UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II NAME & STUDENT ID : Afuza

Husna 557) (CGE (2010) Rozalin Danis (2010467864) Amirul Hakim Bin Mat Azahar (2010409492) Muhammad Ilham Bin Juanda (2010485804) Mohammad Zhafry Bin Samsuddin (2010873498) :1 : 23 March 2012 :4 : EH 223 : EH 223 4A Allocated Marks % 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 20 10 5 5 5 100 Marks

EXPERIMENT DATE PERFORMED SEMESTER PROGRAMME/CODE GROUP No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Title Abstract/summary Introduction Aims/objectives Theory Apparatus Procedure Result Calculations Discussion Conclusion Recommendations References Appendices Total

Remarks: Checked by:

Abstract/summary An artificial neural networks (ANN) model has been developed to provide accurate predictions of mud density as a function of mud type, pressure and temperature. Available experimental measurements of water-base and oil-base drilling fluids at pressures ranging from 0 to 1400 psi and temperatures up to 400 F were used to develop and test the ANN model. With the knowledge of the drilling mud type (water-base, or oil-base) and its density at standard conditions (0 psi and 70 F) the developed model provides predictions of the density at any temperature and pressure (within the ranges studied) with an average absolute percent error of 0.367, a root mean squared error of 0.0056 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9998.

Introduction The density of a drilling fluid is normally determined at standard conditions of 0 psi and 70 F. As the drilling operation progresses, the drilling fluid will be subjected to increasing pressure and temperature. While the higher pressure increases the drilling fluid density, the increased temperature results in density reduction. Proper planning and execution of drilling operations, particularly for HPHT wells, requires complete and accurate knowledge of the behavior of the drilling fluid density as the pressure and temperature change during the drilling operation. Such information can accurately be obtained only through actual measurements of the drilling fluid density at desired pressures and temperatures. This, however, requires special equipment along with difficult and time-consuming procedures. Prediction of the drilling mud density at various pressures and temperatures is, therefore, very useful for mud and drilling engineers in planning drilling operations. McMordie et al1 studied the effect of temperature and pressure on the density of water-base and oil-base drilling fluids. They presented experimental measurements of densities in the temperature range of 70 F to 400 F and pressure range of 0 - 14000 psi and concluded that the change in mud density with pressure and temperature is independent of the initial mud density (at 70 F and 0 psi). They also concluded that for equal densities at surface conditions, oil-base drilling fluids become denser than water-base drilling fluids at high temperatures and pressures. Okoye et al2 used the data of McMordie et al and developed various correlations of water-base mud density as a function of temperature for various values of surface mud density. These correlations, however, ignored the effect of pressure on

mud density and are limited to water-base drilling fluids of specific surface density and to the range of temperatures and pressures covered by the experimental measurements. Away from empirical correlations and their inherent limitations, artificial neural networks (ANN) models have been proven in recent years to be very effective means of solving difficult problems in the oil industry. This paper presents an ANN model that provides, with great accuracy, predictions of water-base and oil-base drilling fluids density. Identifying the type of drilling fluid (water-base, or oil-base) and the density at surface conditions, the developed model predicts the density at any temperature and pressure.

Objectives To determine the density of different sample of drilling mud Theory Apparatus Mud samples (oil and water base mud), Fan Mud Balance, hydrometer and measuring cylinder.

PROCEDURE
Procedures Fan mud balance;

Calibration 1. Filled the cup with water. 2. Placed the lid on the cup and seat it firmly. Be sure some mud runs out of the hole in the cap. 3. With the hole in the cap covered with a finger, all the water from the outside of the cup and arm are washed or wiped. 4. Set the knife edge into the fulcrum and move the rider along the graduated arm until the cup and arm are balanced. 5. Read the density of the mud at the left-hand edge of the sliding weight.

6. Report the results to the nearest scale division in lb./gal.; lb./cu. ft.; S.G. (specific gravity); or psi/1000 ft. of depth. 7. Wash the mud from the cup immediately after each use. It is absolutely essential that all parts of the mud balance be kept clean if accurate results are to be obtained.

Test procedure 1. The lid from the mud cup is removed and filled with the mud sample. 2. Placed the lid on the cup and seat it firmly. Be sure some mud runs out of the hole in the cap. 3. The mud from the outside of the mud cup is washed or wiped. 4. Placed the balance arm on the base, with the knife-edge resting on the fulcrum. 5. Moved the rider until the graduated arm is level, as indicated by the level vial on the beam. 6. At the left-hand edge of the rider, read the density on either side of the lever in all desired units without disturbing the rider. 7. Noted down the mud temperature corresponding to density.

Hydrometer;

1. Used the same mud sample as used in the mud balance experiment. 2. Filled the hydrometer cylinder (graduated cylinder) with the drilling mud to within 1 to 2 inches of the top by pouring the sample slowly down the side of the cylinder. 3. Chose the correct hydrometer for measuring specific gravity, SG of the drilling fluid. 4. Inspected the hydrometer to ensure that it is clean and dry. 5. Placed the hydrometer carefully in the cylinder, allowing it to gently settle to the proper measurement level. 6. Spin the hydrometer and record the reading at which the hydrometer rests. 7. Record the reading and compared with the reading obtained from mud balance experiment.

Result Mud density measurement using mud balance Mud Weight Oil-based mud Water-based mud ppg 11.6 10.6 lb/ft3 87.0 79.5
psi/1000ft SG

602.0 551.0

1.098 1.272

Mud density measurement using hydrometer Mud Weight Oil-based mud Water-based mud Specific Gravity (SG) 1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial 1.042 1.042 1.038 1.308 1.310 1.313 Average Density (SG) 1.0407 1.3103

Calculation
Oil-based mud Using mud balance, Mud weight = 11.60 ppg
1 ppg = 7.48 lb/ft3

1 ppg = 0.12 SG

1 ppg = 0.052 psi/ft

Using hydrometer, 1 ppg = 0.12 SG

Water-based mud Using mud balance,

Mud weight = 10.60 ppg

1 ppg = 7.48 lb/ft3

1 ppg = 0.12 SG

1 ppg = 0.052 psi/ft

Using hydrometer, 1 ppg = 0.12 SG

DISCUSSION For the determination of density of mud using the mud balance, we firstly made a calibration of the mud balance by using a fresh water to check for error of the mud balance. We got exactly 1.00 SG for the water. After we done with the calibration, the mud balance is perfectly fine and ready to go for the mud density determination. The mud balance can give us a direct measurement of of mud density in four unit that are ppg (lbm /gal), lb./ft3, psi/1000 ft., specific Gravity (SG) as shown in table in the results above. While the hydrometer only give the reading of density by SG. Water base mud weight measured using hydrometer is 1.3103 SG. The result follows expected values declared in M-I SWACO (2001) which the standard mud weight of water based mud usually used in drilling operation is between 1.054 to 1.618 SG. While the oil base mud weight measured using mud balance and hydrometer are 1.0407 SG respectively. These results were also complied with expected value published by M-I SWACO (2001). In which a standard mud weight of oil based mud is normally between 1.019 to 1.917 SG. There is difference between reading taken using mud balance and hydrometer. For oil based mud, the discrepancy is 0.0573 SG while for water based mud is 0.0383 SG. Mud balance is a more accurate tool to acquire specific gravity of mud. It is because hydrometer is actually unreliable in drilling fluid because of gelation (Schlumberger oilfield glossary, 2011). The gelation describe the process of formation jelly like substances within the drilling fluids that having high property of suspending solid material. Most of mud commonly used comes with this particular behaviour, due to requirement of the drilling process that want any excessive material such as cuttings that been encounter via the drilling process can be suspended by the drilling fluid and regulated through the drilling system so that the cuttings

can removed from the drilling process. Thus such floating additive behaviour will creates artificial lifting for the hydrometer to suspend with the drilling fluid and affects the reading obtained. In some other cases the hydrometer usage is an appropriate as the gelation process occurs in mud will create difficulty on estimating the density of the particular drilling fluid. Error will often encounter if the gelation exist whereby the fluid density cant determined properly.

We always have different advantages and disadvantages when we used varies of method. If we use the mud balance, we will have a better and more accurate reading compare with hydrometer. For the first reason is the trapped air inside the mud cup can be freed as the mud cup lid allows the air to escape from the mud cup as closed. This therefore gives us a correct measurement of the density of the mud. On the other hand, we cant expel the trapped air when we use the hydrometer. Thus, less accurate data will be obtained through this method. Moreover, measurement using hydrometer involves indeterminate errors cause a measuring process to give different values of densities when that measurement is repeated many times. The effect that indeterminate errors have on results can be somewhat reduced by taking repeated measurements then calculating their average. The average is generally considered to be a "better" representation of the "true value" than any single measurement, because errors of positive and negative sign tend to compensate each other in the averaging process. In a comparison, mud balance will a definite reading as we first do a careful calibration of that apparatus. There is no different values of densities and indeterminate errors. Hydrometer is not very suitable to be used for measuring mud density because it is fragile. Most importantly, before measuring using hydrometer, the most suitable hydrometer scale must be first determined. The reason is hydrometer has varies scale; and only one hydrometer will suit for certain type of fluid density. Therefore, this trials and error method is also complicated and time consuming. As compared to mud balance, it provides a simple, practical method for the accurate determination of fluid density. Most importantly, it contains no easily broken parts like hydrometer. The item's durable construction makes it is ideal for field use. After determined both densities of the mud, then only we can decide if the mud is suitable to be used during the drilling operation. From our research, both sample of mud are suitable to

use during the beginning of the drilling operation. This is because, the density of both waterbased mud and oil-based mud are low. It is enough to maintain the pressure inside the wellbore to withstand the formation pressure. It is important because it prevents the borehole from collapsing and prevents the influx of formation fluids. We cant use these muds when we reached a very high depth of borehole. This may cause kicks or blowout as it cant maintain the formation pressure. This is because the mud pressure will be less than the formation pressure as the formation pressure increases when the depth increases. This is also known as underbalance. Thus, we need to use higher density of mud to overpower the formation pressure. The pressure exerted by the mud must be greater than the formation pressure. This is called overbalance which is crucially needed to be kept through the drilling operation. Even though, the mud pressure cant be too high. Otherwise, lost circulation will happen. This incident occurs when the mud pressure is too high and overwhelming the formation pressure. This will lead to the reduction of penetration rates, breaking down of formation, and causing stuck pipe. In another word, we must stay alert and check the formation pressure frequently so that we know when we need to change the mud to be pumped inside the borehole.

Conclusion From the experiment we get the density of the oil and water base mud by using mud balance and hydrometer. As we measured we get 10.60ppg of water base density while for oil base mud the density is 11.60ppg. The value of the mud weight is varies with different fluid as every fluid have it own properties. As a conclusion the density of the water based is higher than the oil base mud for both instrumental used. By knowing the density of the mud, we can avoid some problem during drilling prosesses for example prevent the substance to float after the mixture or avoid lost circulation. Beside that we can predict how much mud that we need to carry out the cutting rock. Therefore the experiment is sucessful.

Recommendation There are some recommendation should be taken to give the better results. There is also some precaution that should be taken to prevent error in this experiment. For example; 1. Wipe the cup cleanly to have the accurate specific gravity. 2. The cup must be clean and dried to have the accurate specific gravity. 3. The water based mud should be stirred by using the mixer to prevent the precipitation inside it. 4. Use suitable size of measuring cylinder to make sure that the hydrometer will have the ability to float and sink inside the mud 5. Take the average reading as the result to avoid error. 6. Pressurized mud balance is recommended in order to get the best measurement of mud density. 7. The pressurized mud balance looks like the convention one, but it has a pressurized sample cup. When you press mud sample in the cup, any gas in fluid phase is compressed to very small volume so the mud weight measurement is more accurate.

References 1. Drilling Engineering Laboratory Manual; Oil and Gas Engineering Laboratory 2 (CGE 557) 2. Drilling Engineering; J.J. Azar, G. Robello Samuel; PennWell Corporation. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid 4. http://www.drilling-mud.org/mud-weight-or-mud-density/ 5. http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=mud%20weight 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer 7. http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=mud%20balance 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_balance

Appendices

Expected result Mud balance;

Mud weight Type SG psi/1000 ppg

Oil base

Water base

Hydrometer;

Type Oil base Water base

SG

Density mud