DIAGNOSA BANDING KESULITAN BERNAFAS

UPPER AIRWAY 1) Nose congestion, foreign body, adenoid hypertrophy 2) Mouth peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abcess, macroglossia, Ludwigs angina 3) Larynx croup, epiglottis, anaphylaxis, subglottic stenosis, foreign body, trauma, laryngomalacia 4) Trachea tracheitis, foreign body, trachea-esophageal fistula, tracheomalacia LOWER AIRWAY 1) Mainstem bronchi foreign body, papilloma, hemangioma 2) Bronchioles asthma, bronchiolitis 3) Alveoli/ Interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary edema, emphysema, sequestration

CHEST WALL/ PLEURAL CAVITY Pneumothorax, hemothorax, chylothorax, emphyema, diaphragmatic hernia, diaphragmatic paralysis, neoplasm CARDIAC Congestive heart failure, myocarditis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolus, arrhytmias NEUROLOGIC 1) Brain & brainstem central apnea, prematurity, infection, seizure 2) Spinal cord spinal muscle atrophy, transverse myelitis, Gullain- Barre syndrome 3) Peripheral nerve NMJ & muscle myasthenia gravis, botulism, diaphragmatic paralysis, muscular atrophy

OTHER 1) Gastrointestinal gastroesophageal reflux, tracheo-esophageal fistula, abdominal distention 2) Metabolic acidosis, sepsis, dehydration, toxicologic syndrome