Chapter14 Reproduction PrinciplesofAnimalPhysiology,2e(Moyes/Schulte)

1) hichoneofthefollowingtraitsischaracteristicofanr-typelifehistorystrategy? W A) argelitters l B) arentalcare p C) arge-sizedoffspring l D) elayedreproduction d Answer: A

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2) hichorganismwouldmostlikelybesemelparous? W A) fricanelephant A B) himpanzee c C) acificsalmon P D) ortoise t Answer: C

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3) hetermanisogameticrefersto T A) hehaploidconditionofmaturegametes. t B) rrestmentfollowingthefirstmeioticdivision. a C) egradationofthepolarbodies. d D) ex-specificdifferenceingametesize. s Answer: D

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4) newayinwhichgametogenesisdiffersbetweenthetwosexesisthatinspermatogenesis, O A) hematuregameteslackmobility. t B) ourviablehaploidgametesareproducedfromonegermcell. f C) hromosomenumberishalvedonlyafterthesecondmeioticdivision. c D) hegermcellsarediploid. t Answer: B

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5) nimalsmediatetheeffectsofsteroidhormonesbyalteringthe A A) atesofhormonesynthesis. r B) evelsoftargettissuereceptors. l C) atesofdegradation. r D) lloftheabove a Answer: D

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6) heimmediateprecursorofestradiol-17is T A) ndrostenedione. a B) ihydrotestosterone. d C) rogesterone. p D) estosterone. t Answer: D

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7) _________isnotconsideredagonadotropin. _ A) G C B) SH F C) nRH G D) H L Answer: C

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8) _________isacytochromeP450enzymethatmetabolizesandrogenstoestrogens. _ A) romatase A B) henylethanolamineN-methyltransferase P C) yrosinehydroxylase T D) teroid22-hydroxylase S Answer: A

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9) hichofthefollowingwouldbeconsideredagonadotropinthatoccursinvertebrates? W A) SH F B) H L C) G C D) lloftheabove a Answer: D

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10) hemainregulatorofthereleaseofgonadotropinsfromtheanteriorpituitaryis T A) romatase. a B) nRH. G C) G. C D) H. L Answer: B

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11) nsectsrelyontheterpenoid__________tocontrolreproductivedevelopment, I metamorphosis,andmolting. A) ombyxin b B) closionhormone e C) uvenilehormone j D) ethylfarnesoate m Answer: C

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12) nsectsthatdevelopthroughegg,larval,pupal,andadultstagesareconsideredtobe I A) emimetabolous. h B) eterometabolous. h C) olometabolous. h D) ypermetabolous. h Answer: C

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13) heactivitylevelsofjuvenilehormonescanbereducedby T A) llatostatins. a B) llatotropins. a C) Hesterase. J D) lloftheabove a Answer: D

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14) hewhiptaillizardsCnemidophorusuniparensoftheAmericansouthwestareuniqueinthat T theyare A) arthenogeneticfemaleswithcyclicboutsofmaleandfemalematingbehaviors. p B) rotogynousandthelargestfemaledevelopsintothemaleoftheharem. p C) rotandrouswiththeolder,largerindividualsdevelopingintofemales. p D) truesocialspecieswithhaploidsterilemalesanddiploidfemaleworkers. a Answer: A

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15) fthetwotypesofautomicticparthenogenesis,thelytokydiffersinthat O A) nlyhomogameticmalesareproduced. o B) nlyfemalesareproduced. o C) itosisinsteadofmeiosisgeneratesdiploidoffspring. m D) orethanoneoftheabove m Answer: B

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16) hephenomenoninwhichsomefemalecoralreeffishspontaneouslytransformintomalesif T thedominantmaleisremovedisknownas A) rrhenotoky. a B) rotandry. p C) rotogyny. p D) helytoky. t Answer: C

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17) ncrocodiliansandmarineturtles,thesexoftheyoungisdeterminedby I A) omogamyvs.heterogamy. h B) romataseactivity. a C) esttemperature. n D) atesofvitellogenesis. r Answer: C

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18) _________isthereproductivestrategyinwhichtheentiredevelopmentoftheeggorovum _ occursexternally. A) viparity O B) voviviparity O C) iviparity V D) orethanoneoftheabove m Answer: A

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19) itellogeninisaphospholipoproteinproducedbythe V A) olliclecells. f B) nsectfatbody. i C) ertebrateliver. v D) lloftheabove a Answer: D

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20) heLeydigcellsofthetypicalvertebratetestis T A) roducetestosterone. p B) evelopintospermatids. d C) roduceandrogen-bindingproteins. p D) ediatetheresponseofthetestistoFSH. m Answer: A

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21) heswimmingcapacityofhumanspermisattainedwithinthe T A) ulbourethralgland. b B) pididymis. e C) rostategland. p D) eminalvesicles. s Answer: B

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22) hichofthefollowingstructuresisINCORRECTLYmatchedtoitsfunction? W A) ulbourethralgland---secretionofnutrientsandenzymes b B) pididymis---spermconcentrationandstorage e C) allopiantube---commonsiteoffertilization f D) lacenta---maternal/fetalendocrineandexchangeorgan p Answer: A

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23) healkalinefluidproducedbythe__________neutralizestheacidicconditionsoffemale T reproductivetracttoallowthespermtoswim. A) ulbourethralgland b B) pididymis e C) rostategland p D) eminalvesicles s Answer: D

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24) heneurotransmitter__________playsthekeyroleingeneratinganerectioninthe T mammalianpenis. A) cetylcholine a B) opamine d C) ABA G D) itricoxide n Answer: D

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25) emaleinsectspossessanelaboratesperm-storageorgancalledthe F A) ccessorygland. a B) ufoursgland. D C) ametosome. g D) permatheca. s Answer: D

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26) fthefourextraembryonicmembranesofdevelopingamniotes,the__________functionsas O agas-exchangeorgan. A) llantois a B) mnion a C) horion c D) olksac y Answer: C

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27) he__________oftheamnioticeggenclosesafluidtoactasaprotectivehydrauliccushion. T A) llantois a B) mnion a C) horion c D) olksac y Answer: B

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28) ntheamnioticeggsofbirdsandreptiles,the__________servesasastoragesacfor I nitrogenouswastes. A) llantois a B) mnion a C) horion c D) olksac y Answer: A

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29) memberoftheTGF-familyofcytokines,__________isapeptidehormonesecretedby A thematurefollicle. A) G C B) strin e C) nhibin i D) rogestin p Answer: C

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30) helutealphaseoftheovulationcycleofmammalscorrespondstothe__________phasesof T theestrouscycle. A) roestrusandestrus p B) strusandmetestrus e C) etestrusanddiestrus m D) iestrusandproestrus d Answer: C

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31) nthehumanreproductivesystem,ovulationistriggered I A) ttheendofthelutealphase. a B) ythesurgeinprogesteronerelease. b C) ythesurgeinLHrelease. b D) tthebeginningofthefollicularphase. a Answer: C

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32) hedecliningFSHlevelsduringthefollicularphaseresultsinmostofthedeveloping T folliclestoundergo A) onversionintocorporalutea. c B) egenerationbyatresia. d C) evelopmentintonursecells. d D) evelopmentintoGraafianfollicles. d Answer: B

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33) fterovulation,theremnantoftherupturedfollicledevelopsintothe A A) orpusallatum. c B) orpusluteum. c C) raafianfollicle. G D) olarbodies. p Answer: B

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34) rivenbythe__________surge,thepost-ovulationfollicleundergoesachangeinstructure D todevelopintothecorpusluteum. A) SH F B) H L C) G C D) rogesterone p Answer: B

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35) heuterineislinedbyalayerofepithelialtissueknownasthe T A) ndometrium. e B) ndothelium. e C) esothelium. m D) yometrium. m Answer: A

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36) hebirthcontrolpilldevelopedintheearly1960spreventspregnancyby T A) reventingovulation. p B) timulatingthickeningofthecervicalmucus. s C) mpairingendometrialgrowth. i D) lloftheabove a Answer: B

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37) arturitionrefersto P A) hildbirth. c B) estation. g C) enstruation. m D) lacentaldevelopment. p Answer: A

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38) hetrophoblastoftheimplantedfertilizedeggultimatelydevelopsintothe T A) llantois. a B) mnioticcavity. a C) lacenta. p D) onapellucida. z Answer: C

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39) nhumanreproduction,onceconceptionandsuccessfulimplantationhaveoccurred, I A) GsecretedbytheplacentasimulatestheactivityofLH. C B) hecorpusluteumcontinuesprogesteroneandestrogensecretionforthefirsttrimester. t C) heplacentaeventuallyassumestheproductionofprogesteroneandestrogen. t D) lloftheabove a Answer: D

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40) ttheonsetoflabor,__________actsonthemyometriumliningdirectlytoinduce A contraction. A) xytocin o B) rolactin p C) rostaglandin p D) lloftheabove a Answer: D

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41) hehormonethatcontrolsmilkproductioninmammalsis T A) strogen. e B) xytocin. o C) rolactin. p D) rostaglandin. p Answer: C

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42) heearliestmammaryglandsecretions,called__________,arerichinimmunoprotective T agents,growthfactors,minerals,andvitamins. A) aseinate c B) olostrum c C) lobulus g D) econium m Answer: B

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43) asedonmolecularevidence,caseinmostlikelyarosefromagenecodingfor B A) lbumin. a B) ibrinogen. f C) yoglobin. m D) ransferrin. t Answer: B

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44) heevolutionaryhistoryofprolactiniscloselytiedtothatof T A) ibrinogen. f B) rowthhormone. g C) xytocin. o D) ransferrin. t Answer: B

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45) nadditiontoitseffectsinmilkproduction,prolactinplaysarolein I A) alciummetabolism. c B) ammaglobulinbiosynthesis. g C) terinecontractions. u D) aternalbehavior. m Answer: D

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46) nimalsthatcanundergomultiplereproductivecyclesareknownassemelparous. A Answer: FALSE

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47) teroidhormonesbindtonuclearhormonereceptorsintargetcells. S Answer: TRUE

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48) rogesteroneisproducedbytissuesotherthanthegonads. P Answer: TRUE

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49) nmammals,birds,andbutterflies,amaleresultswhenthezygoteisheterogametic. I Answer: FALSE

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50) hemostcommonlyoccurringformofenvironmentalsexdeterminationisdensityT dependentsexdetermination. Answer: FALSE

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51) nmostspecies,femalesproducetheirlifetimesupplyofovaearlyinlife. I Answer: TRUE

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52) neofthelimitationsofoviparityisthatinternalfertilizationisimpossible. O Answer: FALSE

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53) ostofthemacromoleculesinyolkareproducedoutsidetheoocyte. M Answer: TRUE

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54) permproductioniscontrolledbytheLeydigcellsoftheseminiferoustubules. S Answer: FALSE

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55) ecausespermatozoaeliminatemuchoftheircytoplasmduringdevelopment,theytendto B havelowmitochondrialdensities. Answer: FALSE

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56) ildenafil(e.g.,Viagra),marketedforerectiledysfunction,worksbyelevatinglevelsofthe S neurotransmitternitricoxide. Answer: FALSE

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57) nlyreptiles,birds,andmammalsareconsideredamniotes. O Answer: TRUE

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58) ndrogensplayaroleinthelibidoofsexuallymaturemalesandfemales. A Answer: TRUE

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59) mongmammals,thegestationperiodisinverselyproportionaltobodysize. A Answer: FALSE

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60) hemilkproteincaseinisabletoeffectivelybindcalciumduetoitshighlevelof T phosphorylation. Answer: TRUE

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61) _________isacytochromeP450enzymethatmetabolizesandrogenstoestrogens. _ Answer: Aromatase

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62) ostformsofasexualreproductioninanimalsoccurby__________throughtheuseofova M andthefemalereproductivesystem. Answer: parthenogenesis

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63) nserialhermaphroditism,__________animalsareinitiallymales. I Answer: protandrous

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64) _________isthemostabundantoftheyolkproteins. _ Answer: Vitellin

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65) he__________isthesperm-storageorganoffemaleinsects. T Answer: spermatheca

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66) ninsects,spermareabletofertilizetheshelledeggthroughatunnelcalledthe__________. I Answer: micropyle

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67) _________arechemicalsthatarereleasedfromananimalthatelicitaspecificresponsein _ anothermemberofthesamespecies. Answer: Pheromones

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68) irdstransferspermdirectlyfromthe__________ofthemaletothatofthefemale. B Answer: cloaca

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69) anymammalshaveabonewithinthepeniscalledthe__________. M Answer: baculumorospenis

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70) nmorethan100mammalianspecies,embryogenesiscanbearrestedintheearlyblastocyst I stagebyaprocessknownas__________.(twowords) Answer: delayedimplantation

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71) he__________isthelossofuterinetissueattheendofthemenstrualcycle. T Answer: menses

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72) heliningoftheuterusisknownasthe__________. T Answer: endometrium

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73) ftersheddingthezonapellucida,theoutermostcellsoftheblastocystdifferentiatetoform A the__________. Answer: trophoblast

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74) hehormone__________controlsmilkproduction. T Answer: prolactin

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75) hesecretoryunitsofthemammaryglandsarethe__________. T Answer: alveoli

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76) hatarethethreelevelsthroughwhichgenomicvariationisgeneratedbysexual W reproduction? Answer: First,eachanimalgeneratesanenormousvarietyofgametesfromagenomethatwas itselfderivedbyanear-randomcombinationofchromosomesfromtwodifferent parents:Ananimalwith23pairsofchromosomescanproducemorethan8million differentgametes.Second,duringmeiosis,chromosomalrecombinationscangenerate hybridsofmaternalandpaternalchromosomes.Andthird,thediploidoffspring producedbyfertilizationareuniquecombinationsofthevariantsgeneratedbythe firsttwoprocessescitedabove.
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77) escribethemechanismofsexdeterminationinthetwoformsofautomictic D parthenogenesis. Answer: Essentially,sexdeterminationdependsonwhichofthesexesishomogametic.In thelytoky,thehomogameticcondition(XX)isfemale,andthereforethe parthenogeneticallyproducedoffspringmustalsobehomogametic(XX)andfemale. Inarrhenotoky,theheterogametic(WZ)conditionisfemale:Sincefusionofthe matureovumwiththesecondpolarbodysimplyreunitesthechromatidsderived fromasingleparentchromosome,alloffspringmustbehomogametic(ZZorWW) andeithermale(ZZ)ornonviable(WW).
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78) hatroledoesinhibinplayinregulatingovulation? W Answer: Inhibinisreleasedbythematureovarianfollicle(orcorpusluteum)andoperatesvia thehypothalamus-pituitaryaxistoinhibitthesynthesisandreleaseofFSH.Inhibin alsohasautocrineandparacrineeffectsattheleveloftheovarytoinhibitestrogen synthesis.

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79) escribetheinteractiverolesofthevarioushormonesintheprocessofparturition. D Answer: Duringgestation,highestrogentitersenhancethecontractilestrengthoftheuterine smoothmusclesaswellastheirexpressionofoxytocinreceptors,whileprogesterone inhibitsuterinecontractions.Attheendofgestationwhenprogesteronelevelsdecline, themusclesarefreedfrominhibition.Fetalcellsproduceoxytocin,whichstimulates thereleaseofcontraction-stimulatingprostaglandins.Simultaneously,thematernal posteriorpituitarybeginssecretingoxytocinthatcollectivelywiththeprostaglandins stimulateuterinesmoothmusclecontractions.Thestressstimulatesthereleaseof additionaloxytocinandprostaglandins,therebyengagingapositivefeedbackloop.
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80) hatistheproposedrelationshipbetweenfibrinogenandcasein? W Answer: Caseinormilkproteinisthoughttohavebeenderivedfromthegenecodingforthechainoffibrinogen.Evidencetosupportthishypothesiscomesfromsequence similaritiesbetweenthetwoproteins(andgenes)andwellasfromtheobservation thatprimitivemammaryglandsproduceamilkprimarilyderivedfrom presynthesizedcomponentsoftheblood,includingfibrinogen.

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81) hatroledoesprolactinplayinreproductivebehavior? W Answer: Duringpregnancyinmammals,prolactinandthesteroidhormonesalterthebrain biochemistryofthefemaletopromotematernalbehavior.Thebehaviorisrelatedto increasedprolactinsynthesisandtotheexpressionofprolactinreceptorsinthemedial peropticareaofthehypothalamus:Thehypothalamusexhibitsgreatersensitivityto prolactin.Inmammalsinwhichpaternalcarehasbeenobserved,malesalsohave higherlevelsofprolactin.

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82) hatistherelationshipbetweenglucocorticoidsandtestosteroneinthereproductive W behavioroffrogs? Answer: Calling,mediatedbytestosterone,isoneofthemostenergeticallycostlybehaviors observedinectotherms,necessitatingthemobilizationofenergystoresby glucocorticoids.Elevatedlevelsoftestosteroneresultinmorecalling,increasingthe demandforenergyandthetitersofglucocorticoids.Ultimately,theglucocorticoid levelsaresohighthatthestressresponseiselicited,testosteroneproductiondeclines, andcallingceases. PageRef:693

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