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- B CCIR CIE FIFO HDTV HIS -

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(CCIR)
(CIE),
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/,
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(Bidirectionally predictive coded picture),
(International Radiocommunication Consultative
Committee),
(Comission Internationale de lEclairage),
, ,
,
(hue - ,
saturation - , intencity - ),
3

I IEC ISO ITU-R JND JPEG LUT LZW M-JPEG MPEG -

NTSC P - PDL PAL RGB RLE SECAM 2D 3D -

(Intra coded picture),

,

(International Organization for Standartization),
(International
Telecommunication Union - Radio)
" ",
(Joint
Photographic Experts Group),
(Look up Table),
, (Lempel,
Ziv, Welch),

(Motion JPEG),

(Moving Picture
Expert Group),
,
(,
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picture),
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.
:
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f ( x , y , z , t , )
- f ( x , y , z ,t ) ,

f ( x , y , z ) ,
f (t ) .
x, y , z
, t - ,
-
.
2.2

.
, [12]:
F ( x , y ) =

f ( x , y )exp(i( x x + y y ))dxdy ,

(2.1)

x , y - ; i = 1 , .
exp( i ( x x + y y ))

( x , y ) ( 2.1).
(2.1) ,
f ( x, y )
F ( x , y ) :
11

F ( x , y ) =

f ( x, y)cos( x x + y y)dxdy +

+i

(2.2)

( f ( x, y))sin( x x + y y)dxdy = Re( x , y ) + i Im( x , y )

Re( x , y ) - ; Im( x , y ) .

2 / y

x
2 / x

2.1 .

(2.3) (2.4)
:
2

F ( x , y ) = Re(x ,y ) + Im(x ,y ) ,

(2.3)

(x ,y ) = arctg( Im(x ,y ) / Re(x ,y )) .

(2.3)
F ( , ) = F (x , y ) exp(i ( x , y ) ).
x

(2.4)

:
2

f ( x , y ) = (1 / 4 )

F ( x ,y )exp(i(x x + y y))d x d y .

(2.5)

2.3

.
:

S ( x , y ) = Re(x , y ) 2 + Im(x , y ) 2 =F 2 ( x , y ) .

(2.6)

.
12


.

(2.7):
2

f ( x,y )dxdy =

2.4

F ( x , y ) d x d y .

(2.7)

.
(x,y) t.
,
,
,
(). ,
n-
.
, , .


t p( x, y ) .
(
)
Mf= =

f ( x , y) p(x , y )dxdy =const.

(2.8)

Df=

=E(f(x,y)- ) 2 =

2
( f ( x , y) - ) p(x , y )dxdy =const.

(2.9)

(2.10):

) f (x , y ) f (x x , y y )dxdy ,

R x , y =

(2.10)

x , y
.
f
.

( )
(
) :
13

) R( x , y )exp( i( x x + y y ))d x d y .

S x , y =

(2.11)

,

.
.
.
2.5

,
,

:
.
,
:
,
/,
.
- ,

(). ,

, ,
.
, ,
.
2.1 [13].

,
.

r

g = (1 / N ) ini ,
i =1

N- , ni - i , r .
p
[0,1]. , g [1,5]:
p = ( g 1) / 4 ,
:
p = (n5 + 0,75n4 + 0,5n3 + 0,25n2 ) / N .

14

 2.1

1
5 ()
5 ()
1 ()
0,875 2 ( )
0,75
4 ()
4 (,
3 (,
)
)
0,625 4 (,
)
0,5
3 () 3 (, 5 (
)
)
0,25
2 ()
2 ()
6 (
)
0
1 ( )
1 ( )
7 ( )
()
( impairment , ).
, 1964 .
( (CCIR)).

0 p 0 1
:
I = 1 / p 1.
,

,
.
,
.
:
M

I = Ii ,
i =1

M- , ;
- .
1,
, , 0,78 2.
.

.
,
, ,
15

 .
, , .
f ( x, y ) f ( x , y )
.
, x [0 , N ] y [0 , M ] ,
() :
2

MN

[ f ( x , y) f (x, y)] dxdy .

2

(2.12)

0 0

,
(2.12),
:
max = max f ( x,y ) - f ( x,y ) .
(2.13)
( x,y )

[14].
,
(), ,
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16

 . [16]

. ,
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1802 , ,
,
: (R), (G) (B).
,
, RGB.

, .
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: R,
- G, - B. 50
. 1852

. -
500 BG, ,
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. 10
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, RGB
. RGB
.
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1870
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17

3.1
.

. 1953
, .
1964 (, , -
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( - ),
R, G, B - .
, , - ,
.

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.

[17].

.

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[18],
.
18

ss

Vs

S
x
X

Vx

Y
z
Z

.
Vy

Vz

ax(Vx-Vy)

az(Vz-Vy)

+
+

3.2
.

.
3.1

RGB

RGB
() , .
, ,
,
(). ,
RGB,
.
-
,
.
3.2

YrCb

Y
, b r
.
, ,
,
.

R, G, B ,
(FCC) [19]:
Y=0,299 R+ 0,587G + 0,114B.
(3.1)
(R Y)= R 0,299 R 0,587G 0,114B =0,701R 0,587G 0,114B.
(B Y)= B 0,299 R 0,587G 0,114B= 0,299R 0,587G + 0,886B.
R, G, B - ,
-
.
( - 1),
,
, 3.1.
19

R
1,0
0
1,0
0
0
1,0
0
1,0

G
1,0
0
0
1,0
0
1,0
1,0
0

B
1,0
0
0
0
1,0
0
1,0
1,0

Y
1,0
0
0,299
0,587
0,114
0,886
0,701
0,413

Cr=R-Y
0
0
0,701
-0,587
-0,114
0,114
-0,701
0,587

3.1.
Cb= B-Y
0
0
-0,299
-0,587
0,886
-0,886
0,299
0,587

Y 0 1,
0,701 0,701 r
0,886 0,886 b.

Kr=0,5/0,701=0,713, Kb=0,5/0,866=0,564.

:
0,587
0,114 R
Y 0 ,299
Cr =
0 ,41869 0 ,08131 G .
0 ,5
(3.2)


Cb 0,168874 0,33126
0,5 B
RGB
YCrCb (3.1)
(ITU - International Telecommunication
Union) ITU - T BT.601.

R, G, B. 8 -
Y [0,255], Cr
Cb [ 128,127].
[ 128,127], ,
:
0 Y
R 1 1,402
G = 1 0,714 0,344 Cr .
(3.3)


B 1
0
1,772 Cb
PAL SECAM,
.

.

. [20],
L=4,5h, h - ,
20


> 0,5 0,6 ,
> 1,3 1,5 .
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

B
R
G

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

3.3
.

,
2
. 4:2:2 4:2:0
2 [21].
3.3

YIQ

,

RGB,
. NTSC .
Y Y
( Comission
Internationale de lEclairage, CIE). I ,
Q . RGB YIQ
:
0 ,114 R
Y 0,299 0 ,587
I = 0 ,596 0,275 0,321 G .
(3.4)


Q 0,212 0,523 0 ,311 B

:
0,620 Y
R 1 0 ,956
G = 1 0 ,272 0 ,647 I .
(3.5)


B 1 1,108 1,705 Q
3.4

L*a*b* 1976

,
21

1905 .
RGB
XYZ 1931 :
1,13 R
X 2,769 1,7518
Y = 1
4 ,5907 0,0601 G .


Z 0
0 ,0565 5,5943 B
5,651.
:
0,31
0 ,1999646 R
X 0 ,49
Y = 0 ,17695983 0,81242258 0 ,0106175 G .
(3.6)


Z
0
0 ,01008
0 ,989913 B
XYZ L* a* b*
(3.7). L*
, a* - , b* -
.
1/ 3

16 , Y / Y0 > 0,008856
L* = 116(Y / Y0 )
(3.7)
903,3

Y
/
Y
,
0

((
) (
))
b* = 100( f ((Y / Y0 )1 / 3 ) f ((Z / Z 0 )1 / 3 )),
a* = 250 f ( X / X 0 )1 / 3 f (Y / Y0 )1 / 3

1/ 3

1/ 3
t
, t > 0,008856

f t
,
=

7 ,787t + 16 / 116
,

X ,Y , Z - XYZ.
0 0

3.5

L*HC*

, :
L* = L*
H = arctg b* a*

C* = [(a* 2 + b* 2 )]1 / 2 .
(3.8)

, 3.4.

.
, ,
OL* , ,
22

 , OL* ,
.

L*
L*2
L*1
b*

0
C*1
C*2
a*

H1
H2

3.4 L* a* b* .

3.6

HSI

R+G+ B
.
(3.9)
3
3min ( R, G, B)
.
(3.10)
S=1
R+G+B
B = min( R ,G , B )
(G B) / [3( R + G 2B )],
H = ( B R) / [3(G + B 2R)] + 1/3, R = min( R ,G , B ) .
(3.11)
( R G ) / [3( R + B 2G )] + 2/3, G = min( R ,G , B)

HSI RGB :
H1/3,
B = (1 S )I

(3.12)
G = 9 SIH + B ;
R = 3I (G + B )

1/3<H2/3,
R = (1 S )I

(3.13)
B = 9SI (H 1 / 3) + R ;
G = 3I ( R + B )

H>2/3,
G = (1 S )I

(3.14)
R = 9SI (H 2 / 3) + G .
B = 3I (R + G )

I=

23

3.7

HLS

(
)
[22].
rgb ,
:
R
G
B
r=
; b=
; g=
.
(3.15)
R+G+B
R+G+B
R+G+B
r+g+b=1 ,
3.5 3.6. 3.5 : P ; W-, r=g=b=1/3; P'-
. OP

3.16:
G
1 g
255

P
W

r
255
R

O
255
B

1 b

3.5 RGB.

H= (0 2 ) ;
(3.16 )
S= WP /WA (0 S 1 ).
(3.16 )
L OP 3.4
:
L = (R + G + B ) 3 .
(3.17)
, , W
R, G, B.
H S ( 3.6).
,
HLS RGB.

(1,0,0), (0,1,0) (0,0,1) rgb. ,
,
, :
24

r g b
+ + = 1 , r+g+b=1.
(3.18)
1 1 1
W
(1 / 3 , 1 / 3 , 1 / 3) . OW
90:
1 1 1

+ +
3
3
3
= arcsin (1) = ,

arcsin
(3.19)

2
1 1 1
3
+ +
9 9 9

1 g

II W

O
III

b
1

3.6 HLS.

OW :
OW = 1 / 9 + 1 / 9 + 1 / 9 = 3 / 3 .
(3.20)
P (r1 , g 1 , b1 ) ,
OP [23]:
r rO
g gO
b bO
=
=
,
r P rO g P g O b P b O

r / r1 = g / g1 = b / b1 .
(3.21)
OP
(r1 , g 1 , b1 ) . OP

:
r + g + b 1 = 0
.

r
/
r
g
/
g
b
/
b
=
=
1
1
1
r1 + g1 + b1
1
sin 3 =
=
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 r1 + g1 + b1
3 r1 + g1 + b1

25

(3.22)
(3.23)

WP = OW ctg 3 =

1 sin 3

.
sin 3
3
gr, g(0,1,0), r(1,0,0) :
r g 1
=
, r=1-g.
1
1
P
OP:
b + r + g 1 = 0

r / r1 = g / g1 ,
r / r =b/ b
1
1

(b1 / g1 )g + (r1 / g1 )g + g 1 = 0 ,
g1
1
=
=g1,
g=
b1 / g 1 + r1 / g 1 + 1 b1 + g 1 + r1

(3.24)

(3.25)

(3.26)
(3.27)
(3.28)

b = b1 , r = r1 . P P .

WP (W (1 / 3 , 1 / 3 , 1 / 3) , P ( b1 , g 1 , r1 )) :

1
1
1
1
1
1

(3.29)
r r1 = g g1 = b b1 .
3
3
3
3
3
3

3 : , P I,
RWG, 0 =0; , P II,
GWB, 0 =120; , P

III, BWR, 0 =240.

I. A
W P GR. GR
:
b=0
.
(3.30)

r = 1 g
(3.29) b=0 :
1
1

g
b1 r1
3 =
3 ; g = b1 g 1 = b1 g 1 ; r = 1 g =
. (3.31)
1
1
2b1 r1 g 1
3b1 1 2b1 r1 g 1
b1
g1
3
3
(3.31) :
bA = 0

r A = (b1 r 1 ) / (2b1 r1 g1 ) .
g A = (b1 g1 ) / (2b1 r1 g1 )

(3.32)

26

2
b1 g 1
b1 r1
1
1
1
+
WA = +
=
2b r g
2b r g
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1

(1 3b1 ) + (1 3r1 ) + (1 3 g 1 )

3 2b1 r1 g 1
2

(3.33)
2

1
1
1

WP = r1 + g 1 + b1 =
3
3
3

1
2
2
2
(3r1 1) + (3g 1 1) + (3b1 1) .
3

(3.34)

, WP WA,
(3.34) (3.33):
WP
S=
= 2b1 r1 g1 = 3b1 1 = 1 3b1 .
(3.35)
WA
WR
WP :
(r rW )(r R rW ) + ( g P g W )( g R g W ) + (b P bW )(b R bW )
cos = P
WR WP

1 1
1 1
1 1

r1 1 + g 1 + b1
3 3
3 3
3 3

1
1
1
1
1
2

r1 + g 1 + b1 + +
3
3
3
3
3
3

2r1 g 1 b1
.
=
2
2
2

1
1
1

6 r1 + g 1 + b1
3
3
3

(3.36)

II 0 = 120, ,
I, ,
WP GB,
WP GB 0 = 120,
:
S = 2r1 g1 b1 ,
2 g1 r1 b1
cos =
.
2
2
2

1
1
1

6 r1 + g1 + b1
3
3
3

27

(3.37)

(3.38)

 III 0 = 240, ,
I, ,
WP BR,
WP BR 0 = 240,
:
S = 2g1 r1 b1 ,
2b1 r1 g 1
cos =
.
2
2
2

1
1
1

6 r1 + g 1 + b1
3
3
3

(3.35)(3.40),

2
2
2

1
1
1

H = o + arccos N
6 r + g + b ,

3
3
3

N=2r-g-b, 2g-b-r, 2b-r-g 0 = 0 , 120, 240 I,

(3.39)
(3.40)

(3.41)
II, III

.
(3.42)
S=1-3min(r,g,b).
, ,
.
I 0 = 0
(3.43).

r + g + b =1

2
2
2

1
1
1

6 r + g + b .
H = arccos (3r 1)

3
3
3

S = 2b r g = 3b 1 = 1 3b

x = 3r 1 .
S 1
b= + ,
3 3
2
S
g =1 r b = r + .
3
3
3 g 1 = S x , 3b 1 = S .

(3. 43)

(3.44)

(3.45)

6 2
x + ( S x) 2 + S 2 .
(3.46)
9
(3.46) , :
4
2
2
2
cos x + S Sx =x2.
(3.47)

3
(3.47):
cos = x

28

x 1,2 = 2 S

cos 3 cos sin

2

(3.48)

cos 3sin

0, (3.48) :
2
cos
cos
,
(3.49 )
x1 = S
=S
cos + cos(120 )
cos(60 )
cos
.
(3.49 )
x 2 = S
cos(120 )
x
2
, , x1 x 2
2 3
. ,
(3.49 ),
, .
x1 .
(3.49 a) (3.44) r :
1
Scos
.
(3.50)
r = +
3 3[cos(60 )]
(3.49 a) (3.45) g :
1+ S
Scos
.
(3.51)
g=

3
3[cos(60 )]
II,
0 = 120, III, 0 = 240, ,

HLS RGB:
x1 = (1 S ) / 3;

(3.52)
x2 = S cos [3 cos(60 )] + 1 / 3 ,

x3 = 1 ( x1 + x2 )
=H, r= x , g= x , b= x , H120;
2

H240, =H-120, r= x1 , g= x , b= x ,
2

H >240, =H-240, r= x , g= x , b= x .
3

R=3Lr; G=3Lg; B=3Lb.

(3.53)
RGB HLS
(3.52), (3.53).
3.8

L*u*v* 1973

* * *
L a b u*v* (
). (a*b*)
29

 (X,Y) , (u*v*) (X,Y)

.
L* = 25(100Y / Y0 )1 / 3 16,1 <= Y <= 100)
,
(3.54)
u* = 13L* (u u0 )
v* = 13L* (v v )
0

u =

4X
;
X + 15Y + 3Z

v =

4X0
;
u0 =
X 0 + 15Y0 + 3Z 0
3.9

9Y
;
X + 15Y + 3Z
9Y0
.
v0 =
X 0 + 15Y0 + 3Z 0

(3.55)

[24,25].
,
,
. ,
.
,
.

: , ,
[26].

: A c = A r + A g + A b
:
Ac =

Ar + Ag + Ab + 2 Ar Ag cos rg + 2 Ag Ab cos gb + 2 Ab Ar cos br ,

(3.56)
rg ,gb , br -
( 3.7).
Lc = Ac2 Lr , Lg ,
Lb :
Lc = Lr+Lg+Lb+2ArAgcosrg+2AgAbcosgb+2AbArcosbr.
(3.57)

A W .
AW .


:
S = cos.
(3.58)
30

 3.7 .

A
, , A rb - g .
:
k
= (-1) arccos(Arb-g/A)+n,
(3.59)
n k rb-g rg-b.
,

,
,
, - .
.
.
,
,
.

,
.
.
.
. ,
.
,
.
,
.

()

31

 .
.

,
. -
,
.

4.1

. f I ( x , y )
.

- ,
( x ,y ) [12]:
s(x,y)=

( x nx , y my) ,

(4.1)

m = n =

m , n , - .
4.1 -
( XY-) x ,
y .
- ( x , y )
, : ( x nx) = 0 ( y my ) = 0 .
,
:
f I ( x , y ) ( x nx , y my ) = f I (n x , m y ) ( x nx , y my ) ,
(4.2)

:

f I (nx , my )(x nx , y my )dxdy = f I (nx , my ) .

(4.1):
f ( x, y ) = f I ( x , y ) s ( x, y ) .
(4.3)
(4.2):

f (x , y ) =

f I (nx , my)( x nx , y my) .

(4.4)

m = n =

,
.

32

y
x

4.1 .

f1 () f 2 (x )d .

f(x)=

(4.5)

F () = f1 ( ) f 2 ( x )d exp( ix )dx .

[27]:

F () =

f1() f 2 (x )exp( ix )ddx .

x = ; dx = d :

F( ) =

f1() f2 ()exp( i( + ))dd =

f1 ( )exp( i )d f 2 ()exp( i)d = F1 ()F2 ().

(4.6)

(4.6) , ,
, .
( ). ,
,
. , ,
.
:
[28].

:
f1 ( x , y ) * f 2 ( x , y ) F1 ( x , y ) F2 ( x , y ) ,

33

F1 ( x , y ) * F2 ( x , y ) f1 ( x , y ) f 2 ( x , y ) .
(4.7)
,

:
1
(4.8)
F x , y =
F , y * S x , y .
2 I x
4
- ( x nx , y my )
x n xs , y m ys .

) (

(4.1)

) exp( i(nx x + my y )).

S x , y =

(4.9)

m = n =

[27]:

j =

n =

exp( ij x x ) = (2 / x ) ( x 2n / x ) .

(4.10)

(4.10) (4.9)
:

) (

) (x n xs , y m ys ),

S x , y = 4 2 / (xy )

(4.11)

m = n =

xs = 2 / x , ys = 2 / y .
,
,
x > x
FI ( x , y ) = 0
.
y > y
(4.8)
1
F ( x , y ) =
xy

FI (x , y ) ( nxs , m ys )dd .
m = n =

- ,
:

1
(4.12)
F ( x , y ) =
FI x n xs , y m ys .
xy m= n =
C

, ( 2 / x , 2 / y ).
4.2. , x
y ,
.

34

 ,
,
. f(x,y)


. r(x,y)
, R( x , y ) - .

. ,

f R ( x , y) = f ( x , y) * r ( x , y) .
(4.13)

FI (x )

/ x

/ x

F (x )

/ x

a)b)

/ x

4.2 ) ) , )
.

f(x,y) (4.4) (4.13),

f R ( x, y ) =

f I (nx , my )r (x nx , y my ) .

(4.14)

m = n =

, r(x,y)
, .
- ,
(4.14),
,

FR ( x , y ) = F ( x , y ) R( x , y ) =

1
R x , y FI x n xs , y m ys .
xy
m = n =

35

(4.15)

 , ,
R( x , y )
n=0 m=0
n,m 0,
.
.

, ,
,
( xc , yc ) ,
xs / 2, ys / 2 (
4.3). ,
:
ys

x
, y
.
(4.16)
xc xs , yc
xc
yc
2
2
/ x

/ x

/ y

2 yc
/ y

2 xc

4.3 .

,
,
ys

. xc = xs yc =
,
2
2
,
. ,

,

. , , ,
(
4.4) :
K , ( x xL ) y yL
,
(4.17)
R ( x , y ) =
0

- ,

36

 ,
yL > yc .

xL > xc

, ,
[12]:
K xL yL sin( xL x) sin( yL y )
r(x,y)=
.
(4.18)
2
xL x
yL y

sinc(x).

R x , y

K
ys

yL
yc
0
xc

4.4
.

4.2

xL

( xs / 2)

[29]. ,

,
.
f=[ f min , f max ]
- .
,
, . ,
, ,
.
q

f
- , f , q- .
L

L- 2 .
( )
:
37

= f f .
2

q f f :
q2 =

f q +1 2
p ( f )df ,
fq

(4.19)

f q , f q +1 - q- , p(f)-
.
4.2.1

, q .

, ;
;
.

,
q 3
2
q 2
f q +1
( f f ) f q +1
( f f ) df = pq
q = pq
fq
fq
3

pq
q 3
q 3
f q +1 f f q f
=
3

(4.20)

[ f q , f q +1 ]
q

, f .
2

q f
2

q / f

= 0,

= f q +1 + f q / 2 .
(4.21)
(4.21)
,

.
(4.21) (4.20),
pq
2
q =
f q +1 f q 3 .
(4.22)
12

38

2
Q =

1 2
2
q =
p q f q +1 f q 3 .
12 q =1
q =1

(4.23)

,
(4.19):
L

2 f q +1
2
q 2

Q =
f f p ( f )df .

q =1 f q

(4.24)

Q f q f
, :
2 f q = 0
Q
.
2
q
Q f = 0
, :
q 1
q
=

f
f
f
a)
2
q

f q +1

fp( f )df

,
(4.25)
q
fq
)
f = f
q
+
1

p( f )df

fq

q=1..2 L .
,

. (J. Max)

. 4.5
[12]
.
(4.25) (4.24), ,
:
2
2
Q = M f

q 2

( f )
q =1

f q +1

p( f )df .

(4.26)

fq

,

1
=const,
p(f)=
fmax fmin

39

 (4.25 )
:
q

= f q +1+ f q / 2 .
(4.25 )
q
q 1
f q = f + f
/ 2.

,
,
:
f

f = ( fmax fmin ) / 2 ,
:
L
p( f ) = 1 / 2 f .

(4.26):
2

Q 2 = (f ) / 12 .

(4.27)

(4.28)

= 20lg

( f max

(f
f min )2 12
f min )
10 ,8 + 6 L , .(4.29)
= 20lg max
( f max f min )
Q

(4.29) , 1
/ 6 .

. ,
,
(),
.

4.2.2

.
:
u(t)=f(t)+n(t),
f(t)- ; n(t)- .
, u(t)
, f(t). u(t)
,
, .
[30].
4.6 0.
,
.
.

40


,
0 , f
. ,
, n
. 0 0, 1
1 ..

4.5 .

, [31]:
Pn = 2(n + 1) u [( n + 1 )] 2n u (n ) 1 +

,
2
2 2
1 / / 2 exp (n + 1)2 / 2 exp n / 2

= f / ,
1

t / 2

dt + 0 ,5 = ( U ) + 0,5 ,
(4.30)
e
2 0
( U ) - .
L . L
, ,
(L+1) 0,5. ,
8 , , 9-
, ..
0,5. 0 4.6 , L+1 ( 0,5)
=1,47. , L ((L+1)-
) =1,47x2=2,94, .. 2,94
.
u (U ) =

e
2

t / 2

dt =

41

 ,
(). ( Q ),
, (4.28).
,
,
, ..
2 _ = f 2 / 12 = 12 = 3,464 .
,
,
3.
P

n=10

0,9

n=1

0,8

0,7
0,6
0,5

n=0

0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1

0
0,1

10

4.6
.

n=0
.

.

4.3

,
.

4.3.1

42

 , ,
. 4.1
(4.16)
.
, ,
.
(4.18)
( ,
(aliasing)), [32].
.
[ / x , / x ] ,
4.7).
x
,
4.7 ). ()

[ / x , / x] ( 4.7 ).
, 4.7 ).
,

. ,
,
.
.
, .
[ / x , / x ]

,
4.7 ).

.
,
,
,
, ,
/ x .

4.3.2

4.2
, .
4.8
.

.
256 (8 )
RGB .

43

FI (x )

FI (x )

a)
/ x / x x

/ x

F (x )

F ( x )

/ x

/ x / x x

/ x

H ( x )

/ x

H ( x )

)
/ x

/ x x

/ x

/ x

F ( x )

F ( x )

/ x / x x

/ x

/ x

4.7 ,
: ) ; )
; ) ; )
.
, : )
; ) ; )
; ) .

,
,
. 4.9 .

44

))
4.8 : ) L=8, )
L=4.

))
4.9 ) 16
; )
=5
16 .

4.4

.

, ,
,
. .

- ,
. ,

.
4.1
,
.

45



.
(4.17) 4.4. ,
,

(4.18). 4.10
( x) .
i ,
ix .
, (4.14 4.18), :

sin( ( x ix) / x)
f ( x) = f [ix]rx ( x ix) = f [ix]
.
(4.31)
(
)
/

x
i =
i =

sinc(x)
.

r( x )
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0

x
-0,2
-0,4
-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

4.10
x-.

, i, x ix = 0 ,
sinc(0)=1,
.
sinc(x).
sinc(x)

.

.

46

 x ( 10).
, sinc(x)
.
-
.

,
, .
, ,
(Lanczos).
:
sin (x ) sin (x / 2)
, x <2

Lanczos 2( x ) = x
;
x / 2
0 ,
, x 2
sin (x ) sin (x / 3)
, x <3

Lanczos3( x ) = x
.
x / 3
0 ,
, x 3
VirtualDub,
IrfanView .
,
,
.
. ,
, 1/2,
(Turkowski) ( -1/32, 9/32,
16/32) (Gabriel) ( -1/16, 5/16, 8/16).

[33,34].
.
f ( x )
.

(x)
i ( x) = f [i ] + ( f [i + 1] f [i ]) / ( x[i + 1] x[i ])( x x[i ]) .
(4.32)
:
i ( x[i + 1]) = i +1 ( x[i + 1]) , i=0,1,..,N-2.
(4.33)
, (4.32) x=x[i+1]
( x ) ( x ) . x = x[i + 1] x[i ] = 1 ,
i

i +1

i ( x ) = (1 x ) f [i ] + xf [i + 1], ix x (i + 1)x .

,
[35]. .

47

 , ,
,
[36]. f [i ] = y .
i

:
(xi) = yi, i=0,,N-1.
a + b ( x-x ) + c ( x-x ) 2 + d ( x-x ) 3 , x [ x ; x ]
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i +1 .
i(x) = i

0, x [ xi ; xi +1 ]
=

N 2

i .

(4.34)
(4.35)
(4.36)

i =0

i- [xi, xi+1] ai, bi, ci, di

. (x),
:
i(xi+1) = i +1 (xi+1), i=1,,N-3,
(4.37)
i ( xi +1 ) = i +1( xi +1 ) , i=0,,N-3,
(4.38)
i( xi +1 ) = i+1( xi +1 ) , i=0,,N-3.

(4.39)

[x0; xN-1], ..
( x0 ) = 0 ,
(4.40)
( x N 1 ) = 0 .

(4.41)

ai, bi, ci, di ,

(4.34)-(4.41).
.

.

.
,
, .

,
[37]. ,
-
.
- -
.

,
.

48

 ,
.


,
. ,
.

.
. ,
.
,
.
, .

. f (n , m ) g (n , m ) -
,
n ( ) m ( ).
,

(5.1)
g (n , m ) = ( f (n , m )) ,

. ,

,
.
.

5.1

5.1.1
-
, ,
.

, .
1
(8 ) ,
256 .
[0,255]; 0
, 255 -
. ,
f min f max .

,

49

 , , ,
.
5.1a.

:
g (n , m) = af (n , m) + b .
(5.2)
a b
g min g max .
:
g min = af min + b

g max = af max + b
a b ,
a = ( g max g min ) /( f max f min )

.
(
)
/(
)
=

b
g
f
g
f
f
f
min max
max min
max
min

(5.2) :

))
5.1 ) ; )
( 0,005 ).

f f min
( g max g min ) + g min .
(5.3)
f max f min
,
5.1, g min = 0 g max = 255 .

.
g=

50

5.1.2

,
,
5.2.
, ,
5.2,
,
[ f ... f ].
( ,
g min ).

.
.
g

g max

g min
f
f min

f max

5.2
.

5.1.3

:
L

g(n,m)=(2 1) -f(m,n).
(5.4)

. ,
,
.
, ,

. 5.3,

51

 ,
,
.

5.1.4

))
5.3 ) ; )
.

g (n ,m ) = c( f (n ,m ) + f 0 ) ,
c , f 0 , - .

, - .
- c = 1 , f 0 = 0 ,
= 0,5 5.4.

))
5.4
.

-.

52

5.1.5

.
.
L

[02 1 ].
- mean, ,
. :
PositiveRange =max(2, f max -mean);

NegativeRange =max(2,mean- f min );
:
PositiveAlpha=2 L 1 /ln(PositiveRange);
NegativeAlpha:=2 L 1 /ln(NegativeRange).

:
Bufer=f(n,m)-mean.
:
mean + round( PositiveAlpha * ln( Bufer ), Bufer 1
g(n,m)= mean round( NegativeAlpha * ln(abs( Bufer )), Bufer -1 .

mean ,

5.2

, .
,
, ..
,
.
,
, .

: p f ( f )
p g ( g ) g = ( f ) ,
.

.

1 ( g max g min ) , g min g g max

p g (g ) =
,
(5.5)
0
,

g min g max -

53

, . f g
(5.1), Pf ( f ) Pg ( g ) -
. (5.5), :
Pg ( g ) =

p g ( g )dg =

g min

g g min
.
g max g min

Pf ( f ) = Pg ( g ) ,

g = ( g max g min ) P f ( f ) + g min ,
(5.6)
(5.1) .
(5.6) ,
Pf ( f )
.

.
,
.
, .
, ,
.

.
.
, , ,

[0,255],

256 .
(), .
,
,
q
q
. p f f , 0 f 255 .

( )

( )

( )

q
i
P f f = p f f .
i =0

(5.6),
.

, .
,
,
. , ,

54

 ,
() .
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
. 5.5 ,
.
,
,
.

.
( 5.5 ) ( 5.5 )
, ,
, .

5.5 . )
); )
).

55

5.3

g(f),
5.6, ,
, ,
g = 0 g = 1 .

. ,
.
, , WhiteVM=170
BlackVM=85 , ,

) )
) )
5.6 .
), ) ; ) ,
) .

.

, f , f ,

.

,
.
,
, -

56

. ,
()

. 5.7
5 : , , , (
) ), ,
RGB HLS )
,
, 5.6 ),
H=5, H=14.

))
)
5.7
.
.

5.4

( f ) (,
)
g ( f ) = ( f )
(5.7)

g ( f ) (5.7) .
L, ( )
N=2 L . 5.1.
(LUT - Look up Table).
5.1
0
1
2

, f
2L 2
2L 1
g3
g
g
g N 1
gN

, g
1
2

57

 .
,
,
g . ,
,
. LUT
( f ) ,
.

.
().

.
. f
, ,
-
g .
,
.
,
8 , 256
- 768 .
. LUT
RGB, ,
,

RGB HLS , .
.

5.5

.
[38].
RGB
, , HLS
, [33].
RGB HLS
0 255,
, 0
, , , , 360
, 0 252.

58

 253 255 (253, 254-, 255-). ,

. 5.8
RGB () RGB
(). 5.9

,
.

,
.

))
5.8 . ) RGB ; )
RGB .

))
5.9
RGB HLS: a)
; )
.

, HLS 3.5

59

 OP . P -
-
, , ,
.
,
,

.
-
, ,
, , HLS,
,
,
,
RGB.


.

. 5.10

.

5.10 : a)
RGB, ) ,
.

,

128128 ,

60


.
,

.
,
,
, , ,
.

.

.

.
5.11 ,

.

) )
) )
5.11 a) , )
0,5 ; ) ; )
).

61

-
, .
- ,
.
. ,
, .

,
, .
.

.

.
.
, ,
, .
(
),
.
. , ,
,
,
.
, .
, .
6.1 ,
0.
9

6.1 0
.

62

1 ,
1. 2 ,
,
2 .
0
,
, 2, .
6.1
()
.
,
.
,
,
. ,

, .
:

.

[28]:

(,
),

,

.
,
, .

,
. -


.
,
,
. ,

. , .

.

63

() .
,
S , .
, ,
3 3 .
,
, 1/9.

,
.

.

6.1

6.1.1

f (x , y ) ,
x [0 , ( N 1)], y [0 , (M 1)] [39].

,
,
.
h( s ,t )

f ( x , y ) , s
x, s [n / 2 ,n / 2], t -
y, t [ m / 2 ,m / 2] :
g ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) * h( x , y ) =

m/ 2

n/ 2

f (s , t )h( x s , y t ) =

t =m / 2 s =n / 2
m/ 2

n/ 2

(6.1)

f ( x s , y t )h(s , t ).

t =m / 2 s =n / 2

n m ,
, .
,
.
m = 3 , n = 3 .
6.2.

, 6.2.
(

64

 180),
( x , y ) .
s = -1

s =0

s =1

s = -1

s =0

s =1

t = -1

f ( 1,1 ) f ( 0 ,1 ) f ( 1,1 )

h( 1,1 )

h( 0,1 )

h( 1,1 )

t =0

f ( 1,0 )

f ( 0,0 )

f ( 1,0 )

h( 1,0 )

h( 0 ,0 )

h( 1,0 )

t =1

f ( 1,1 )

f ( 0 ,1 )

f ( 1,1 )

h( 1,1 )

h( 0 ,1 ) h( 1,1 )

6.2
f ( x , y ) .

g ( x , y )

.
.
,
h( s ,t ) = h( s ,t ) , :
m/ 2

g ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) h( x , y ) =

n/ 2

f (x + s , y + t )h(s , t ) .

(6.2)

t =m / 2 s =n / 2

,


(
6.3).
h(s,t)

-1

-1

t
x
x

f(x,y)

6.3 f ( x , y ) h( s ,t ) .

65


n/2 m/2
.
: , ,
( x mod N , y mod M )
.
.

.
.
, .
, ,
, n=m=3:
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
1
1
1
h1 = 1 1 1 ; h2 = 1 2 1 ; h3 = 2 4 2 .
(6.3)

9
10
16
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
,
.

:
n/ 2

m/ 2
.
(
)
k =1/
h
s
,
t
(6.4)

t = m / 2 s = n / 2

, ,
.

, [40,41].

,
:
(6.5)
f ( x , y ) / x ~ f x ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) f ( x 1, y )
f ( x , y ) / y ~ f y ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) f ( x , y 1) .
,

:
1
(6.6)
1 , [ 1 1],

0 1 1 0
(6.7)
1 0 , 0 1 .

(6.7),
+45 -45, .

66


, [42]:
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 , 0 0 0 .
(6.8)

1 0 1 1 1 1

:
1 2 1 1 0 1
0
(6.9)
0
0 , 2 0 2 .

1
2
1 1 0 1

. , :
2

f ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) / x + f ( x , y ) / y ,

:
0 1 0
1 4 1 .
(6.10)

0 1 0
.

6.1.2

,
.
.
, . ,

,

.
6.1.2.1 -
-
( ) [43].
,
, k .
, ,
, :
g ( x , y ) = h(s ,t ) f ( x s , y t ) ,
(6.11)
s ,tS

S- ,
:

67

S = {(s ,t ) : f ( x s , y t ) f ( x , y ) k},
(6.12)
h(s , t ) - , (6.3).
k = 2 2 ,

4,55%.
, ,
.
: ,
,
, ,
.
6.1.2.2

() ( 1974 .)
(
) ,
, .
,
.
. ,
.

m n . ,
,
. { f i , i = [1,mn] }
, ,

. (mn + 1) / 2
(mn + 1) / 2
.
:
g med = med( f1 , f 2 ,..., f n ) .
(6.13)

.
,

3x3

Y={99,140,97,150,255,155,158,99,175}, 255
( x , y ) .
.
: {97,99,99,140,150,155,158,175,255},
, (6.13),
g med =150. ,

. ,
, ,

68

 ,
. ,
,
.
(6.13) ,
,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
. , ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
. .
.
, ,
() ()
.
, ,
mn / 2 , .

,
. 6.4 ,
1
,
3 3 .

)))
6.4 3 3 . )
; ) ; )
) ).

69


( 6.4 )
.
, RGB
,
.
MxN :
C(x,y)=[R(x,y),G(x,y),B(x,y)],
x- , y- , x [0 , N 1] , y [0 , M 1] . R(x,y),
G(x,y), B(x,y)- R, G, B- (x,y).

[44].
Ci Cj RGB :
1/

d ij = Ci C j = Cik C kj ,

n =1
k- , - .
( L 2 , =2)
2

d ij = C i C j = ( Ri R j ) + (Gi G j ) + ( Bi B j ) .
(6.14)

W = {C 0 , C1 ,..., C p 1} ,
C = ( Ri ,Gi ,Bi ) , i [0 , p 1] .
i

j- j-
:

Dj =

p 1

d ij .

(6.15)

i =0

{D0 , D1 ,..., D p 1}

, C i ,
Di = min { D j }.
j

, (6.15).

,
,
[45].

, ,
[28,46],

70


.
()
[28].
f min , f max
f med .
f ( x , y ) , 6.16 ):

6.16 ):
.
a) A1= f med - f min ; A2= f med - f max ; A1>0 A2<0,
(6.16)
b) B1= f ( x , y ) - f min ; A2= f ( x , y ) - f max ; B1>0 B2<0.

,
. 6.5
.
.

)))
6.5 (1%): a)
; ) 3x3; ) .

. ,
( 1), ,
( mn ) .
.

6.1.3

( (6.6)-(6.10))
, 2 L 1 ,
L- ( L=8
128). ,
,
,

71

 ,

.
[ 0 , 2 L 1 ].
.
,
, .

. (6.5)
:

g ( x, y ) = ( f ( x, y ) f ( x 1, y ))2 + ( f ( x, y ) f ( x, y 1))2 .

.
:
g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) f ( x 1, y ) + f ( x, y ) f ( x, y 1) .
(6.7)
:

g R ( x, y ) = ( f ( x, y ) f ( x 1, y 1))2 + ( f ( x 1, y ) f ( x, y 1))2 .
:
g R ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) f ( x 1, y 1) + f ( x 1, y ) f ( x, y 1) .
g ( x, y ) +45,

g R ( x, y )
.
:
g R ( x, y ) = ( f ( x, y ) + f ( x 1, y )) ( f ( x, y 1) + f ( x 1, y 1))
.
+ ( f ( x 1, y 1) + f ( x 1, y )) ( f ( x, y 1) + f ( x, y ))
,
( x, y )
,
45 :
g 2 ( x, y ) = f ( x 1, y ) f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x, y 1) f ( x, y + 1) .
[40]
. :
, ,
: .

.
T ,
. .
,
.
72

,
.

, 45 - g 2 ( x, y ) . ,


.
,
g R ( x, y ) g 2 ( x, y ) :
g 3 ( x , y ) = [ g R ( x , y ) T ] [g 2 ( x , y ) T ] ,
T .

6.2

.
,
- .

6.2.1

()
,
( x , y ) , ,
(u ,v ) [12]:

F (u , v ) = 1 /

NM

M 1 N 1

) f ( x , y)exp(i 2(ux / N + vy / M )) ,

(6.17)

y =0 x =0

i = 1 , x [0, N 1], y [0, M 1].

() :

F ( x , y ) = 1 / NM

M 1 N 1

) f (u ,v)exp(i 2(ux / N + vy / M )) ,

(6.18)

v =0 u =0

i = 1 , u [0 , N 1], v [0, M 1] .
(6.17) (6.18) ,
.

. ( )

.
, .

6.2.2

,

[28],
f ( x , y ) * h( x , y ) H (u ,v) F (u ,v) .
(6.19)

73


,
.
.

6.2.3

:
1 , r (u, v) r
H (u , v) =
,
,
0
2

(6.20)

r (u , v) = (u u 0 ) + (v v 0 ) -
(u,v), (u0 ,v0 ) -
, r - .

NxM , u 0 =N/2, v0 = M / 2 .
(Butterworth)
k, , r (
) , [28]:
H (u , v) = 1 / (1 + (r (u , v) /r )

2k

).

(6.21)

6.6
r = 70 k = 10.

))
6.6 r=70
k=10: ) ; ) .

:
2

H (u , v) = exp( r (u , v) / (2 )) ,
- ( r ).

(6.22)

:
f(x,y)
( ) (NxM), F(u,v);

, , (6.20)-(6.22),

74

 (NxM);
H(u,v);

S (u ,v) = F (u ,v) H (u ,v) , (u [0, N 1], v [0 , M 1] ;
S(u,v).

6.2.4

:
H (u,v) = 1 H (u ,v) .
(6.23)
,
. 6.2.3.

,
, , ,
, , .
,
, 0 1,
0 , 1 . 7.1
, : ,
, - -.

)))
7.1 . a)
. . )
. )
.

( 7.1 -) .
,
( 7.1 ).

( ).

,
, 7.1 ).

75

7.1

.
,
7.1 ).
.

7.2

. , ,
, .

, .
.

, . 5.3,
. 7.2
.

)))
7.2 ) ; ) (Cb)
; ) .

,
Cb . 7.3
Cb
. ( 115 ),
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
, .

, [47],

76

7.3 Cb .

.
.
.
, ,
, , .
, ,
.

,
().

. 202 .
, 17 , .
, ,
, . 7.4

, 7.1.).

: X .. , Y.. , . , .
, . - ,
, Dmin ,
Dmax , ., :
, ,
, .

.

77

 7.4 .

7.3

,
[28].
.
,
.
: (),
() , (closing)
(opening).

B S (
),
()

Z
, ( x , y )
( 1) .
,
.
:
. B t
B t = ( x , y )
B t = {c c = b + t , b B}
(7.1)
B
t, 7.5 t = ( x0 , y0 ) .
B
B 180 ( 7.6).
.
B

78

 = {c c = b , b B}.
B
(7.2)
B S
.
BS= t S
(7.3)
t
. ,
.
S, S
:
t;
S
.
B
t 1, S
t
, 0 .
t
B,
B ,
.
t,
B .
S
t

{( )

()

()

1 1
1

1
1

x0

1
1
1

y0

1 1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1 1
1

Bt

1
1

7.5

7.6

B t = ( x 0 , y 0 ) .

B.

. ,
.
B S 7.7.
S
BS
BS = {t (S) t B}.
(7.4)

. S
, ,

79

 St, 1.
t, St
. 7.8.
, .
1 1 1
1 1
1 S

1
1 1

1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1 1

1
1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

BS

7.7 B S.

,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,

.
()

B S:
B o S = (BS) S .
(7.6)
7.9 ,
, ,
.
()
:
B S = ( B S )S .
(7.5)
,
7.7, 7.8
( B)
. 7.10.

:
BS B o S B B S B S .
80

1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1

1
1 1

1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1
1

BS

7.8 B S.
1
1 1 1
1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

BS S

1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1

1
1

1
1 1

BS

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1

1 1
1

7.9 B S.

81

1
1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

1
1 1 1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1 1
1

1
1 1
1

BS

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

1
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1 1
1

1
1 1

(B S)S

7.10 B S.

7.4

,
.
: , ;
; ; ;
.
,
, ,
[48]. ,
.
g(x,y) ( x , y ) , A,
:
1, ( x , y ) A
g ( x , y ) =
.
0 ,

, , ( X min ,Ymin )
( X max ,Ymax ) .
:

82

Ymax

S=

X max

g(x, y) .

(7.7)

y =Ymin x = Xmin

( X c ,Yc ) ,

( x , y ) ,
:
Xc = 1
x
S
( x , y ) A .
(7.8)
Yc = 1
y
S
( x , y ) A

,
,
.
N,
P :
N

P = ri ,

(7.9)

i =1

ri =

(x i +1 xi )2 + ( y i +1 yi )2 .

(7.10)
,
A.

, :
K=P

.
(7.11)
S
(7.11)
, :
C = mA
,
(7.12)
A
m A -
; A - .
1 N
m A = ric ,
(7.13)
N i =1
ric - i-
, (7.10).
A =

1 N
(ric m A )2 .

N 1 i =1

(7.14)

.
[49].

83

 x B
, A.

.
:
B
B12
B= 11
,
B12 B22
B ij - : B11 - x , B22 - y-
, B12 - (x,y)-
.

(B- E) x =0,
(7.15)
E- , x - ,
.

B- E=0:
1 0
B11 B12
=0
-
B12 B22
0 1
B11
B12
=0
B12
B22
2 = 0;
( B11 )( B22 ) B12
2

B + B22
B + B22
2 .
1,2 = 11
11
(7.16)
B11B22 + B12
2
2

(7.15):
B11 1
B12
x
1 = 0;
B12
B22 1 x2
( B11 1 ) x1 + B12 x 2 = 0 ;
x1 = B12
;
(7.17)
x2 = B11 1
x
tg = 2 .
x1
.

( ):
abs( 2 )
,
k=
1
1 - , 2 -
.

84

 Square = ab .

a/b=k.
(7.18)
2

Square = kb . :
b = Square /k ,
Square=S - (
).
(7.18):
a= kb .

( 7.11): a ( 7.4
Dmin = 2a ), b ( 7.4 D max = 2b )
( 7.4 - )

.
<0

II
b

a
III

IV

>0

7.11
.

,
,
.
.


.
.
,

.
,

85

[50].
. .

8.1

() 2
: ()
(). 90-
, ,
.
.
,
:
; ; .
,
. ,
, .
:
.
, .
.
.
, .
.
, .
. , ,
. ,
.
.
.
, .
, .
, , , .
.
,
,
[15, 51].
, , ,
, .

, .
,
, , ,
, .
:

86

 , ,
(, , ).
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
.

. ,

,
.
.
,
, , .
,
, 1 .
,
0,4-0,6 ,
, , .

. , .

, .
,
.

. , ,
,
.
.
.
.
2 10 /.

.
:
.
.
.
.

87

8.1.1

"

"
(JND),

, , :
, ,
:
I I = const.
(8.1)
:
- ,
.
I, I + I , I ,
I / I . (8.1)
, I - . I - ,
.
(
) .
(
8.1).
I0, .
I ,
. 8.1 )
I.
,
I / I

1 3%

logI

))

8.1 I .

.
-.
-, , 1 3%. ,

0,01 0,03 .

8.1.2

("").

88

 ,
, .

-
, ,

. , ,
8.2.

8.2 .

. ,
,
.

8.1.3

.
.
,
(, , ) [51].

.
,
,
. ,
,
.

8.1.4

, ,
,
.
. ,
. ,
,
0,02,

89

 0,1.
, .


.
.

. ,

.
.
, .
- ,

.
.

. ,
,
, .

50- .
, ,
RLE (Run - Length Encoding),
,
- (),
. RLE
,
2 . 60-

(
), 5.

JPEG. , 80 -
,
,

, ,
.

.

20. 80- 90-

50 2000 ,

90


,

.
, ,
70 . ,

70x60x60/8=31,5
K.
1

YCrCb 4:2:0,
720x576, 25 / :
((720x576x2)x25)x60x60=74 649 600 000 . ,
. ,
- ,
, . , , ,
.

8.2

RLE [52], ,
, ,
.
[53].
, , ,
(, , .) ,
.
: (
) ,
. .
.
RLE- . ,
, . ,
: {0, 0, 100, 100, 100, 200, 200, 200,
200, 200, 200, 170, 170}, 4
: 2,0;3,100;6,200;2,170. 13
8 .
.
,
, .
,
. RLE
, 4x4
(. JPEG). .
RLE , 2 ,
M N ,
:
k = NM /(2 N ) ,

91

 N - ,
.
,
, 1,
, , .
,
.

,
. RLE
8.3.
1 ,
,
1 , .
, 127,
12810=8016. C 1,
. 7
( 127 ).
, . ,
.
. ,
8.3
.
8.4.
i. MaskValue,
. $7F.
. FlagRLE,
. ,
RunCount. ,
Curr. RunCount
Curr. Curr FlagRLE, ,
, . RunCount 1.
Curr. i
RunCount.
,
. ,
8.4.
RLE
.
( )

. .
BMP, PCX, TIFF TARGA,
JPEG.

92

 8.3
.

93

 8.4 -
RLE.

94

8.3

LZW

LZW- ,
,
(Lempel, Ziv Welch) [54].
1984 .
ARJ, ZIP, GZ,
TIFF GIF.

, .

8.3.1

,
[0,255] ,
, :
(256) (257), 8.1.
8.1 / LZW

0
0
0

254
254
254
255
255
255
256

256
257

257
12 . ,
12- , 4095,
.
.
LZW :

( 8.1).

. CurBuf .

:
a) (Byte).
b) ,
CurBuf+ Byte,
Byte: CurBuf := CurBuf + Byte. a).
c) , ( , CurBuf + Byte,
) :
Code,
CurBuf,
Code,

95

, CurBuf + Byte,
,
,
Byte CurBuf: CurBuf=Byte,
a).

CurBuf ,
:
Code,
CurBuf,
Code,
.

: {7, 7, 7, 10, 10, 7, 7, 5, 5}.

8.1.
. CurBuf .
:
(7): Byte=7. CurBuf+Byte
Byte , CurBuf=7, a).
(7) Byte=7.
CurBuf+Byte, (7,7),
. ,
CurBuf, Code =7 .
, (CurBuf+Byte),
, ode =258
(7,7). Byte CurBuf: CurBuf =7
a).

:
(7). (7,7) . CurBuf = (7,7).
(10). (7,7,10) . - 258. - 259
(7,7,10). CurBuf =10.
(10). (10,10) . - 10. - 260
(10,10). CurBuf=10.
(7). (10,7) . - 10. - 261
(10,7). CurBuf=7.
(7). (7,7) . CurBuf = (7,7).
(5). (7,7,5) . - 258. - 262
(7,7,5). CurBuf=5.
(5). (5,5) . - 5. - 263
(5,5). CurBuf =5.
-5. -257.
, ,
, 8.2.

96

 :
{256, 7, 258, 10, 10, 258, 5, 5, 257}.
8.2. LZW

Byte
CurBuf

256

0
7
7
1
7
7
258 7,7
7
2
7
7,7
3
10
258
259 7,7,10
10
4
10
10
260 10,10
10
5
7
10
261 10,7
7
6
7
7,7
7
5
258
262 7,7,5
5
8
5
5
263 5,5
5
5
257

8.3.2

,
8.1.
,
, ,
.

Code.
:

Code ,
a) .
b) .
c) ,
Code .
d) Code OldCode.

Code , .

:
Code ,

a)
;
b) , OldCode +
, Code,
;
c) c Code , OldCode.
, Code , :

97

a)

OldCode + OldCode

;
b) ;
c) Code , OldCode.

Code . .

8.3.
8.3. LZW

OldCode
,

0
256
1

258

7,7

258 7,7

258

10

10

259 7,7,10

10

10

10

260 10,10

10

258

7,7

261 10,7

258

262 7,7,5

263 5,5

257

.
LZW
,
.
. ,
, 16-
2 .
2-3.

8.4

[55]
.
.

JPEG MPEG - 2.
1952 .
,

98

 ,
. ,
,
.
. 13
: {1, A2,,
13}. Ai pi {0,2;
0,18; 0,1; 0,1; 0,1; 0,06; 0,06; 0,04; 0,04; 0,04; 0,04; 0,03; 0,01}
. .

, ,
, .
12 13,
0,04.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
0 1 ( , 1 0).

.
8.5.
,
8.4. 8.4 Li - i- (
). , ,
()
. ,
. , {0, 01, 010, 0,0101, ,}
, .
8.4 {A1,...,A13}

pi
Li
pi
Li
A1
00
2
0,2
A8
10101
5
0,04
A2
100
3
0,18
A9
10110
5
0,04
A3
110
3
0,1
A10
10111
5
0,04
A4
010
3
0,1
A11
11110
5
0,04
A5
011
3
0,1
A12
111110 6
0,03
A6
1110
4
0,06
A13
111111 6
0,01
A7
10100
5
0,06
:
N

L = pi Li .

(8.2)

i =1

3,42 .

99


.
A1 p1=0,2

0,4

A2 p2=0,18

1
1

A3 p3=0,1
0

A4 p4=0,1

0,36

0,2
A5 p5=0,1

0
0,6

1
0,24

A6 p6=0,06
0

A7 p7=0,06

0
0,1

A8 p8=0,04

0,18

A9 p9=0,04

1
0,08

0,14

A10 p10=0,04
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k =1

:
2

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k =1

(8.6)

ck , :
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) (

S = E ( f (t n ) c1 f (t n 1 )2 = E f (t n )2 2c1 f (t n ) f (t n 1 ) + c12 f 2 (t n 1 ) .

S
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(8.8)
c1

, :
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= () ,
(8.9)
c1 =
2

E f (t n 1 )

102

 () -
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2
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(8.10)

(8.9) ,
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103


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104

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(8.11)

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v =0 u =0

b(x,y;u,v) - .
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(8.12)

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M 1

N 1

v =0

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(8.13)

( ).
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105

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106

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,(8.14)
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2
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NM

m =0 n = 0

107


u [0 , N 1] , v [0 , M 1] , k=(u,v) (k ) = 1 2 , k = 0 .

1,

:
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M
2
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n =0

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(8.15)
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2
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n =0
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N 1

(u )Z (u ,m )cos

108


= cos( 4 ) 0,707;
= cos( 8) 0,924 ;
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110

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111

 8.13.
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112

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113


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114

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115

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116



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117

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118

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119

 .
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, :
1, 0 t < 1/2

(t ) = - 1, 1/2 t < 1 .
(8.21)

0,

(8.21)

.

k, j (t ) :

k
(
t ) = 2 t j ,
k,j

j = 0 ,..,2 1 .

(8.22)

:
1, 0 t < 1
.
(8.23)
(t ) =
0
,

8.18 ,
(), (t ) (),
(2t ) (2t 1) .
.
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h 0 = 1 / 2 , h1 = 1 / 2

g 0= 1/ 2 ,
g 1= 1 / 2 .

:
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k Z

g k exp( ik ) = 1/ 2 1/ 2 exp( i) = i sin ( / 2)exp( i / 2) ,

(8.25)

k Z

Z- + .
2

(8.24) Re H () = cos ( / 2 ) ,
Jm H () = cos( / 2 )sin ( / 2 ) , :
H () = cos( / 2 ) .
(8.26 a)
(8.24)
G () = sin ( / 2 ) .
(8.26 )
{ f n } .

F () .

120

A() = H ()F ()
, :
1
1
1
an = hk f n k = f n + f n 1 .
(8.27)
2
2
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0

1/4

1/2

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k =0
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N / 2 :
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.
(8.27) (8.28)
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f = a +d .
n

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~
G () = exp( i)H ( + ) ,
.

121

(8.31),
(8.31)
(8.32)

G () = exp(i)H ( + ) .
(8.33)

(8.31), (8.32), (8.23) (8.24) :
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0

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(8.24)
:
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(8.33) :
G () = h0 exp( i) + h1 h2 exp( i) + h1exp( 2i) .

:
g 2 = h 1 = c3 ,
g 1 = h0 = c2 ,
g 0 = h1 =c1 , g 1 = h2 = c0 .
f ( j ) , j = [0, N 1] .

122

 ,
:
aj =
dj =

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(8.37)

gk f2 j k .

(8.38)

k = 1
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k = 1

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8.19
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. .

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14243
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8.20 .

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124

c3
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125

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126

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, J
JPEG;
W ; L
;
T .

WT

JPEG 2000

.
JPEG. .
, JPEG.

8.10

DVD-
ISO/IEC 13818, MPEG-2
. MPEG - Moving Picture Experts Group -
, ,
,

130

 ,
ISO IEC.

8.10.1

MPEG-1

CD [14].
1993 , ISO/IEC 11172.
CD-.
1,5 /c. MPEG-1
PAL 352x288 , 25 .
- 44,1 , MPEG-1
Layer II. VHS.
, .

()

, ,
, .
-,
.
, . ,
,
.

.
, ,
.
,
, .

.
I - (Intra coded pictures, I - pictures)

. I -
,
. ,
(Predictive coded pictures, P -pictures)
,
I - P - .
,

.
,
I - . ,
(Bidirectionally predictive coded pictures, B - pictures)
,
I P
. B - .
.

131

 I,
. ,
, .
,
, : {I, B, B, B, P, B, B, B, P}.
8.25.

I
0

B
1

B
2

B
3

P
4

B
5

B
6

B
7

P
8

8.25
.

:
{I(0), P(4), B(1), B(2), B(3), P(8), B(5), B(6), B(7)},
I ,
.
: I,
3 , I,
4,5 I.

, .
D (
DC , A(0,0)). ,
,
.


YCrCb.
.
525
29,97 (NTSC) 625 25 (PAL, SECAM).
PAL, SECAM 720x576 ,
NTSC 640x480 . 601 (CCIR 601)
( ITU BT-R 601)
. PAL,
SECAM, 4:2:2
13,5 ,

132

 6,75 .
720 .

1 1,5 / ,
SIF (source input format) .
360x288 Y
180x144 .
16x16 ,
SIF 4 4
,
352x288 Y
176x144 .
, ,
. ,
JPEG ( 8.13), 6 .
.
.
.
16x16 ,
JPEG. 16x16

,
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.

(, )
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.
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.

. , B - I, B, P.


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133


I - B, P . ,

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JPEG.
,
FIFO ( , - )
.
.
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.
FIFO.
.
, .
.
, ,

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8x8,
.
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.

8.10.2

MPEG-2

1995 ,
.
. MPEG-1.
MPEG-1, .

601,
. .
.

, .

8.10.3

MPEG-4

1993 . 1999
ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Visual [14]. MPEG-4
- ,
, .

134

 :

-
-.
MPEG-4 ,
MPEG-2.

.
MPEG-4 ,
MPEG,
( ),
,
(), 2D 3D .
,
. MPEG-4
, , ,
( ).
.
.
MPEG-4 ,
.
,
.

.
, ,
MPEG-1, MPEG-2. ,
.
,
,
MPEG-1 MPEG-2.

MPEG-4.
- MPEG-2, 1995 ,
100 .
.

9.1

.
,
, ,
( ,

135

), , ,

, . [62]
: .
,
- [63].
.

9.1.1

,

[64].
[65]

. [66]


( ) 66 .

a
[67].
,
[68].
[69]
,

. [70] ,

. 1978-1980 [71, 72]
,
, . [73]
B(i,j)
i j ,
d. ,

.

, ,
. [69] 14
, . [73]
,
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136

 [74 76]


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,
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, [77],

.
.

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.
.

.
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.
.
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1 ,
.
.
,
1, G T
,
g ( x , y ) =
0 ,

G= 4 f ( x , y ) f ( x 1, y ) f ( x + 1, y ) f ( x , y 1) f ( x , y + 1) , T ,
.
T = ( f ( x, y ) + f ( x 1, y ) + f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x, y 1) + f ( x, y + 1)) 5 ,
.
,

.
(
) :
g * ( x, y 1) + 1, g(x, y ) = 0
g * ( x, y ) =
0,
g(x, y ) = 1

137

0,
g ( x,y ) = 0

c (i , j ) =
,
g * ( x , y 1) + 1, g ( x,y ) = 1
* .
, c ( x , y )
.

() . P Q
, d (P, Q ) ,

P = {P1 , P2 , ..., Pn } = Q , Pk Pk 1 (1 k n ) .
d (P, Q ) P Q,
,
P Q . ,
.
1- ( 6.1),
( x, y ) ,
4 : ( x 1, y ) , ( x + 1, y ) , ( x, y 1) ,
(x, y + 1) .
, .
g ( x, y )
, :
min ( g * ( x 1, y ); g * ( x , y 1)) + 1, g ( x , y ) = 0
1
b (x , y ) = g * (x , y ) =
0 , g ( x , y ) = 1

:
0,
g ( x , y ) = 0

1
c (x , y ) =
.
(
(
)
(
)
)
(
)
g
*
x
,
y
,
g
*
x
,
y
,
g
x
,
y
min

1
+
1

=
1

g ( x, y )
,
b 2 (x , y ) =
0,
g(x, y ) = 1

,
g * (x , y ) =
1
max[min( g * ( x 1, y ); g * ( x , y + 1)) + 1,b ( x , y )], g(x, y ) = 0
0,
g ( x , y ) = 0

c 2 (x , y ) =
.
1
max[min( g * ( x 1, y ), g * ( x , y + 1)) + 1,c ( x , y )], g ( x , y ) = 1
g ( x, y ) ,
. c( x, y )
.
,
[78].
,

138

,
.

.
,

[49, 79].
[62, 64-81]
.
. [82]
,
. ,
,

, .

9.1.2

[62] - ,
.
.
,
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[83].
[84].
:

- .
, .

PDL, [85]. PDL
n- ,
,
.
.
,
.
[86].
,
,
.
.

139


. [87].
,

,
.
[88]
,
.


.


, , ,
.

9.1.3

,
,
, , ,
, ,
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- .
, . ,
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[89], ,
,
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.
. , - 1, - 2,
- 3. ,
.
[1,2]
, [2,3].

.
[89]:
, -
.
,

140

 ,
. ,
,

.
. 1987
[63] :
, , -
.

,
.
,
.
D
logN
,
(9.1)
D=
log(1 / r )
1/r , N - , ,
.
9.1
.
N=4, r=1/4
D=log4/log4=1

N=5, r=1/4
D=log5/log4=1.16

N=8, r=1/4
D=log8/log4=1.5

N=6, r=1/4
D=log6/log4=1.28

9.1
.

141


.
D
:
logL=C+BlogG,
(9.2)
D=1-B,
(9.3)
L , B , G ,
.

.
[90].
, ,


.


. , ,
L()
.
A() ,
2 , . ,
.

:
( 1 D )

D/2

[A()] .
L( ) = C
(9.4)
,
,
.
(9.4)
, 1
1,2106 2. ,
(9.4) D = 1,35 0,05 [90].
,
. . . [91],

,
( 1 )
.
: ,
8 ,
1,36 0,1; 3 8
142

D=1,0 0,1 , , 3
.

, ,
.
,
9.6.
,
. ,
.
,
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9.2

,
.
,

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, ,
. [92]
:
(A,B,C), ,
, 9.2 :
, ,
.
n(t),
,
n(t). ,
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.
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.
(D,E,F) ,
, .

[79].

. ,
,
.

143

 ,
. [92]
:
2n
s=
,
(9.5)
pmin + pmax
: s - ; pmin , pmax -
,
, [92]
pmin =0,04, p max =0,16; n - , ,
, , 32.

,
,

9.2 .

,

,
, .

9.3

,
.
,

144


.
, .

, .
[93]

.
,
RGB, YIQ HSI .
. , ,
. ,
,
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[94]
L* a* b* 1976.
,
3.4.

.


. .

. ,
. .

.

.

.
,
[93],
.
[95]
.
RGB
HSI (3.9)-(3.11).
RGB , 6-
. 18- LUT RGB

145

 HSI,
LUT 2568,
.
.
,
HSI .
.

,
.
,
.
[96] 1973
L* u* v* .

, ,
.
.

, ,
,
,
( 9.3).

Wi. [96] , ,
,
,
.
P1
P2

T1

C1

C2

C2

C1

T2

W2

W1
Ci

Wi

Tl-1
Tl

Ci

C3
W3
Cn
Wn

Cn
))

9.3 )
, )
.

146

 Xj (j=1,..,m) - (X), Ci
(i=1,..,n) - (), Wi (i=1,..,n) -
(W).
C f (W ) :
2

X j C i , k i X j Wi < X j Wk

(9.6)

W f (C) Ci

p jX j

XjCi

pj

(9.7)

XjCi

Wf(C)={ i /i=1,..,n},
(9.8)
p j - X j , p j =1/m,
; n - .

:
n

S =
o

p j X j 0

(9.9)

i =1 j =1

:
2

SM =

p j i 0

(9.10)

i =1X j Ci

0 - :

0 =

j =1

j =1

p jX j / p j

(9.11)

:
n

S W (C)=

pj

i =1 X j Ci

So =S

X j i

(9.12)

+ SW .

(9.13)

S o ,
S W
,
.
.

:

147

E(W)=

pj

i =1 X j Ci

X j Wi

(9.14)

[96] ,
,
W i = i ,

.
.
:
K.
1. . 0 ,
, ,
N 1 , . K .
2. .
2.1. X
X j . W = W i , min
W

X Wi ,
, .
2.2. W W WW = (X j - W ).
W

Nw

1.
2.3. , , N
n,
, W W , ,
W W WW , .
2.4. Ni 1. Ni=I,
,
2.1.
3. (9.6).

,
I. , I(2n-3) ,
I=(2n-3) (n+7), =400 n . [0,1]
0,015.
,
, .
,
:

148

.

.

.
9.4

.
,
.

.
,
, .
9.1,
,
, , .

,
.
9.4.1

, ,
[97].

.

.

.
f0 n ,
{ f1 , f 2 ,..., f n }. ,
f0 ,
{ f1 , f 2 ,..., f n },
:
p( f 0 , f1 , f 2 ,..., f n )
p( f 0 / f1 , f 2 ,..., f n )=
.
(9.15)
p ( f1 , f 2 ,...f n )
149


(9.15) :
1
p( f 0 / f1 , f 2 ,..., f n )=

(2 ) n +1 B n +1

(
) T B n +1
n +1 n +1
2
e

1
(2 ) n B n

,
1

( n +1 n +1 )

( n n )T B n 1 ( n n )

2
e

,(9.16)

f0
f1
f1
f2

.
n = , n +1 = . , B - ,
.
.
.
.
f
f
n
n
.
,
,
(9.17):
. . .

(9.17)
B n +1 = 2
- 2B n
,

- , ,
,

- ,
..
f 0
:

f 0 = a wW0 + a0 +

a j f j ,

(9.18)

j =1

: W - ,
0

, 0, 1; a j -
,
b ja j = d j ,
(9.19)
d j = E{( f 0 )( f j )} 1 j n .
:
150

(9.20)

a0 = (1

a j ),

(9.21)

j =1

= 1 a a a ... 1 / 2 , 1

.
j i
{f(s), s }, ={(i,j), 0 i,j M-1}. (9.18)

. , ,
,
(9.20):
n
f
(9.20)
g 0 = bW 0
+
b
+
0 b j g j

j =1

,

. (9.18)(9.20)
:
E[( f 0 )( f1 )]
a1 =
(9.21)
= ,
2
- , - , 2 , f1 - .
a0 = (1 a1 ) = (1 ) ,
2

aW = 1 a1 = 1 .
(9.21) :
f 0 = W0 1 2 + ( 1 ) + f1 .
(9.22)
(9.20)
:

(9.23)
g 0 = ( f 0 ) 1 2 + (1 ) + g1 .
,
, ,
,
.

() [97].
f(x,y) f(x,y) ,
x= x y=y 1 y=y x=x 1.
f(x,y) 1-
:
151

p(f(x,y) / f(x-1,y, f(x+1,y), f(x,y-1), f(x,y+1)).

(9.24)

. 1- (9.24)
, 1, N={(0,1), (0,1), (-1,0), (1,0)}, 4, 6.1 1.
2- ,
2 , N={(0,1), (0,-1), (-1,0), (1,0), (-1,1), (1,-1),
(1,1), (-1,-1)}, 8, 6.1
1 2 , .
, f(s)
,
f(s+r), r N n(s)
2 :
g(s)= r f ( s + r ) + n( s ) .
(9.25)
r N

(9.25) r , r N ,
,
0, E(g(s))=0.
:
1-

i , j f1i f 2 j 0 f1 ,

(i , j )N

f 2 f1 = 1 , f 2 = 1;

(9.26)

N . N ,
:
i , j = i , j .
(9.27)
(9.27) N

, , 2- NS={(-1,-1),(-1,0),(-1,1),(0,-1)},
, r NS, -rNS N=(r:r NS) (-r:r NS). (9.25)
:
(9.28)
g(s)= r ( f ( s + r ) + f ( s r )) + n( s ) .
rN s

:
s r 2 ,( s r ) N

.
(9.29)
E[n( s )n(r )] =
2 ,s = r
0 ,( s r ) N , s r

:
s = ( 1 2T s ) > 0 , s ,
(9.30)
= [ r ,r N S ] , -,
152

2 T
s r ,r N S ] , -.
M

, .

(9.31)
* = [ q s q Ts ] 1 (q s y s ) ,
S = [cos

q s - - , f(s+r), r N S .
1
* 2 =
(g s * T q s ) 2 , s .
(9.32)

2
M
, (9.25)
.
.

,
:
sat (s)= g ( s ) .
(9.33)

.

. 9.4
.

1,0 = 0 ,5; 0 ,1 = 0 ,5

1,0 = 0,9; 0,1 = 0 ,9

1,0 = 0 ,9; 0 ,1 = 0 ,1

9.4 .

9.4.2

, [63].
,
, t
, :
2

=t

2H

02 ,

0 2 - , H -
.
153

 s =
(i,j), 0 i,j M ,

,
:
n 2 = r 2nH ,

(9.34)

r = 1 / 2 -
; n - .
D=3-H.
.
0.
(0,0), (0,), (,0), (,) .
( M 2 , M 2)
(
, 1).
1.
1a)
(0, M 2 ),( M 2 , 0), ( M 2 , M), (M, M 2 )

, f (0 , M 2) = [ f (0 ,0) + f (0 , M )]/2 .
( M 2 )x( M 2 )
.
1)
,
, :
M M
M
M M
M
1
f(
, ) = ( f ( 0 ,0 ) + f (
,0 ) + f (
, ) + f ( 0 , )) .
4 4
4
2
2 2
2
1)
(0, 12 ) .
2.
2a) , ,
4 .

.
2)
,
.
2)
(0, 2 ) .
2

[3,m]. ( M= 2m ) 2,
4 .
154

 m
.
,
- .

,

,
.
9.5 ,
.
,
[0,255].
.

)))
9.5 H 0,1; 0,5 0,8
.

9.5

,
,
.

, ,
, . ,
,
.

,
.
.
,
, , ,
. , ,
155

, . ,
.
, , ,
,
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,
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- [98]
,
H, R, G B
[99]. ,
,
[100].

,
.
.
:
1)
, .
2) ,
,
.
3)
,

.
-
,
,
R, G, B .
,
,

.
Cj m 2 . Ck
j

Cj, Ck 0 , Ck C j , C k C j .
C p = C j Ck C j

Ck .

156

1
xi , (q=j,k,p).
mq iC

xq =

(9.35)

eq =

xi x q

, (q=i,k,p).

(9.36)

iC q

(9.36), :
eq =

xi

iC q

mq x q .

(9.37)

p :
m j x j mk x k
.
(9.38)
xp =
m j mk
p
(9.37):
2
2
1
2
2
2
e p = xi m p x p = xi xi
m j x j mk x k =
mp
iC
iC
iC
p

e j ek

m j mk
m j mk

x j xk

(9.39)

,
, (9.38)
(9.39) Ck m =1:

xp =

m j x j xk
,
m j 1

ep =e j

mj
m j 1

(9.40)

x j xk

(9.41)

Cp, Cj Ck,
C p = C j Ck , C j Ck =0
:
m j x j + mk x k
,
xp =
m j + mk

e p = e j + ek +

m j mk

x j xk

(9.42)

.
(9.43)
m j + mk
, Ck ,
:

157

xp =

m j x j + xk
,
m j +1

ep =e j +

mj
m j +1

x j xk

(9.44)
2

(9.45)

- .


, ,
(9.35), (9.36)
.
x i , Cr ,
j r , :
mj
2
mr
2
(9.46)
x r xi >
x j xi .
mr 1
m j 1
Cv ,
:
mv
mr
2
2
x r x k + ev +
xv x k .
(9.47)
er
mr 1
mv 1
Cv
(9.44), (9.45), (9.40), (9.41)
Cv Cr .

,
. -
,
,
.
.
x L=3 ( RGB ).
,
.
,
. N - ,
, .
S [ j ,k ] j [1, N ] ,
k [1, L ]
e[r] r [1, N ],
RGB,
z[r , j ] =

(S [r ,k ] x[k , j ])2 ,

(9.48)

k =1

158

 k - , r - , j-
; x[k , j ] - k- j- ,
r.

, :
e[r ] = z[r , j ] .
(9.49)
j

, :
D=

e[r ].

(9.50)

r =1

, D.
, ,
(9.40), (9.41), 9.44, 9.45.
9.6

D/Dmax ntrace.
1,2

D/Dmax

1
1
2
3
4

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2

10

ntrace

9.6
D/Dmax ntrace.

50 .
D ,
.
,
D. -
.
.
:
ntrace=1.
(9.51)
9.7 ,
.

159

))
))
9.7 .
. a) ; )
-
ntrace=1; )
ntrace=10; ) ,
) ).

ntrace=1 ( 9.7 )
ntrace=10 ( 9.7 ). 9.7 ) ,
) ), ,

, ,
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( 9.7 a) .
,
.
H, R, G, B
, ,

160

9.8 ) ,
-
.

.
,
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1 ; ) ,
,
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9.9 - ,
.

, ,
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161

 ,
, ,
,
.

9.9 - ,
.

[99].
.
RGB
(9.36) .
:
d [i , j ] = (R[i ] R[ j ])2 + (G[i ] G[ j ])2 + (B[i ] B[ j ])2 ,
(9.52)
R[i], G[i ] , B[i ] - RGB i; R[j], G[ j ] , B[ j ]
- RGB j.

RGB .

162

 [84],
:
d [i , j ]
md [i , j ] =
,
(9.53)
2
2
i + j
d [i, j ] (9.52.); 2 , j 2 i
RGB i, j
.


- .
,
, ,
, .


.
-

RGB.


.
,
.
R, G, B.

.

- .

. .
.
,
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,
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,
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16
.

163

9.6
9.6.1

, ,
,
: , , , ,
,
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,
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.

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.
,

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:
1) ;
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2)
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;
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.

164

9.6.2

[101]

.

.
. ,
, 0, ,
, 1. ,
.

.

.
,
, ,
.

.
() Si .

, , .
L
0 1 1 0 .

[102]
2

y= 0 + 1 x + 2 x + ... + m 1 x

1 x
1

1 x
x=
2
. .
1 x
n

x1

2
2

x2
.
2
xn

n - ,

(9.54)

m 1

m 1

x2
;

=
1 ,

:
.
m 1
m 1
xn

yi = logLi , xi = logSi .

... x 1
...
...
...

m 1

(9.55)

165

.
.
m
m +1

xi xi
i

(9.56)

:
x 2 y x
xk yk

i
k
i

2
2

n x i ( x i )
0

= =
(9.57)

n
x
y
x
y

i i i k
1

2
2

n
x
(
x
)

i
i

(9.58)
D=2- 1 .


[103]:
cov(logL ,logS ) E[(logL M logL )(logS M logS )]
=
,
(9.59)
rlogL ,logS =
D logL D logS
D logL D logS

x
i
.

x m 1
i

xi
2
x
i

xi
3
x
i

0
xi y
...
i
1 =
...
...
.
:
2( m 1 )
m 1 x m 1 y
... xi
i

...

m 1

xi
m
x
i

D - , M -
logL logS.

.


, ,
,
, .

,
9.4.2, 0,1
0,9.
50 .

,
. m ,
,
[2,3] [0,255] 9.1.

166

 9.1. (
)
N
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9

32x32
m

192,19
5,28
174,97
5,4
158,85
9,0
168,93
8,1
158,55
7,46
154,39
9,42
146,01
8,08
137,23
8,45
137,57
8,14

16x16
m

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3,93
190,41
4,1
183,58
4,5
179,14
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6,69

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m

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5,6
190,78
4,9
186,87
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178,9
3,64
175,64
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9 , .
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16x16.
9.2 ,
(
, 16x16)
H

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

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0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9

:


.

167

,
.

.
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,
,
,
,
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9.6.3

[104]
, ,
,
.
.
9.10.
C
B
O
G

S
K

D
E

9.10
.

S (FG = EH = FE =
GH) 4
,
. 4
ABCD. O
,
SS,
:

168

AE + DH + BF + CG
.
(9.60)
4

OABCD.

4 :
S OABCD = S OAD + S AOB + S BOC + S COD .
(9.61)

OP=

OAD :
S OAD = p ( p - AO)( p - AD )( p - OD) ,
(9.62)
p =

AO + AD + DO
OAD ,
2
2

AO = S / 2 + (OP AE ) , AD = S

+ ( AE DH ) ,

OD = S / 2 + (OP DH ) , AE DH -
.
S i
.
, S i = 1

, S i = 2 - , S i = 4 - 16
.
, .

S i 2
(9.57).
(9.58),
(9.59).

9
3 , . 9.3
9
17x17.

:

.
,
.
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,
,
169

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,
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.
9.3.
(17x17)
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0,2

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0,3

69,5 3,0

0,4

65,8 2,5

0,5

63,1 2,8

0,6

60,2 2,3

0,7

54,8 2,2

0,8

51,0 2,1

0,9

47,8 2,1
9.6.4

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,91 1,65 2,08 2,49 3,71 4,49 5,17

0,57 1,32 1,79 2,24 3,53 4,37 5,1

0

0,4

0,5

0,6

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0

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0,8

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0,53 1,05 2,29 3,16 3,91

0

0,53 1,68 2,52 3,24

0

1,07 1,86 2,54

0

0,86 1,59
0

0,73
0

,
,

.
()
[105].
f(x)
, , x x

f ( x + x ) f ( x )
< t = P( t ) ,
P
(9.63)
H

x
E

x n- R P(t)
t.
, 1/2
H, ,
[0,1]. D=n+1H. 3D (n=2),
170

D=3-H.
(9.64)
.
P(t) N 0, 2

, 0, 2 , P(t)
:
t
s2
1
exp 2 ds .
(9.65)
P(t ) =

2
2

(9.63)
[110] :
H

E [ f ( x + x ) f ( x ) ] x
=C,
(9.66)
E [ f ( x + x) f ( x) ] -
, x .
C
t . (9.65)

:

2 2
2
1
2
s s
s
C = 2s
ds
exp
exp
=

2 d 2 =
2
2
2

0
0
2 2
2
=

exp s 2 =
2 0

2
.

(9.67)

(9.66), :

logE [ f ( x + x) f ( x) ] Hlog x = logC .

(9.68)
H C , (9.68) ,

f(x), x ,
. H .
E [ f ( x + x) f ( x) ] ,
[69]. (9.62) ,
H.
,
f(x,y), ( x , y ) R 2 .
z=f(x,y) .

.
D

171

 .
(9.64). , ,
H. (9.68),
H,
,
, .
,
.
. P(t)
D , .
P(t) (9.63)
.

, 2 , ,
2 .

,

.
.
[ x
, x
],
min

max

.
, (9.59).
,
,
.


0,1 0,9.
,
.
50 . 9 3
, .
9.4
16x16.

:

.
,
,
172

9.4
( 16x16)
H

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,1

1,86

2,08

2,92

3,83

4,51

4,61

5,81

6,52

0,19

1,01

1,7

2,32

2,49

3,65

4,26

0,83

1,51

2,13

2,3

3,49

4,09

0,59

1,2

1,4

2,58

3,16

0,67

0,92

2,25

2,89

0,28

1,65

2,28

1,32

1,91

0,53

0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9

RGB HLS.
.
,

.
. ,

[1,3].

9.2-9.4. 9.11
( 9.11 )
, .
,
9.4.
:
RGB HLS,
. 9.11 ) )
, .

, 0. ,
173

 ,
.

) ) ) )
9.11 ,
. ) , )
, ) ) .

.
9.12-9.14.

) ) )
9.12 ,
. ) , )
16x16, ) 8x8.

.
9.12

16x16 ( 9.12 ) 8x8 (
9.12 ).
9.13 )
[106] (). 9.14
, ,
8x8 ( 9.13 ).
.
1)

HLS.
174

2)

.
,
.
,
.
,
,

.

.

) )
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) ) )
9.14 ) ; )
; )
8x8.

3)
.
4)
.
,
,
, .

175

,
,

.

.
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. ,
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176

3
4

10
11

12
13
14

.., .., .. .
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183

2.1 .12

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3.2
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............................................................................................... 5
1

........................................................ 7
1.1

7
1.2

8
2
.................. 11
2.1

11
2.2

11
2.3

12
2.4

13
2.5

14
3

......................................................................................................... 16
3.1
RGB
19
3.2
YrCb
19
3.3
YIQ
21
3.4
L*a*b* 1976
21
3.5
L*HC*
22
3.6
HSI
23
3.7
HLS
24
3.8
L*u*v* 1973
29
3.9

30
4

31
4.1

32
4.2

37
4.2.1 ....................................................... 38
4.2.2 ............................. 40
4.3
42
4.3.1 ................................................... 42
4.3.2 ........................................................ 43
4.4

45
5
................................................... 48
5.1

49
5.1.1 .................................................... 49
5.1.2 ............................................... 51
5.1.3 ................................. 51
5.1.4 ...................................................... 52
5.1.5 .......................................... 53
5.2

53
5.3

56
190

5.4


57
5.5


58
.............................. 62
6.1

64
6.1.1 ............................... 64
6.1.2 ........................... 67
6.1.3
............................................................................................. 71
6.2

73
6.2.1 ......................................... 73
6.2.2 ...................................................................... 73
6.2.3 ........................................................ 74
6.2.4 ...................................................... 75
..................................... 75
7.1
.
76
7.2

76
7.3

78
7.4

82
. 85
8.1

86
8.1.1 ................................................ 88
8.1.2 ....................... 88
8.1.3 ............................................................................ 89
8.1.4 .. 89
8.2

91
8.3
LZW
95
8.3.1 .............................................................................. 95
8.3.2 .......................................................................... 97
8.4

98
8.5
-

100
8.6

104
8.6.1 .............................. 107
8.7
JPEG
109
8.8

115
8.9
JPEG 2000
130
8.10

130
8.10.1 MPEG-1 ................................................................... 131
8.10.2 MPEG-2 ................................................................... 134
8.10.3 MPEG-4 ................................................................... 134
.............................. 135
9.1

135
191

9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3

....................... 136
........................... 139
........................... 140
9.2

143
9.3


144
9.4

149
9.4.1 ................. 149
9.4.2 .................................. 153
9.5

155
9.6
164
9.6.1 ........... 164
9.6.2

..................................................................... 165
9.6.3
......................................................................... 168
9.6.4
.................................................................................................. 170
............................................................................................. 176
...................................................... 177
.................................................................. 184
.............................................................................................. 190
....................................... 193

192

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