lot of difculties to comprehend the mesh process of the scroll
pair. Those previous models can not be used when the scroll
can not or is not easy to be put to the required special position
and angle, such as the reproduction of the scroll in numerical
control machine. Therefore, these coordinates functions of
scroll wraps, including interaction arc, with discretional
involute initial angles and discretional loop will be presented
in this paper.
Other researches done on geometrical model of scroll
compressor is to develop the geometry relationship between
the compressor chamber volume, leakage areas and the
orbiting angle. Morishita [9] rst advanced a chamber
volume expression of the compression process and dis-
charge process. They gave the functions of compression
chamber volume for every 2p orbiting angle and based on
special involute initial angle (a
i
ZKa
0
):
V
pi
ZpP(PK2t)h (2i K1) K
q
p
_ _
(1)
Here, i means the i-th chamber. His formulation used to
calculate the volume of the discharge chamber during 0!
q%q
*
is different from the one during q
*
!q%2p. Hayano
[10] developed a geometrical model of the chamber volume
during compression process, which also set up a different
expression for every 2p. Tojo [11] and Etemad [12] applied
Morishitas model of the compression pocket volume in
their scroll compressor simulation. Nieter [13] presented a
geometry model of the suction chamber, which was used to
simulate the dynamics of the scroll suction process. Zhu [14]
and Liu [15] gave a working pocket volume model including
suction, compression and discharge process. Their modeling
for compression and discharge process had a similar style
with Morishitas model. Its difcult to apply all of the
above models in thermodynamic simulation of scroll
compressors because of their complexity.
Yanagisawa [16] and Hirano [17] promoted the geo-
metrical model of the scroll compressor into a new stage.
They developed three general expressions for suction,
compression and discharge processes respectively. The
main difference between Morishitas model and Yanagisa-
was model is that the later can use a general formulation to
calculate the volume during whole compression process and
a general formulation to calculate the volume during
whole discharge process. The expression of compression
process is:
V
c
Z2phar(24
e
K2q K3p) (2)
Here, q starts from zero. Their researches simplied the
geometrical model greatly and made its application in scroll
compressor simulation easier than before. However, this
model still has its weakness, i.e. all the result was based on
the special involute initial angle assumption (a
i
ZKa
0
).
This made the application of the model limited. Halm [18,
19] had woken up to this. He set up a geometrical model of
scroll compressors, including suction, compression and
Nomenclature
a radius of the basic circle
h scroll height
L length of the involute; length of the leakage
line
L(4) length of the point on the involute to its tangent
point on the base circle
N loops of the scroll
r orbiting radius of the rotating scroll
R radius of the interaction arc, equal to (PKt)/2
S area
V work volume
x X coordinate
y Y coordinate
Greek letters
d leakage gap
q orbiting angle
q
*
discharge angle
4 involute angle
4
out,start
, 4
os
starting angle of the outer involute
4
e
involute ending angle, equal to 2pNC(p/2)
a initial angle of the involute
Subscripts
i inner involute
o outer involute
circle, o center of the intervene arc
inter intersection point of the intervene arc and the
outer involute
s suction
c compression
d discharge
r radial
f ank
B. Wang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966 959
discharge, which was based on another special involute
initial angle (a
i
Zp and a
0
Z0).
In foregoing investigations on leakage areas, the
leakage areas are always divided into two types, ank
and radial, and the areas of leak in and leak out are
supposed to be same. In actual, the areas of leak in are
quite different from the areas of leak out for whole
working process. In the same time, these previous
models just deals with the leakage areas in com-
pression process and the leakage in suction process and
discharge process must be calculated using other
methods or be treated as an ideal process (there is
no suction/discharge pressure loss in suction/discharge
process), which leads to the increase of the complexity
in leakage calculation.
To sum up, the current models of scroll are mostly
restricted to special initial angles of the involutes and
respectively set up the suction, compression and discharge
processes models (all q of three processes start from zero),
which leads to difculties in practical application of this
model.
The present paper intends to develop a general
geometrical model of scroll compressors. The scroll
wraps geometrical expressions, including interaction arc,
of the involute angle with discretional initial angle of
involute is brought forward. Based on it, a new calculation
formula for working chamber volume is set up, which is not
restricted to special involute initial angles and gives the
expression of the volume during all the suction, com-
pression and discharge processes in a general subsection
function style. A leakage area model, including ank in,
ank out, radial in and radial out, is also developed based on
the discretional initial angles condition.
2. Geometrical model of the scroll proles
In order to avoid the restriction of the initial angle, the
model of the scroll proles is built on discretional initial
angle.
The shape of scrolls is an involute of a circle. From the
denition of the involute, the distance of the point on the
involute to its tangent point on the base circle satised this
differential relation:
vL(4)
v4
Za (3)
Therefore, the coordinates of the point on the involute
with a zero involute initial angle can be:
x Za(cos(4) C4 sin(4)) (4)
yZa(sin(4)K4 cos(4))
If the involute initial angle is considered (Fig. 1), the
coordinates of the points on the inner involute and outer
involute are:
x
i
Za(cos(4
i
Ca
i
) C4
i
sin(4
i
Ca
i
)) (5)
y
i
Za(sin(4
i
Ca
i
) K4
i
cos(4
i
Ca
i
))
x
0
Za(cos(4
0
Ca
0
) C4
0
sin(4

0 Ca
0
))
y
0
Za(sin(4
0
Ca
0
) K4
0
cos(4
0
Ca
0
))
For a scroll compressor with discretional initial angles,
the expression of the discharge angle is different from the
one with a symmetric initial angle [20]:
f
*2
0
C2f
*
0
sin f
*
0
K
a
i
Ka
0
2
_ _
C2 cos f
*
0
K
a
i
Ka
0
2
_ _
Z pK
a
i
Ka
0
2
_ _
2
K2
q
*
Z
3
2
pKf
*
0
Ka
0
(6)
Therefore, the proles of the scroll with discretional
initial angles are produced as following:
For outer involute,
x
0
Za(cos(4
0
Ca
0
) C4
0
sin(4
0
Ca
0
))
y
0
Za(sin(4
0
Ca
0
) K4
0
cos(4
0
Ca
0
))
4
out;start
!4
0
!4
e
Ka
0
(7)
For inner involute,
x
i
= a(cos(4
i
- a
i
) - 4
i
sin(4
i
- a
i
))
y
i
= a(sin(4
i
- a
i
) K4
i
cos(4
i
-a
i
))
pK
a
i
Ka
0
2
!4
i
!4
e
Ka
i
(8)
Fig. 1. Expressions of the inner involute and outer involute.
B. Wang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966 960
For interaction arc,
x
circle
= R cos(4
circle
) - x
circle;0
y
circle
= R sin(4
circle
) - y
circle;0
arc tan
y
inter
Ky
circle;0
x
inter
Kx
circle;0
_ _
!4
circle
!
p
2
-
a
i
- a
0
2
(9)
Here, x
circle,0
, y
circle,0
are the coordinates of the center of the
intervene arc, x
inter
, y
inter
are the coordinates of the
intersection point of the interaction arc and the outer
involute (Fig. 2). They could be gained from:
x
circle;0
Za cos pC
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
(10)
y
circle;0
Za sin pC
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
(x
inter
Kx
circle;0
)
2
C(y
inter
Ky
circle;0
)
2
ZR
2
(11)
x
inter
Za cos(4
out;start
Ca
0
) C4
out;start
sin(4
out;start
Ca
0
)
y
inter
Za sin(4
out;start
Ca
0
) K4
out;start
cos(4
out;start
Ca
0
)
3. Geometrical model of the volume of the work chamber
Because the suction, compression and discharge are
continuous processes, the change of the volume is also
continuous and the geometrical model of the volume of the
compression chamber should be advanced in a continuous
manner.
The tiny area dS in the Fig. 3 can be calculated by [20]:
dS Z
1
2
L(4)L(4)d4 Z
1
2
(a4)
2
d4 (12)
So the whole area S is:
S Z
_
4
0
1
2
(a4)
2
d4 Z
1
6
a
2
4
3
(13)
By using this general calculation formula, the volume of
the compression chamber can be calculated.
3.1. Suction chamber
The main area of the suction chamber is S
1
(Fig. 4).
S
1
Zh
1
2
_
4
e
4
e
Kq
L
2
i
d4K
1
2
_
4
e
Kp
4
e
KqKp
L
2
0
d4
_ _
(14)
Here, L
i
Za(4Ka
i
) and L
0
Za(4Ka
0
). Therefore, the main
area S
1
is:
S
1
Z
1
2
ar(2q4
e
Kq
2
Kq(a
i
Ca
0
Cp)) (15)
Actually, the area S
1
has a difference with the practical
suction pocket. The correction area can be calculated as
[19]:
Fig. 2. Schematic of the interaction arc.
Fig. 3. Schematic of area calculation.
Fig. 4. Schematic of volume calculation of suction chamber.
B. Wang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966 961
S
2
Z
1
2
ar 2(1 Kcos q) K2(4
e
Kp)sin q K
p
4
sin 2q
_ _
(16)
The whole suction volume and its derivative are then:
V
s
Z2h(S
1
CS
2
)
Zhar
_
(2q4
e
Kq
2
Kq(a
i
Ca
0
Cp))
C2(1 Kcos q) K2(4
e
Kp)sin q K
p
4
sin 2q
_
(17)
dV
s
dq
Zhar
_
(24
e
K2q K(a
i
Ca
0
Cp))
C2 sin q K2(4
e
Kp)cos q K
p
2
cos 2q
_
(18)
0!q%2p.
3.2. Compression chamber
Using the same calculation method like suction process,
the compression chamber volume can be obtained.
V
c
Z2h
1
2
_
4
e
C2pKq
4
e
Kq
L
2
i
d4K
1
2
_
4
e
CpKq
4
e
K2pKq
L
2
0
d4
_ _
(19)
V
c
Z2phar(24
e
K2q K(a
i
Ca
0
Kp)) (20)
dV
c
dq
ZK4phar (21)
2p!q%4
e
K
5
2
pCq
*
It should be mentioned that the q in this formulation
starts from 2p, which makes the whole volume model be a
subsection function style and easier to use in the scroll
simulation. If the special initial angles (a
i
Ca
0
Z0) for
Yanagisawas [16] model and a
i
Ca
0
Zp/2 for Halms
model [18]) are applied in function (20), the Yanagisawas
model (function (2)) and Halms model can be easily gotten
(Pay attention to the different starting angle of q).
3.3. Discharge chamber
There are two areas in discharge process: V
d
(V
d1
and
V
d2
) and V
dd
(Fig. 5). For a real discharge process (Fig. 5),
the opening position of the discharge port always makes the
discharge processes dissimilar for those two pockets. For
pocket 1 (V
d1
), the main throttling phenomena happens at
A
dl
, which is decided by the shape of the discharge port and
the orbiting angle. For pocket 2 (V
d2
), the throttling
phenomena will appear at A
d2
, which is decided by the
shape of the scroll and the orbiting angle. But for an ideal
scroll, the discharge port always located at central part of
these two scrolls, for example, the region of V
dd
, to make a
balance discharge. This makes discharge processes in the
ideal process similar to the pocket 2. So the authors
considered that the A
d2
is the critical area for discharge and
the V
d1
and V
d2
are the volume of the discharge. In the same
time, because the area of V
dd
connected to discharge port is
far bigger than A
d2
, the V
dd
is same treated as outer of
discharge port. This comprehension is different from Chens
[19].
V
d
Z2h
1
2
_
4
e
C2pKq
5
2
pKq
*
L
2
i
d4K
1
2
_
4
e
CpKq
3
2
pKq
*
L
2
0
d4
_ _
Z2h
1
2
_
4
e
C2pKq
4
os
CpCa
0
L
2
i
d4K
1
2
_
4
e
CpKq
4
os
Ca
0
L
2
0
d4
_ _
(22)
Here, 4
os
CpCa
0
Z(5/2)pKq
*
V
d
Zhar 4
e
Kq Cq
*
K
p
2
_ _
4
e
Kq Kq
*
Ka
i
Ka
0
C
7p
2
_ _
(23)
dV
d
dq
Zhar(K24
e
C2q Ca
i
Ca
0
K3p) (24)
4
e
K
5
2
pCq
*
!q%4
e
K
p
2
Cq
*
Fig. 5. Schematic of discharge chamber.
Fig. 6. Change of the volume during suction, compression and
discharge.
B. Wang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966 962
The whole change process of the volume during suction,
compression and discharge can be plotted in Matlab (Fig. 6).
4. Geometrical model of the leakage area
In this paper, the suction and discharge processes are also
treated as leakage. The main difference between suction/-
discharge process and leakage process in compression is the
value of leakage areas, so these processes can be treated
similarly. According to the difference of the external
pressure, the leakage areas of radial in, radial out, ank in
and ank out are calculated respectively. Due to existence of
two or more different external pressures in a single leakage
process, such as radial out, the leakage area in a period of
orbiting angle could be two parts. This phenomenon has
never been reported in other papers.
According to difference of leakage mode and leakage
direction, the leakage could be divided into four kinds (Fig.
7): radial in, radial out, ank in and ank out.
4.1. Radial out
The leakage line length of radial out can be calculated as:
0wp: L Z
_
4
e
4
e
Kq
a fK
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
df (25)
pw2p: L Z
a
2
2p 4
e
K
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
Kp
2
_ _
(26)
2pw3p: L
1
Z
_
4
e
C2pKq
4
e
Kp
a fK
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
df (27)
L
2
Z
_
4
e
Kp
4
e
CpKq
a fK
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
df (28)
3pw4
e
K
1
2
pCq
+
:
L Z
_
4
e
C2pKq
4
e
CpKq
a fK
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
df
(29)
As a result, the leakage area of the radial out leakage is
shown in Table 1. It can be found that there are two
expressions during 2p!q!3p, thats because the refriger-
ant leaks into two pockets, i.e. suction chamber and outer
pocket, with different pressures at that moment.
4.2. Radial in
The leakage line length of radial in can be calculated as:
0wp: L Z
_
4
e
Kp
4
e
KpKq
a fK
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
df (30)
pw4
e
K
5
2
pCq
*
:
L Z
_
4
e
Kq
4
e
KpKq
a fK
a
i
Ca
0
2
_ _
df
(31)
4
e
K
5
2
pCq
*
w4
e
K
1
2
pCq
*
:
L Z
ap
2
[4pK2q
*
K(a
i
Ca
0
)]
(32)
As a result, the leakage area of the radial in leakage is
shown in Table 2.
4.3. Flank out
The length of the leakage line can be calculated as:
0w2p: L Zr(1 Kcos q) Cd
f
(33)
2pw4
e
K
1
2
pCq
*
: L Zd
f
(34)
As a result, the leakage area of the ank out leakage is
shown in Table 3. The leakage area of ank out during 0!
q!2p is the suction area.
4.4. Flank in
The length of the leakage line can be calculated as:
0w4
e
K
5
2
pCq
*
: L Zd
f
(35)
Fig. 7. Schematic of four kinds of leakage.
B. Wang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966 963
4
e
K
5
2
pCq
+
4
e
K
3
2
pCq
+
:
L ZRK r
2
C(a Kr)
2
C2r(RKr)
_
!cos q K 4
e
K
5
2
pCq
+
_ _ _ __
1=2
Cd
f
(36)
4
e
K
3
2
pCq
*
w4
e
K
1
2
pCq
*
: L Z2(RKr) Cd
f
(37)
As a result, the leakage area of the ank in leakage
is shown in Table 4. The leakage area of ank in during
qO4
e
K5p/2Cq
*
is the discharge area.
5. Application
This general geometrical model of scroll compressors
was applied in the thermodynamic model of a scroll
compressor to calculate the refrigerant properties during
the suction, compression and discharge processes. The
refrigerant is R22. The geometrical parameters of the scroll
are same as Winandys scroll [21].
The mass ow process is thought as a one-dimensional
compressible ow in a nozzle with an isentropic assump-
tion:
dm
dt
ZC
d
Ap
up
2k
R(k K1)T
up
p
down
p
up
_ _
2=k
K
p
down
p
up
_ _
(kC1)=k
_ _ _ _
1=2
p
down
p
up
_ _
R
2
k C1
_ _
k=(kK1)
(38)
dm
dt
ZC
d
Ap
up
k
RT
up
2
k C1
_ _
(kC1)=(kK1)
_ _
1=2
p
down
p
up
_ _
!
2
k C1
_ _
k=(kK1)
(39)
Here, C
d
is ow coefcient and is set based on the
experiments.
When the suction state of the refrigerant is at 630 kPa
and 35.2 8C and discharged pressure is 2150 kPa, the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant as a function
of the orbiting angle were plotted in Figs. 8 and 9. Both the
pre-compression phenomenon at the end of suction process
and the over-compression phenomenon at the start of
discharge process have been demonstrated in these gures.
Something must be mentioned here. The temperature and
pressure in Figs. 8 and 9 refer to the properties of refrigerant
in the pocket. If the variation of the discharge volume (in
actual, the variation is very little) and the inlet leakage of the
refrigerant can be ignored, this properties of the refrigerant
in the discharge pocket can be considered as an isentropic
expansion process. This process can be described by:
T
2
T
1
Z
p
2
p
1
_ _
(kK1)=k
(40)
For refrigerant R22, k is bigger than 1. So the refrigerant
temperature in the pocket at latter time T
2
is smaller than the
refrigerant temperature in the pocket at former time T
1
and
the decease of the temperature follows the decease of the
pressure in the pocket. In the same time, other researchers
[16,23,24] also got the same conclusions by experiments or
simulations as the authors. Actually the decrease of the
refrigerant temperature at the outside of the discharge
pocket is very little due to a constant enthalpy process.
A number of simulations were conducted and the results
were compared with the experimental results of Winandy
[21]. The prediction of the refrigerant ow rate and motor
Table 1
Leakage area of the radial out leakage
Orbiting angle (q) Leakage area
0p
d
r
a[2q(4
e
K((a
i
Ca
0
)=2))Kq
2
]
p2p
d
r
a[2p(4
e
K((a
i
Ca
0
)=2))Kp
2
]
2p3p
d
r
a[2(3pKq)(4
e
KpK((a
i
Ca
0
)=2))C(3pKq)
2
]
d
r
a[K2(2pKq)(4
e
KpK((a
i
Ca
0
)=2))K(2pKq)
2
]
3p4
e
K(1/2)pCq
*
d
r
a[2p(4
e
CpKqK((a
i
Ca
0
)=2))Cp
2
]
Table 2
Leakage area of the radial in leakage
Orbiting angle (q) Leakage area
0p
d
r
a[2q(4
e
KpK((a
i
Ca
0
)=2))Kq
2
]
p4
e
K(5/2)pCq
*
d
r
a[2p(4
e
KqK((a
i
Ca
0
)=2))Kp
2
]
4
e
K(5/2)pCq
*
4
e
K(1/2)pCq
*
d
r
ap[4pK2q
*
K(a
i
Ca
0
)]
B. Wang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966 964
power were illuminated in Figs. 10 and 11, respectively. In
the calculation of motor input power the motor efciency
and the mechanical efciency are considered and these two
efciencies can be calculated by the polynomials provided
by Park etc [22].
h
mec
Z0:8680 C0:0048f K4:4444!10
K5
f
2
h
mot
Z0:6980 C0:0013 C4:1235!10
K5
f
2
K4:8781
!10
K7
f
3
C1:4206!10
K9
f
4
There, f is the frequency of the compressor.
The relative error of the mass ow rate varied fromK2.5
to C2.5%. The relative error of the motor power is between
Table 3
Leakage area of the ank out leakage
Orbiting angle (q) Leakage area
02p 2hr(1Kcos(q))C2hd
f
2p4
e
K(1/2)pCq
*
2hd
f
Table 4
Leakage area of the ank in leakage
Orbiting angle (q) Leakage area
04
e
K(5/2)pCq
*
2hd
f
4
e
K(5/2)pCq
*
4
e
K(3/2)pCq
*
2hRK[r
2
C(RKr)
2
C2r(RKr)cos(qK(4
e
K(5=2)pCq
*
))]
1=2
C2hd
f
4
e
K(3/2)pCq
*
4
e
K(1/2)pCq
*
4h(RKr)C2hd
f
Fig. 8. Pressure of the refrigerant in the pocket as a function of the
orbiting angle.
Fig. 9. Temperature of the refrigerant in the pocket as a function of
the orbiting angle.
Fig. 10. Prediction of the refrigerant mass ow rate.
Fig. 11. Prediction of the motor power.
B. Wang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 958966 965
K2.0 and C5.0%. These results show that a scroll
compressor thermodynamic model using this geometrical
model can simulate the compression process satisfactorily.
6. Conclusions
A general geometrical model of scroll compressors is
brought out in this paper. This model is not restricted by
involute initial angle and includes all the suction, com-
pression and discharge periods in a subsection function
manner, which provides a base for simulation of the scroll
compressor and dynamic visualization of the work process
of the scroll compressor.
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