PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

AIM: To construct a pulse width modulation circuit and to study its performance. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. THEORY: PULSE WIDTH MODULATION: In pulse width modulation, a PWM signal is generated first and may be multiplexed with other PAM signals. The pulse width modulation signal is generated from the PAM signal and transmitted. At the receiver the PAM signal is transmitted and then demodulated by low pass filtering. The modulating signal is applied to the input of a PAM modulating circuit to generate the PAM signal. The same pulse train which supplies the PAM modulator is used to give a ramp generator to provide a train of ramp pulses. Which all have equal sweeps, amplitude and duration. These ramp pulses are added quickly to the PAM pulses to produces varying height ramps. The varying height ramps gate a Schmitt trigger circuit to generate. The varying width rectangular pulses of the PWM wave. The PWM pulse can be transmitter directly or used as the input to a pulse position modulation. At the receiver the received pulses are put together a regenerative circuit to remove some of noise and sequence up the pulses. These regenerated pulse drive a reference pulse generate to produce a train of constant width, constant height pulses synchronized to the leading edge of IC 555 timer Resistor 10 k Capacitor 0.01 Mf Signal generator [100 Hz- 1 MHz] Regulated power supply 6. Cathode ray oscilloscope [20 MHz]

the received pulses but delayed by fixed interval. The regenerated pulse also gates a ramp generation, which produce a constant slope ramp for the distortion of the pulses. At the end of the pulse of a sample and hold amplifier retains the final ramp voltage until it is reset the at the end of the period resulting in the ramp and pedetral waveform. The constant amplitude pulses are added to the pedertal, which is then clipped off at threshold voltage to form the PAM signal at CRO. The signal waveform is received by low pass filtering. PROCEDURE: 1. The circuit was constructed as per the circuit diagram. 2. At terminal 2 of IC555 trigger pulse is applied and the modulating signal terminal at pin no 5. 3. The dc supply is provided to bias the IC. 4. The PWM output is taken across the terminal 3 and fed to any of the channels of the CRO. RESULT: Thus the Pulse Width Modulation Circuit was designed and pulse width modulated output waveform is observed.

PULSE POSITION MODULATION AIM: To construct a pulse positions circuit and to study its performance. DEVICES, COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. IC 555 2. Resistors 3.3k, 3.9k 3. Capacitors 0.01f 4. Regulated power supply 5. Signal generator [100 Hz 1MHz] 6. CRO [20 MHz] THEORY: In the pulse positive position modulation the position of the carrier is varied in accordance with the varying amplitude of the modulating signal. The pulses are denser at the accordance of the peak of the modulating signal and almost widely spaced or nil at the negative cycle of the modulating signal. Pulse position modulation signal. Pulse position modulation signals are can be readily generated from the pulse width modulation signals by using the modulated edge of PWM pulse to trigger a monostable multivibrator circuit which generates fixed width, fixed receiver, a fixed period reference pulses is generated from the incoming PPM waveform and a flip-flop is set by the reference pulse and reset by the PPM pulse. The result is a rectangular pulse width modulated pulse at the output of a flipflop. The modulating signal is applied to the input of a pulse amplitude modulating circuit, to generate the PAM signal. The same pulse train which supplies the PAM modulator is used to gate on a ramp generator to generate a train of ramp pulses, which all have equal slops, amplitude and durations. There ramp pulses are added quickly to the PAM signal to produce varying height ramps. The varying height ramps gate a Schmitt trigger circuit to generate the varying width regular and rectangular pulses of the PWM wave. These PWM pulses can be used as an input to the PPM.

PROCEDURE: 1. The circuit is constructed as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input modulating signal is fed through the terminal 5. 3. The dc supply is provided to bias the IC. 4. The PPM output is taken from the terminal 3. RESULT: The pulse position modulation circuit was constructed and its output waveform was obtained.

FSK MODULATION AIM: To design FSK modulation and demodulation using IC XR 2206 in Timing resistor mode and Sweep mode. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. IC XR 2206 2. Resistors 5.1 k (3). 3. Variable resistor 50 k, 200 . 4. Capacitors 0.01f, 10f, 1f, 1nf. 5. Function generator (0 - 1)MHz. 6. RPS 12V 7. CRO (0 20)MHz. THEORY: FSK is one of the three main digital mod 1 technique. FSK is relatively simple, low performance form of a digital mod n. FSK is a constant envelope mod where modulating signal is a binary stream that varies between two discrete voltage levels. FSK MODULATOR: In binary, FSK the carrier frequency is shifted in accordance with the binary input. Hence the FSK is a step for in the frequency domain as the binary input changes from log k0 to k1 and vice versa. The FSK output shifts between marks to space frequency. There is a change in the output frequency every time. The logic condition of the binary inputs signal changes consequently the output rate of the change is equal to the input rate of change (i.e) Bit rate & Band rate are equal. IC XR 2206: The XR 2206 is a monolithic for generated interpreted circuit capable of producing high quality sine, square, triangular and pulse waveforms can

be both amplitude and frequency of operation can be selected externally over a range of 0.01 HZ to more than 1 MHz. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: The XR 2206 is compressed of functional blocks, a voltage controlled oscillator, an analog multiplier, sine shaper, a unit gain buffer and set of current switches. The VCO actually produces an output frequency proportional to an input current, which is produced by a resistor the tuning terminals to the ground. The current switches one of the tuning pins currents to the VCO controlled by an FSk input pin, to produced on output frequency. TIMING RESISTOR MODE: The XR 2206 can be operated with two separate timing resistors R1 and R2 connected to the timing pin 7 & pin 8 respectively. Depending on the polarity of the logical signal at pin A activated, either 1 or the other of these timing resistors is activated. In pair pin 9 is often initiated or connected to base voltage 2V, only R1 is activated. Similarly, if the voltage level at pin 9 < 1V, only R2 is activated. There the output frequency can be keyed between two levels f1 and f2 as f1 = 1/R1C ; f2 = 1/R2C SWEEP MODE: Here the frequency of oscillation to the total timing current It drawn from pin 7 or 8. F = 320 It (m/A)/C (f)Hz timing terminals (pin 7 or 8) are low impedance points and are internally biased at +3V with respect pin 12 frequency varies between linearly with It on a wide range of current value, from 1 A to 3 mA. The frequency can be controlled by applying a control voltage, Vc , to the activated timing pin. PROCEDURE: 1) The FSK modulation circuit in timing resistors mode is constructed. Binary data input at 150 Hz is applied at pin 9 and at output, FSK output is obtained.

2) The FSK modulation circuit in sweep mode constructed. Binary

data input at 150 Hz is given as Vc and FSK output is obtained. 3) The output waveform graphs are plotted. RESULT: The FSK modulated in timing resistor mode and sweep mode using IC XR 2206 is constructed and the output is verified.

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AIM: To construct a pulse amplitude modulator and to observe its modulated waveform. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Transistor BC108 IC 4016 Resistors 10 k,56 k, 1k, 4.7k, 1k(variable). Capacitors 10f, 0.01f, 22f. Signal generator 1MHz. CRO 20MHz. Regulated power supply (0-30)V.

THEORY: Pulse amplitude modulation, the simplest form of pulse modulation forms an excellent introduction to pulse modulation in general. PAM is a pulse modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals, and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. It is very easy to generate and demodulate PAM. In a generator, the signal to be converted to PAM is fed to one input of an AND gate. Pulses at the sampling frequency are applied to the other input of the AND gate to open it during the wanted time intervals. The output of the gate then consists of pulses at the sampling rate, equal in amplitude to the signal voltage at each instant. The pulses are then passed through a pulse-shaping network which gives them flat tops. As mentioned above, frequency modulation is then employed, so that the system becomes PAM-FM. In the receiver, the pulses are first recovered with a standard FM demodulator. They are then fed to an ordinary diode detector, which is followed by a lowpass filter. If the cut off frequency of this filter is high enough to pass the highest signal frequency, but low enough to remove the sampling frequency ripple, and undistorted replace of the original signal is reproduced.

PROCEDURE: 1. The circuit is constructed as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input modulating signal is fed through the terminal 5. 3. The dc supply is provided to bias the IC. 4. The PPM output is taken from the terminal 3. RESULT: The pulse amplitude modulation was designed and the pulse amplitude modulated output was observed.