CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This Chapter includes different local and foreign literature and

studies that have direct support to the research study. This particular research study gives the gist of the relevant readings done by researcher, which related to the present research study. The foreign and local literature and studies would serve as a guide and support in the interpretation and analysis of the data gathered. Foreign Literature In the Article IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance Technology by Emily Robinson published on July 06, 2011 that came from the website www.ezinearticles.comstated, stated that CCTV cameras are used only in high profile events. Indeed this may be the fact in the days to come. They are made compulsory by government as to avoid any miscreant's problems and untowardly incidents. These modern day tools if properly put into use can do wonders in the area of security.1 This article is related to the present study because the researchers believe that CCTV is a very useful tool to solve problems in the society because it serves as credible evidence. In May 22, 2009, Mr. Andy J. Thompson wrote an article entitled CCTV Security Cameras do they help fight crime where stated that The UK has more CCTV camera coverage than any other country. A recent study examined the effectiveness of UK security cameras as it

20 pertains to crime prevention. CCTV is clearly an effective deterrence to criminal activity. It was also stated that CCTV video is often used in police investigations and the writer believes that most people are convinced of the effectiveness of video surveillance and may even feel a certain amount of comfort in knowing that it adds to their sense of personal safety and they understand that their chances of being a victim of crime are reduced when they find themselves in an area monitored with CCTV cameras.2 In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV is a very effective tool to distinguish criminals and secure public places. Lester J. Hesters article CCTV System- The Advantages and Disadvantages published in Ezine Articles stated that CCTV is highly useful for crime prevention as it increases the chance of the perpetrator being caught, aiding police investigations, preventing theft from the till, proving innocence by sense of protecting and defending the people in any accusations, but CCTV does not always works in proper system. It could not display every single square of your office, banks, stores, and other areas. Although you set the location of the system in a very careful way, you still cannot get total guarantee of security level.3 This article is related to the present study because it gives the people the information that CCTV doesnt only have its advantages because at some point it also has its disadvantages.

21 In the article CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety by Emily Robinson on March 28, 2011, it was stated that CCTV surveillance is not only a great way to catch perpetrators after your property has been broken into, but also a perfect way to prevent them from breaking. This therefore means that if some criminals might actually be put off of the thought of trying to break into your property and this in turn would mean that your belongings were kept.4 In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that the use of CCTV camera is a very effective way to gain safety and security from criminal actions. In the article CCTV actually plays a very important role written by Dave Wilkinson Technical Manager of British Security Industry Association (BSIA) published on September 3, 2009 from the website www.Public Service.Co.UK.com stated that CCTV plays an important role in the security of public, in using CCTV it can identify offenders and use it as an evidence in the criminal justice system. Dave Wilkinson stated that CCTV is playing a supportive role as part of jigsaw of evidence which may then culminate in convictions.5 This article is related to the present study because it can give assurance that using a CCTV that we are safe and it can be use this as an evidence to the victims.

22 Local Literature In the article, CCTV in public vehicles proposed by Rio Rose Ribaya published on January 29, 2011 issue of Manila Bulletin stated that Cavite representative proposed the installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera on public vehicles, terminals and stops offer public safety and prevent another repeat of the terrorist attack.6 In the relation to the present study, the researchers believe that the used of CCTV camera is helpful in monitoring and solving crimes. In the article, Subdivisions, Establishments Required to Install Cameras published on July 17, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that Cebu City ordinance proposed that no business

establishment, especially those that handle money like banks, lending firms and pawnshops, should not be allowed to operate without CCTVs.7 In the relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV cameras would be a useful way to record evidence against crimes. In the article CCTV camera installed around Lamitan City by Julie Alipala published on May 19, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that the city government installed closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras in the seaport, market areas and in the main business areas where banks and other commercial establishments and government offices worth 2.5 million pesos.8 In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV cameras are effective tools in securing certain areas.

23 In the article Security Camera now within reach of many by Theresa S. Samaniego published on August 7, 2011 issue Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that the Compro IP70 enables users to identify people and objects clearly, at least three times better than the conventional CCTV camera with a 10x digital zoom.9 In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as days passed by technology get bigger and better. CCTV cameras improve its qualities in order to solve crimes faster than before. In the article QC bank heist captured on CCTV police by Karen Boncocan published on July 16, 2011 issued in Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that CCTV cameras of a bank in Quezon City was robbed Friday recorded the crime carried out by 15 heavily armed men.10 In relation to the present study, CCTV can easily determine the people who commit crimes that serves as an evidence against them. Foreign Studies According to the study of Aundreia Cameron, Elke Kolodinski, Heather May and Nicholas Williams on May 5 , 2008 entitled Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles stated that local program characteristics likely affect the overall success of CCTV programs which are often very different from one other in reducing and preventing crime.11

24 In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV will be effective in conducting crime investigations if real-time monitoring will be follow. In the study Assessing the Impact of CCTV: Home Office Research Study 292 by Martin Gill and Angela Spriggs, University of Leicester (United Kingdom) on 2005. It was conferred that CCTV images are being used for evidential purposes. All schemes passed on some images to the police, which could be used to identify offenders or eliminate them from enquiries and to help in the investigation of incidents. Such images could be used either as evidence in court or to help extract a guilty plea, or to identify witnesses and victims at a scene of crime.12 In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are big help to solve crimes because the investigative team can easily distinguish the people who are involved in the said crime. In the study of Mark McComb Library Security published in San Francisco on 2004 stated that Video surveillance and closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems serve as a way to monitor and record security, deter crime, and ensure safety.13 The researchers believe that this is related to the present study because CCTV is one of the most economical security and safety tools to be used in monitoring public areas. Joseph Akpokodje, Roger Bowles and Emmanuel Tigere conducted a study entitled Evidence-based approaches to crime prevention in

25 developing countries - A scoping review of the literature published on November 29, 2002 stated that installing CCTV, for example, entails upfront capital costs but also continuing expenditure on monitoring and maintenance.14 This is related to the present study because the researchers believe that CCTV is an important tool in gathering evidences. SOCY 304 Surveillance and Visibility by David Murakami Wood is the study by David Mukarami Wood in Queens University Department of Sociology stated that the technologies of surveillance, using particular case studies of photography (including film, video and CCTV), face recognition biometrics, and RFID tagging and they argue that these technological systems in themselves have important social effects, but that it is their place in political economies, and their social construction, that makes them powerful.15 This is related to the present study because researchers believe that CCTV is intimately involved in prevention and maintenance of global economic order. Local Studies The study entitled The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting Investigative Report by Ramon Asam Epino published on March 2007 stated that investigative program used hidden camera as an effective tool to gather accurate report.16

26 In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are used by Current Affairs program to offer credible evidence pertaining in different crimes nowadays. In the study Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent Video Surveillance, by Timothy John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co and PaoloJavier S. Ilustre published on September 2007 stated that CCTV will not be that effective without the operators. This study suggests to automate the monitoring process using a computer to analyze the live feed via digital signal processing techniques.17 In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as go on with flow of new technology CCTV will be needed innovation. In the study Proposed Class Monitoring System using Surveillance Camera for CAS, ESC by Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino, Joemary A. Olanka, Mark Bryan F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro stated that due to increased terrors and crimes, the use of the video surveillance camera system is increasing and it has been operated for public interest such as prevention of crimes and fly-tipping by the police and local government, but private information such as faces or behavior patterns can be recorded in CCTV. When the recorded video data is exposed, it may cause an invasion to privacy and crimes.18 In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV has its negative impact in regards of privacy exposure.

27 In the research study entitled Impact of ABS-CBNs Investigative Program Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society by Neil Andrew Nantes Borines published on October 2006 states that the importance of the use of cameras in exposing the stories being covered in a certain crime and event. The study also stated that Media is undoubtedly an extremely powerful and influential tool to reach wide audience.19 The study is relevant to the present study for it has given helpful information about the effects of cameras in Media and how media is important in the lives of the people. The Current Situation of Crime Associated with Urbanization: Problems Experienced and Countermeasures Initiated in The Philippines is the title of the study by Celia V. Sanidad-Leones which stated that developing and maintaining safe communities, be they urban or rural, is central to the issue of good governance. An indicator of success of crime prevention programmes are their perceived effects on peace and order.20 This study is related because one of the functions of CCTV is to prevent crimes in order to maintain the security of a certain area.

28 NOTES

1Emily

Robinson, IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance

Technology,July 06, 2011, www.ezinearticles.comstated

2Mr.

Andy J. Thompson, CCTV Security Cameras do they help

fight crimeMay 22, 2009

3Lester

J.

Hester,

CCTV

System-

The

Advantages

and

Disadvantages,www.ezinearticles.comstated
4Emily

Robinson, CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety, March

28,2011, www.ezinearticles.comstated
5Dave

Wilkinson, CCTV Actually Plays a Very Important Role,

September 3, 2009, www.Public Service.Co.UK

6Rio

Rose Ribaya, CCTV in public vehicles proposed, January 29,

2011 manilabulletin
7Philippine

Daily Inquirer, Subdivisions, Establishments Required

to Install Cameras, July 17, 2011,inquirer

8Julie

Alipala, CCTV camera installed around Lamitan, May 19,

2011,inquirer
9Theresa

S. Samaniego, Security Camera now within reach of

many, August 7, 2011, inquirer

10Karen

Boncocan, QC bank heist captured on CCTV police, July

16, 2011, inquirer

29
11Aundreia

Cameron, Elke Kolodinski, Heather May and Nicholas

Williams, Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles, USC School of Policy, Planning and Development, May 5 , 2008
12Martin

Gill and Angela Spriggs, Assessing the Impact of CCTV:

Home Office Research Study 292, University of Leicester (United Kingdom), 2005.
13Mark

McComb Library Security, San Francisco, 2004 Akpokodje, Roger Bowles and Emmanuel Tigere,

14Joseph

Evidence-based approaches to crime prevention in developing countries - A scoping review of the literature, University of York, November 29, 2002
15David

Murakami Wood, SOCY 304 Surveillance and Visibility,

Queens University Department of Sociology

16The

Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting Investigative

Report, Centro Escolar University, March2006

17Timothy

John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co, Paolo Javier S. Event Detection System for Intelligent Video

Ilustre,

Real-Time

Surveillance, De La Salle University on September 2007

18Raymart

A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino, Joemary A. Olanka,

Mark Bryan F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro, Proposed Class Monitoring System using Surveillance Camera for CAS, ESC Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology, College of Arts and Sciences, 2002

30
19Neil

Andrew Nantes Borines, Impact of ABS-CBNs Investigative

Program Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society Centro Escolar University, October 2006
20Celia

V. Sanidad-Leones, The Current Situation of Crime with Urbanization: Problems Experienced and

Associated

Countermeasures Initiated in The Philippines