Digital Microwave Communication Principle ISSUE 1.01

Digital Microwave Communication Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
This course is developed for the requirement from OptiX RTN equipments. This course mainly introduce the basic knowledge of digital microwave communication. Engineers can have a basic to understand the further OptiX RTN equipments after finish the course.
Page1
Learning Guide
Before this course, you may refer to these references first: SDH Principle Network Communication Technology Electromagnetism Basics
Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concept and characters of digital microwave communication Describe the theory and function of every parts in the digital microwave system List the networking application for digital microwave systems List the fadings in microwave propagation List the common technologies of antifading
Page3
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview 2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction 3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment 4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
Page4
Transmission Methods for Communication

Coaxial Cable Fiber
MUX
Radio Ter.
Microwave
Radio Ter.
MUX
Satellite
Page5
Fiber and Microwave transmission

Microwave (MW) Easy to cross the space, few land needed, avoid the private land Low investment, short period, easy to maintain Anti-natural disaster strongly , easy to be restored fast Need to apply the frequency license Performance affected by weather and landform Low transmission capacity
Optical Fiber Optical cable construction, large land used. High investment, long Construction period Outside cable maintenance, natural disaster influence No frequency license required Performance stable, less influence from outside High transmission capacity
Page6
Microwave (MW) Definition

Microwave (MW)
A kind of electromagnetic wave. Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz. Be regard as plane wave. The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of transmission direction of plane wave. So it is called as Transverse Electric and Magnetic field wave (TEM).
Page7
Digital MW communication concepts

The communication that use microwave as carrier is microwave communication. The microwave communication with digital baseband signal is Digital microwave communication. There is an intermediate frequency between digital baseband signal and radio frequency signal.
Page8
Developing of MW communication
Capacity/ch
155M
PDH Digital
SDH Digital MW system
34/140M
Medium, low capacity Digital MW System Analog MW System 1970s 1950s
MW System
2/4/6/8M
1990s to now
480 tone channels
1980s
Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity, from 10~100M is medium capacity, and more than 100M is large capacity.
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page9
Frequency Band and Radio Channel

The common frequency bands : 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. )
1.5
regionz networks
2 8 34 Mbit/ s
2.5GH
3.3
11 GHz
long-distance backbone network

34 140 155 Mbit/ s
area and local network, boundary network

2 8 34 140 155 Mbit/ s 20
GH z 30 40 50
10
Page10
Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing are defined in every frequency band. Frequency scope
Low frequency band
Protection spacing
f0(central freq.) High frequency band T/R spacing

Protection spacing
T/R spacing
Channe l f1 spacing f2
Adjacent Chann el T/R spacing f2 fn spacing f1
fn
Page11
Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

Frequency scope74257725MHz f0(7575M) T/R spacing: 154M 28M f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1=7596 f2 f5
Freq. scope F0 (MHz) T/R spacing (MHz)channel spacing(MHz) High site / low site 7425--7725 7575 7575 7110--7750 7275 7597 7250--7550 7400 . 154 161 196 196 161 28 7 28 28 3.5 Fn , Fn
Page12
Modulation modes for Digital MW

The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the baseband signal.
Service signal
Base band Signal rate Digital base band signal
modulation
Channel bandwidth
Intermedia frequency (IF) signal
Page13
Modulation modes for Digital MW (cont.)

The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
A*COSWc*t+
Amplitude Frequenc y Phas e
PSK and QAM are commonly used in digital MW
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and are constant Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Wc is variable, A and are constant Phase Shift Keying (PSK): is variable, A and Wc are constant Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A and are variable, Wc is constant
Page14
MW Frame Structure
Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):
171.072Mb/s 15.552Mb/s RFCOH STM-1 155.52Mb/s SOH Payload
MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA 11.84Mb/s 64Kb/s 16Kb/ 64Kb/s 2.24Mb/s 864Kb/s 144Kb/s 32Kb/s 288Kb/s s
RSCMW service control MLCM: Multi-level coded modulation IN: N:1 switch instruction DMY: Dummy ID: Identification XPIC: Cross polarization interference counteract FA: Frame synchronization ATPC: Automatic transmitter power control WS Wayside services
MW Frame Structure (cont.)

RFCOH and STM-1 data are blocked by multi-frame, there are six rows in a multi-frame, 3564 bits per rows. A multi-frame consists of two sub-frames, and 1776 bits for one row in a sub-frame. The other 12 bits are used as FS.
Multi-frame 3564bit 6rows FS 6bit Sub-frame 1 1776bit148 units FS 6bit Sub-frame 2 1776bit148 units
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I b C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I C2 C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I a C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I b C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I C2 C1
12bit first unit ISTM-1 date bit RFCOH C1,C2: 2 Level error correction monitor bit
12bit FS: Frame sync.
148th
unit
a,b: other
Page16
Questions
What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication
What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?
What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band arrangement ?
What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation modes are used in digital MW?
Page17
Contents
Page18
Types of Digital MW Equipment

Modes Multiplexing PDH medium, low capacity
216E1 34M
Digital MW SDH
Analog MW
Capacit y
Large capacity
STM-0STM12 x STM-1
Discontinued
Trunk MW Structure split-mount MW All-outdoor MW
Page19
10
Trunk MW Equipment
BRU: Branch of RF unit MSTU: Main signal transceiver unit (transceiver, modem, SDH electric interface, hitless module)
P M1 M2
SCSU: surveil, control, switch unit BBIU: baseband interface unit (optional: STM-1 optical interface, C4 PDH interface)
SDH MW Equipment
Page20
All-outdoor MW Equipment
RF signal processing unit
IF cable
IF and baseband signal processing unit
Service and power cable
All-outdoor MW equipment
Page21
11
Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
IF Cable RF unit or Outdoor unit (ODU) Indoor Unit
split-mount MW equipment
Page22
Split-mount MW Equipment (cont.)

Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU, enlarge signal gain ODU: RF signal processingconversion between IF signal and RF signal. IF cable: Transmission for IF service signal , ODU management signal and supply power for ODU. IDU: service access and distribute, multiple, modem and so on.
Page23
12
Split-mount MW Equipment Installation

Separate installation Direct installation
Antenna Antenna ODU Soft waveguide (ODU) IF cable IF cable
IDU IF interface IDU IF interface
Page24
Antenna
The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid antenna and Kasai Green antenna are usually used. The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0m, etc.
Paraboloid antenna
Kasai Green antenna

Page25
13
Antenna (cont.)
Several channels in one frequency band can share one antenna.
Channel 1 Tx Rx 1 1 Channel 1
Tx Rx
n n
n n
Page26
Antenna Aligning
Side lobe
Main lobe
Side view
Rear lobe
Side lobe
Top view
Rear lobe
Main lobe
Page27
14
Antenna Aligning
Wrong
Wrong
Correct
Page28
Antenna Specifications
Antenna gain The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to surface antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field intensity at the same point. 2 P D It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB)G = io = : Pi Half power angle (3 dB beam width) From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points where the power decrease half are half power point. The angle between the two half power points is half power angle. Approximate calculation formula is: 0.5 = (65 0 ~ 70 0 ) Half power angle D
15
Antenna Specifications (cont.)

Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)
The suppressive intensity of power received from expected polarization (Po) to the other polarization (Px). It should more than 30db. Formula is:
XdB10lgPo/Px Antenna protection ratio

It is the ratio of the receiving attenuation in antenna other lobes to the receiving attenuation in antenna main lobe. The 180 degree antenna protection ratio also be called as the front / rear protection ratio.
Page30
Outdoor Unit
The main specifications of transmitter
Working frequency band:
One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of a frequency band.
Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter. The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
Page31
16
Outdoor Unit (cont.)

The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)
Frequency stability
The oscillation frequency stability of microwave device is from 3 to 10 ppm.
Transmitting frequency spectrum frame

A restricted frequency scope is frequency spectrum frame.
Page32

The main specifications of receiver
Work frequency band:
The receiving frequency of local station is the same with the remote station.
Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5 to 5dB.
Page33
17

The main specifications of receiver (cont.)
Passband
The typical value is 1 to 2 times of transmission code element rate.
Selectivity
The suppressing ability against interference beyond transmission bands
Automatic gain control (AGC) range

Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF output power level when receiving RF power level shift in a range because of fading.
Indoor Unit
Accessing service like E1 or STM-1 Processing RFCOH Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Service channel
IF unit
modulation
Service accessing
Interface of OM
Multiplex of microwave frame Demultiplex of microwave frame
Tx IF Rx IF
Cable interface
From/to ODU
demodulation
Monitor and control unit
Service channel
DC/DC convert
Page35
18
Questions
What are the classification of digital MW equipment
What components are there in the split-mount digital MW equipmentWhat are the functions of them?
What are the main parameters of antenna
What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and receiver
Page36
Summary
Classification of digital microwave equipment Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW equipment Parameters of antenna Parameters of ODU Function of IDU
Page37
19
Contents
Page38
Common Networking Application

Ring Point to point link
Add / drop link Tree
Page39
20
Types of Digital MW Stations

The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay station and pivotal station
Relay station Terminal station Pivotal station
Pivotal station
Terminal station
Terminal station
Types of Relay Stations

Passive Parabolic reflectors Plane reflector Relay station Regenerative relay Active IF relay RF relay
Page41
21
Active Relay Stations

RF direct station:
Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without frequency shift.
Regenerative relay station:

It extends the MW propagation distance and change direction to round the obstacles.
Page42
Passive Relay Stations

Parabolic reflectors:
It consists of two parabolic antennas which are connected back to back with a section of waveguide.
Plane reflectors:
A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
Page43
22
Passive Relay (actual picture)
Plane reflectors
Parabolic reflectors
Page44
Application of Digital MW
Supplement for optical network (the Special last mile Backhaul transmission transmission access) situation (river, for mobile lake, island) BTS Microwave Critical link backup Emergency communication large activity, crisis VIP customer access
application
Page45
23
Questions
Which network application are commonly used by digital MW?
What types of stations are there in the digital MW system?
What types of the relay stations are there?
What are the applications for digital MW system?
Page46
Contents
Page47
24
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading 4.2 Antifading Technologies
Page48
Factors Affect MW Propagation

Landform:
The reflection from land affect receiving signal from main direction
Direct Reflection
Direct Reflection
4 types of the landform:

A: mountainous region (or the region of dense buildings) B: foothill (the fluctuation of ground is gently) C: flatland D: large acreage of water
Page49
25
Factors Affect MW Propagation (cont.)

Atmosphere and weather:
Atmosphere absorption mainly affect the microwave whose frequency is over 12 GHz. Refraction, reflection, dispersion in the troposphere. Scattering and absorption loss caused by rain, fog and snow. It mainly affect the microwave whose frequency is over 10 GHz.
Page50
Classification of the Fading

Fading mechanism
Fading in free space
Sustained duration
Received level
Effect
Downward fading
Absorption loss
Upward Fading
Fading of rain and fog

Scintillation fading Frequency selective fading
Flat fading
K facter fading Duct Type fading
Fast Fading Slow Fading
Page51
26
Free Space Fading

Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
d = distance in km
GTX Power Level G PTX A G M Receiving threshold distance
f = frequency in GHz d
GRX PTX = Output power PRX = Receiving power G = Antenna gain A = Free space loss M = Fading Margin PRX
Absorption Loss
It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
Page53
27
Rain & Fog Fading

Generally, different frequency band has different loss.
less than 10 GHz, its fading caused by rain and fog is not serious. over 10 GHz, relay distance is limited by fading caused by rains. over 20GHz, the relay distance is only about several kilometers for the rain & fog fading.
Page54
K Factor Fading
A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of earth). the value of K is depend on the local meteorological phenomena
Re
Page55
28
Scintillation Fading
The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other area, and the electric wave is scattered by it.
sketch map of Scintillation fading
Page56
Duct Type Fading

When electric waves pass the atmospheric waveguide, super reflection occurs.
sketch map of Duct Type fading
Page57
29
Multi-Path Propagation and Fading

The receiving paths includes direct path and other reflection paths. Multi-path fading is caused by the signals interference from different propagation paths Ground
Page58
Flat Fading
Upward fading Receive level in free space
Threshold (-30dB )
Fast fading
1h Slow fading
Signal interruption
Page59
30
Frequency Selective Fading

Frequency selective fading will cause the in-band distortion and decrease system original fading margin.
Receiving power (dBm) Flat Selective fading
Normal
Freq. (MHz)
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading 4.2 Antifading Technologies
Page61
31
Antifading Technologies
Types Adaptive Equalization Antifading technologies related with device Cross Polarization Interference Counteract Automatic Transmit Power Control Forward Error Correct Antifading technologies related with system Diversity receive technologies Improving effects Wave shape distortion Wave shape distortion
Power reduction Power reduction Wave shape distortion and Power reduction
Page62
Adaptive Frequency Equalization

Slope frequency domain equalization
Signal spectrum
Multi-path fading
Spectrum after equalization
Page63
32
Adaptive Time Equalization
T
Before Equalization
C0
T Cn
After Equalization
C-n
-2Ts -Ts Ts
-2Ts -Ts Ts
Page64
Automatic Transmit Power Control

ATPC is used to reduce interference to adjacent system, upward-fading, DC power consumption and refine characteristic of residual error rate.
modulator
transmitter
receive r ATPC
transmitter
demodulator
ATPC
demodulator
receiver
modulator
Page65
33
XPIC
XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.
30MH z 80MHz 60MHz 1 2 340MHz 3 4 5 6 7 680MH z 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Direction of electric field
Horizontal polarization
V (H)
H (V)
Vertical polarization
MHz 680 30MH z V (H) 80MHz 60MHz 1 2 3 340MH z 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H (V) 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 1X 2X 3X' 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X 8X
Frequency configuration in U6GHz bandITU-R F.384-5
Page66
Diversity Reception
Diversity reception is used to minimize the effects of fading. It includes:
Space diversity (SD) Frequency diversity (FD) Polarization diversity Angle diversity
Page67
34
Frequency Diversity
The merit is only need one set of feeder and antenna, but its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is low.
f1 f2
Page68
Space Diversity
The merit is saving frequency resource, but demerit is system is complex and need two or more sets of feeder and antenna.
f1
f1
Page69
35
Other Antifading Methods

blocking the reflected wave by some terrain or obstacles.
Page70
Other Antifading Methods (cont.)

Different height antennas in one hop.
Page71
36
Questions
What are the factors which affect microwave propagation?
What types of the fading are there in microwave propagation?
What types of antifading technologies can be used?
Page72
Summary
Digital microwave communication definitions. Frequency bands and radio channel arrangement Structure and function of digital microwave equipment Application of digital microwave communication Microwave propagation and fading Antifading technologies
Page73
37
Thank you
www.huawei.com
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Digital Microwave Communication Principle

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transmission Methods for Communication

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fiber and Microwave transmission

Microwave (MW) Definition

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Digital MW communication concepts

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Digital MW system

480 tone channels

Frequency Band and Radio Channel

long-distance backbone network

area and local network, boundary network

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

f0(central freq.) High frequency band T/R spacing

Adjacent Chann el T/R spacing f2 fn spacing f1

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modulation modes for Digital MW

Base band Signal rate Digital base band signal

Intermedia frequency (IF) signal

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modulation modes for Digital MW (cont.)

PSK and QAM are commonly used in digital MW

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MW Frame Structure (cont.)

12bit FS: Frame sync.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?

What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band arrangement ?

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Types of Digital MW Equipment

Trunk MW Structure split-mount MW All-outdoor MW

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

IF and baseband signal processing unit

Service and power cable

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

IF Cable RF unit or Outdoor unit (ODU) Indoor Unit

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Split-mount MW Equipment (cont.)

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Split-mount MW Equipment Installation

IDU IF interface IDU IF interface

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kasai Green antenna

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Specifications (cont.)

XdB10lgPo/Px Antenna protection ratio

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Outdoor Unit (cont.)