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GCE
Edexcel GCE

IN

Biology (Salters-Nuffield) (Pilot) (6131 and 6134)

1 -nuary 2005

Rewarding Learning

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January 2005 Publications Code UA016155 All the material in this publication is copyright C1 Edexcel Ltd 2005

Contents
General Introduction Unit Codes and Unit Titles General Information p p iii p iv

Mark Schemes
Unit SN1 6131 Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health p1

Unit 5114

6134

Environment and Survival

p 12

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiners and revised, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of senior examiners and subject teachers. The schemes are further amended at the Standardisation meetings attended by all examiners. The Standardisation meeting ensures as far as possible that the mark scheme covers the candidates actual responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same way. The schemes in this document are the final mark schemes used by the examiners in this examination and include the amendments made at the meeting. They do not include any details of the discussions that took place in the meeting, nor do they include all of the possible alternative answers or equivalent statements that were considered to be worthy of credit. It is emphasised that these mark schemes are working documents that apply to these papers in this examination. Every effort is made to ensure a consistent approach to marking from one examination to another but each marking point has to be judged in the context of the candidates' responses and in relation to the other questions in the paper. It should not be assumed that future mark schemes will adopt exactly the same marking points as this one. Edexcel cannot under any circumstances discuss or comment informally on the marking of individual scripts. Any enquiries about the marks awarded to individual candidates can be dealt with only through the official Enquiry about Results procedure.

11

Unit Codes and Unit Titles

This Mark Scheme covers the units offered in this examination for Advanced Subsidiary Biology (Salters-Nuffield) (Pilot), 6131 and for Advanced GCE Biology (Salters-Nuffield) (Pilot), 6134. The units available for the complete qualifications, Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced, are listed in the table below. Level AS Unit 1 2 3 A2 4 5 6 Code 6131 6132 6133 6134 6135 6136 Unit Title Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health Development, Plants and the Environment Report and Practical Review Environment and Survival Energy, Exercise and Coordination; Coursework Investigation Synoptic Paper

Please note that Units 6132, 6133, 6135 and 6136 are only available in the Summer examination series.

Ill

GENERAL INFORMATION The following symbols are used in the mark schemes for all questions: Symbol ; semi colon eq Meaning of symbol Indicates the end of a marking point Indicates that credit should be given for other correct alternatives to a word or statement, as discussed in the Standardisation meeting Words or phrases separated by an oblique are alternatives to each other Indicate the beginning and end of a list of alternatives (separated by obliques) where necessary to avoid confusion Words inside round brackets are to aid understanding of the marking point but are not required to award the point Words inside square brackets are instructions or guidance for examiners Consecutive error / transferred error

/ oblique
{) curly brackets () round brackets [] square brackets [CE] or [TE] Crossed out work

If a candidate has crossed out an answer and written new text, the crossed out work canbe ignored. If the candidate has crossed out work but written no new text, the crossed out work for that question or part question should be marked, as far as it is possible to do so. Spelling and clarity In general, an error made in an early part of a question is penalised when it occurs but not subsequently. The candidate is penalised once only and can gain credit in later parts of the question by correct reasoning from the earlier incorrect answer. No marks are awarded specifically for quality of language in the written papers, except for the essays in the synoptic paper. Use of English is however taken into account as follows: the spelling of technic-al terms must be sufficiently correct for the answer to be unambiguous e.g. for amylase, 'ammalase' is acceptable whereas 'amylose' is not e.g. for glycogen, `glicojen' is acceptable whereas Iglucagen' is not e.g. for ileum, 'illeum' is acceptable whereas 'ilium' is not e.g. for mitosis, 'mytosis' is acceptable whereas `meitosis' is not candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. a correct statement that is contradicted by an incorrect statement in the same part of an answer gains no mark-Irrelevant material should be ignored.

iv

January 2005

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme

Unit SN1 (6131)

Question 1 (a) {Sinoatrial / SA) node / SAN / pacemaker ; 1 mark Maximum mark

(b)

1. [(Wave of electrical) impulses / depolarisation) from SA node ; 2. Passes over (both) atria / eq ; 3. Resulting in atrial [systole_tcontractionj ; 4. Slight delay at AV node ; 5. (Impulses) pass along bundle of His ; 6. (Up / along) Purkinje fibres / eq ; 7. Correct direction of impulse described / ventricles contract from the base up / eq ; 8. Resulting in ventricular (systole / contraction) ; 4 marks Total 5 marks

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January 2005 Question 2

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme Maximum mark

(a) (i) 1. Copy of (normal / correct) [allele / gene} inserted into a (loop of DNA / plasmid / vector / (retro)virus) 2. Reference to [restriction enzyme / endonuctease} ; 3. Reference to DNA ligase ; 4. Forms Liposome-DNA complex / (gene) inserted into Liposome ; 5. CF patient breathes in (aerosol containing complexes / (retro)virus / DNA) / targeted to lungs, 6. Use of nebuliser ; 7. Liposome fuses with membrane and DNA released in cell / (retro)virus inserts DNA into nucleus; 8. Normal (allele / gene) enters nucleus and CFTR protein is transcribed / eq ; 4 marks

(ii) 1. Effect is temporary / process has to be continually repeated / (Because) cells lining airways are continually replaced / low chance of success / eq ; 2. (Retrovirus) may cause [disease / toxic affects); 3. New gene may disrupt normal genes ; 4. Doesn't help other aspects (of CF) e.g. digestive problems / sterility etc. 5. Treatment at early stage of development / eq ; 6. [Cost / ethical} issue well qualified 2 marks

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January 2005

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme

Question 2 continued (b) Paired points 1. Physiotherapy ;

Maximum mark

Helps (loosen / remove) mucus / improve airflow into and out of lungs / reduce risk of infection 2. Flutter device Vibrations dislodge mucus and aid mucus movement ; 3. Digestive enzymes ; Because pancreatic duct is blocked / eq ; 4. Bronchodilators ; Relax muscles in airways resulting in them opening up 5. Antibiotics Destroy bacteria trapped in the mucus ; 6. DNAase enzymes ; Break down DNA which adds to sticky mucus ; 7. Steroids Reduce inflammation of the lungs ; 8. Diet ; Extra (protein / carbohydrate / fat) to overcome reduced uptake 9. (Heart and) lung transplant ; New lungs function normally 2 marks Total 8 marks

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January 2005

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme

Question 3 (a)

Maximum mark Concentration of sucrose in solution is higher than in the potato cylinder / converse / correct reference to water potential /eq ; Water moves out of {the cells / potato} ; By osmosis ; Reference to {plasmolysis / loss of turgor} 2 marks

(b) (i) 1. To the right of the original curve ; 2. Curve follows a similar shape to original Line; 3. Curve starts and finishes at the same values as the original curve ; 2 marks (ii) 1. {Sucrose / sugar} {increases the solute concentration / ref-hires water potential} of the {cells / potato} / eq 2. More sucrose in the potato cells so cells reach {equilibrium / eq} at a higher concentration of sucrose solution / eq 3. Concentration difference is {less / reduced} / eq ; 4. At the start {full turgor / eq} ; 5. At the end {full plasmolysis / eq} ; 6. Reference to starch having {no / little} effect on osmosis ; 2 marks Total 6 marks

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January 2005 Question 4 (a) Statement Is a polymer Glycosidic bonds are present Is an energy store in animal cells Has high solubility in water [One mark for every two correct] V x V x Starch Glycogen V

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme Maximum mark

Monosaccharide x x

4 marks

(b)

30; 1 mark

(c)

1. DNA {uncoils / separates / unzips} / hydrogen bonds break / eq ; 2. 3. 4. (Template) strand used to form {mRNA / complementary strand} / transcription ; Reference to RNA polymerase ; mRNA passes [to ribosome / out of nucleus / to the cytoplasm} ;

5. tRNA picks up specific amino acid ; 6. 7. 8. 9. Codon and anticodon binding ; Correct reference to {start / stop} codons ; Peptide bonds forming between amino acids ; Example of correct complementary base pairing ; 5 marks

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January 2005 Question 4 continued (d) (Different) R groups ;

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme Maximum mark

Determine bonds formed between R groups of different amino acids ; Named bond between R groups, e.g. 5=5 / H / etc ; [not peptide] Reference to [secondary / tertiary) structure ; 2 marks Total 12 marks

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January 2005

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme

Question 5
(a)

Maximum mark
Suitable symbols used (dominant upper case, recessive same letter lower case) ;

Parent gamete shown ; F1 genotype ;

F2 genotypes

F2 phenotypes F2 genotypes

related to genotypes ;

related to 3:1 ratio ; 4 marks

[Maximum of 3 marks if suitable symbols not used]

(b)

(Back) cross to suitable recessive plant / self fertilise ; Examine phenotypes of offspring ; Suitable ratios e.g. if back cross then (phenotypes) offspring all dominant or 1:1 dominant : recessive / if self fertilise all dominant or 3:1 dominant : recessive ; Linked to explanation i.e. if all dominant then F2 plant is homozygous / if mix of dominant and recessive then F2 plant is [heterozygous / carrier / eq} ; 2 marks Total 6 marks

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January 2005 Question 6 (a)

6131 Unit 51,11 Mark Scheme Maximum mark A B C D Fatty add / hydrophobic [region / tail) / phospholipid tail Phosphate / glycerol / hydrophilic [region / head) / phospholipid head (Channel / transmembrane / intrinsic) protein Glycoprotein 2 marks

[Half mark each, rounded down]

(b)

Facilitated diffusion Through [channel / carrier} protein ; Down a concentration gradient / eq ; Active transport Using carrier protein ; Energy from ATP; Against concentration gradient ; Exocytosis / endocytosis Vesicle containing glucose fuses with membrane ; Vesicle forms (from membrane enclosing glucose) [Maximum 2 marks if only one process mentioned or described. Marks must be in context of a correct process] 3 marks

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January 2005

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheme

Question 6 continued (c) (i) 1. Discs cut from the same beetroot ; 2. Pre-treatment of beetroot / washing discs ;

Maximum mark

3. Standardised method of obtaining beetroot discs / discs the same (mass / volume / surface area) ; 4. Further detail of method e.g. way of keeping the discs from clumping in the water ; 5. Use of water baths at fixed temperatures ; 6. Fixed time in water baths / fixed volume of water ; 7. Use of colorimeter / description af method of measuring intensity of colour ; 8. Detail of colorimeter e.g. use of (reference blank / filter) ; 4 marks

(ii) 1. Membrane selectively permeable at lower temperatures ; 2. {Temperature increase above 40 C / higher temperatures) / membrane breaks down / eq ; 3. Increase of kinetic energy of (pigment molecules / phosphotipids in membrane / eq) ; 4_ Proteins are denatured ; 5. Membrane becomes (freely / more) permeable to (pigment molecules) with increasing temperature ; 6. Reference to diffusion of pigment molecules out of the cells / reaches equilibrium at high temperatures ; 3 marks Total 12 marks

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January 2005

6131 Unit SN1 Mark Scheine

Question 7 (a) (i)

Maximum mark COON 0 \ OH 2 marks

(ii)

Saturated No double bonds in (hydrocarbon) chain ; 2 marks

(b) (i)

Anything that [affects / raises} the chance of harm / eq ; 1 mark

(ii) 1. Strain on the heart ; 2. Raises blood pressure ; 3. Raises cholesterol / LDL (in the blood); 4. Increased risk of formation of [atheroma / plaques}; 5. Atherosclerosis / atherosclerosis explained / eq ; 6. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes / explained 3 marks

(c)

1. Glucose is [a monosaccharide / soluble / doesn't need to be digested} / eq ; 2. Glucose can be quickly absorbed into the blood stream ; 3. Can pass into muscle (cells) 4. Can be used for respiration ; 5. For (muscle) contraction 3 marks Total 11 marks

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January 2005

6134 Unit 5N4 Mark scheme

Unit SN4 (6134)

Question 1 (a) Skin is a physical barrier to bacteria /prevents entry / eq Normal flora compete {better than / with} pathogens ; Surface {too salty / too acidic} for pathogens ; Antibacterial agents in {sweat / eq} ; Reference to hygiene ; Reference to lysozyme / tears / saliva; 2 marks Maximum mark

(b)

Clot formation ; [accept a description] Histamine release / eq; Vasodilation / increased blood flow / eq ; Phagocytosis / (increased) phagocytes / eq ; Mitosis / cell division / eq 2 marks Total 4 marks

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January 2005

6134 Unit SN4 Mark scheme

Question 2 (a) (Diversity) [reduced / becomes Low}; Gene pool {smaller / now small}; Fewer alleles; Reference to inbreeding ; Reference to heterozygosity ; Used to increase-/ maintain (diversity)

Maximum mark

2 marks

(b)

DNA passed unchanged from parent to offspring / eq OR No human error involved / less scope for recording errors OR DNA match with parents ; 1 mark

(c)

[DNA / genes / alleles } [more similar / fewer differences} (in racehorses) ; DNA fingerprints Likely to be more similar; Probability of DNA fingerprint being unique much smaller; Most horses closely related / humans not ; 2 marks Total 5 marks

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January 2005

6134 Unit 5N4 Mark scheme

Question 3 (a)

Maximum mark Light (intensity / wavelength} / photoperiod / carbon dioxide concentration / (soil / eq} / [watering / humidity} / temperature / (age / size / mass / eq} of plant [Reject amount] 1 mark

(b)

Prevent [ reactions / respiration / photosynthesis / carbon fixing / uptake of carbon dioxide} / eq ; 1 mark

(c)

1. ATP production requires electron flow / ATP production reduced ; 2. Reference to (light dependent reactions / photosystems / thylakoids} ; 3. CO2 fixation requires ATP / less CO 2 fixed ; 4. RuBP regeneration requires ATP / cannot regenerate RUBP ; 5. Correct reference to reduction of NADP ; 6. Production of carbohydrate requires ATP / less carbohydrate produced ; 7. Reduction of (PGA / GP / triose phosphate} requires reduced NADP ; 8. Conversion to_PGAL requires energy from ATP / reduced NADP ; 9. So less radioactive carbon fixed in products of photosynthesis / eq 5 marks Total 7 marks

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January 2005

6134 Unit SN4 Mark scheme

Question 4 (a) Number / range / variety of species ; Range of taxa / eq ; [Variety / diversity} within species ; [Variety / diversity} of ecosystems ;

Maximum mark

2 marks

(b)

[Identify / classify / name} organisms / eq ; Recognise new species ; 2 marks

(c)

Correct working Correct answer

(56 250 - 53 820) (=2430)- 56250 x 100; = 4.32 % / - 4.32 % 2 marks

2 marks for correct answer with no working shown ;;

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January 2005

6134 Unit SN4 Mark scheme

Question 4 continued (d) 1. Loss (of rainforest) is not that bad

Maximum mark

2. Main means of subsistence / e.g. [growing food / obtaining fuel / building materials} / eq 3. Can't afford reforestation 4. Can't afford fertilisers (to improve existing farmland) 5. Allows exploitation of resources for profit / benefit economy ; 6. Too difficult to enforce regulations ; 7. [Ancient / existing} land rights ; [Maximum 4 marks from marking points 1-7]

8. Benefit tourism in Honduras ; 9. Rainforests help to [prevent [slow down} global warming / reference to CO2 Levels; 10. Reference to other environmental benefit of keeping forests ; 11. Prevent loss of [habitat / niches / shelter / eq} for wildlife; 12. Prevent loss of [species / biodiversity] ; 13. Provide means of sustainable-exploitation (of forest) ; 14. Prevents loss of potential medicine ; 15. Regulation would make government unpopular; [Maximum 4 marks from marking points 8-15] 5 marks Total 11 marks

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January 2005

6134 Unit SN4 Mark scheme

Question 5
(a)

Maximum mark

1. Agar {plates /dish]; [Reject agar with no qualification] 2. {Lawning / spreading / coating} with bacteria ; 3. Sterility of equipment ; 4. Aseptic technique ; 5. {Wells / discs / paper / container / eq] with antibiotic 6. Reference to different concentrations of antibiotic ; 7. Control of {solvent only / sterile water / disc alone / known antibiotic} ; 8. Incubation ; 9. Details of safe incubation e.g. temperature, taping plates closed; 10. {Measure / compare} a dimension of (area without bacteria) ; 5 marks

(b)

Resistance develops / bacteria not killed by existing antibiotics / disease cannot be cured with existing antibiotics; Alternative pathways / enzymes destroy antibiotic / eq ; Explanation of how resistance develops; Rapid {division / mutation / generations} of bacteria / high mutation rate of bacteria ; [Reject immune] 2 marks

(c)

Ensure safe to use on {people / mammals) / not toxic ; Mammalian cells similar to human cells / eq; 1 mark

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January 2005

6134 Unit 5N4 Mark scheme

Question 5 continued (d) (i) 10% = 20 (line on graph worth credit) 4.3(mg dm-3)

Maximum mark

2 marks (ii) Some bacteria already resistant ; Some (bacteria) {survive / are not all killed) at high concentrations / use of figures ; Reference to inheritance of resistance alleles; 2 marks Total 12 marks

Page 17,

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January 2005

6134 Unit 5144 Mark scheme

Question 6 (a)

Maximum mark Measure {growth / height / number of leaves / mass / dry mass} ; Growth with copper and {without copper / control / range of copper concentrations ; Reference to controlling variables; Reference to {repeats / means / calculation of percentage growth]; 2 marks

(b)

High tolerance plants grow on {site B / eq} ; Tolerance genes from {mine site / site BI; Carried by {pollen / seeds}; To {downwind site / site C} ; Tolerance higher downwind than upwind-; 3 marks

(c)

Plants compete / eq ; For {ions / water / nutrients / nitrates / tight / space / eq) Tolerant plants less well adapted / converse / eq ; So tolerant plants {smaller / less dry mass} / converse / eq Idea: Results are due to competition only because trays 1 and 3 growing the same ; Manipulated figures ; 4 marks

(d)

Decreases / more non-tolerant; No benefit ; Competes less well; 2 marks Total 11 marks
Page I 3 6134 January 2005

January 2005

6134 Unit SN4 Mark scheme

Question 7 (a) 1. Changes in temperature detected ; 2. (Peripheral) receptors / hypothalamus; 3. {Reference to / description of} negative feedback ; 4. Increased {muscular activity / shivering); 5. Less sweating ; 6. Livertiochemistry ; 7. Reference to behavioural mechanisms / eq ; 8. Increased {metabolic rate / respiration);

Maximum mark

9. -Peripheral vasoconstriction / less blood flow to extremities / reduces radiation of heat to surroundings / less cold blood goes to core ; 10. Increased hydrolysis of {fat / brown fat); 3 marks

(b) (i)

In hypothalamus; 1 mark

(ii)

{Set point / norm} raised / thermostat reset higher / eq ; 1 mark

(iii)1. Reduces bacterial growth / reproduction ; 2. Increases phagocytosis ; 3. Reference to denaturation of bacterial enzymes ; 4. Human enzymes work quicker ; 5. Faster immune response / eq ; 2 marks

- Page 19s

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January 2005

6134 Unit 51,14 Mark scheme

Question 7 continued (c)

Maximum mark

1. Can no longer reduce temperature / uncontrolled (temperature) rise ; 2. Delirium 3. Positive feedback ; 4. Reference to critical temperature / {42 / 43} C; 5. Enzymes denature ; 6. Death ; 3 marks Total 10 marks

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6134 January-2005

Further copies of this publication are available from Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4LN Telephone 01623 467467 Fax 01623 450481 Order Code UA 016155 January 2005 For more information on Edexcel qualifications please visit www.edexcel.org.uk/qualifications Alternatively, you can contact Customer Services at www.edexceLorg.uk/ask or on 0870 240 9800. Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales no.4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 7BH