ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources
BOOKS Holland, Park. Journal of Park Holland, Soldier of the Revolution and Shays' Rebellion, Maine Surveyor and Early Penobscot Settler. Jeffrey H. Fiske and Sally Ostergard Fiske, ed. New Braintree: Towtaid, 2000. 25-34. Print. In this lengthy book, I read the chapter about Hollands experience in the militia under General Lincoln during Shays Rebellion. It gave me an in-depth look at the main conflicts of the rebellion, and also showed me that there wasnt always hatred between the two sides. In fact, Holland expresses a love for his erring countrymen, and explains that General Shepard himself does, too. Minot, George Richards. History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts in 1786 and of the Rebellion Consequent Thereon. New York: Da Capo Press, 1971. Print. This book was originally published in 1786 as an eyewitness account of Shays Rebellion, and offered unique insights, although at times it was very hard to read. DOCUMENTS A friend to paper money. To the Voters of Ann-Arundel County. Maryland Historical Society, 23 September, 1786. Print.

This broadside was my main source for the debt and taxation situation in Maryland in the 1780s. It asserts that paper money is necessary to absolve the states debt, and makes several arguments against the current mode of government, insults the wealthy class and the merchants, and explains why the wealthy are against the emission of paper money. Bonney, Benjamin. Convention at Hatfield. 13 September 1786, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American Centuries...View from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 8 January 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17606&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. This describes some of the grievances of the rebels, and I was struck by how many are related to money and taxes. Bowdoin, James. A Proclamation. 13 September 1786, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American CenturiesView from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 17 January 2012. <http://americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17594&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. In this 1786 proclamation, Governor Bowdoin describes the rebels attempt to close the court at Northampton. He states clearly that the rebellion will not be tolerated, and calls for all citizens to aid in suppressing it.

Bowdoin, James. Disqualification Act. 16 February 1787, manuscript. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. American CenturiesView from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 24 January 2012. <http://americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=18931&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. I was thrilled to be able to find this act passed by Bowdoin that cause so much debate and anger. This act was in effect while Bowdoin was governor, but when Hancock took his place he effectively negated most of it. Bowdoin, James. Order of Execution for Job Shattuck. 28 May 1787, manuscript. Shays Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College. 6 January 2012. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/artifact.do? shortName=executionorder_shattuck8may87>. I integrate this document, the order of execution for Job Shattuck, one of the main rebel leaders, into my Hancock Administration tab. I wanted to show in a tangible way how Hancocks policies differed from, and corrected, those of Bowdoin. Bowdoin, James. Account of a Letter from James Bowdoin to Mr. Putnam. Shays Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College. 26 January 2012. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/artifact_trans.do? shortName=putnam_letter&page>.

I was shocked by what I saw in this document. Shays actually told Putnam that he would leave the rebels to their own devices if a pardon was offered. This certainly contradicts the general view at the time that Shays was a heartless rebel who wanted the government to be abolished! Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Act of the General Court regarding value of bills of public credit. 12 March 1781, manuscript. Independent Ledger & the American Advertiser. American Centuries...View from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 20 February 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=18851&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. This Consolidation Act, which mandated that justices would decide the value of bills, indirectly incited the rebels against the government. When the justices banned the use of the bills altogether, demanding taxes in specie, the farmers were unable to pay and were hauled off to debtors prison. Constitution of the United States. 1787, manuscript. The Charters of Freedom. National Archives. 27 December 2011. <http://archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_zoom_1.html>. This is the Constitution of the United States, as it was written in 1787; no amendments are included. It is the original document. Day, Luke. Notice to General Shepard regarding disarming his militia. 7 February 1787, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American CenturiesView from New England

Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 17 January 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17441&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. This is the ultimatum that Shaysite Luke Day sent to General Shepard at Springfield Arsenal before the two forces clashed. In it, he gives Shepard two options: either surrender, or be attacked by the furious rebels. Elliots Debates: Volume 2, Convention of Massachusetts. January 25, 1788, manuscript. Ratification of the Constitution. TeachingAmericanHistory.org. 18 December 2011.<http://teachingamericanhistory.org/ratification/elliot/vol2/massachusetts0125 .html>. This passages helpfulness came from Amos Singletarys quote. His quote provided excellent support for my claim that the westerners felt dominated by and alienated from the elite, commercial easterners. Franklin, Benjamin. Proclamation regarding apprehension of Shays Insurgents. 11 April 1787, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American CenturiesView from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 16 February 2012. <http://americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17457&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>.

Proving his support of Bowdoin and his anger toward the rebels, Franklin signed this Pennsylvanian proclamation. It increased the reward for rebel leaders and encouraged Pennsylvanians to search them out. Grover, Thomas. List of grievances by Shaysite Thomas Grover. 27 December 1786, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American Centuries...View from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 6 January 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=18829&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. This list of grievances, put together by Regulator Thomas Grover, was exactly what I needed for my Conventions and Petitions tab. It described the general sentiment felt among western Massachusetts citizens and provided a way for me to discuss the complaints of the rebels using their own words, before they were labeled as insurgents. Hancock, John. Proclamation regarding Shays Rebellion. 15 June 1787, manuscript. Adams and Nourse, printer. American CenturiesView from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 18 January 2012. <http://americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=16484&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. This proclamation, issued by Hancock upon his election, pardons all Shaysites except for the leaders. In time, however, he extends the pardon to them as well.

Hor. "Real Grievances, Existing in the Counties of Hampshire, Worcester, etc Omitted by the Conventions." Columbian Centinel. 9 September 1786. Print. This pro-government article satirizes the yeomens petitions to the General Court, and while I didnt include any quotes from this in my website, it helped me understand the views of both sides better. Maryland General Assembly. Size, Population, and Tax Data for Maryland General Assembly for 1782, 1786. Maryland Historical Society, Print. When I went to the Maryland Historical Society I found this sheet, which gave data for the years 1782 and 1786. I tried to determine if (and if so, how much) taxes had increased in Maryland between those two dates, but my findings were inconclusive. I was also hoping to be able to tell if the taxes being demanded were high or not, but I had no standard to compare them to. Additionally, the last half of the document was completely illegible; even the Historical Society specialist helping me was unable to decipher it. But even though this source didnt ultimately manifest itself in my project, it was a very interesting and unique aspect of my primary source research. Petition of Convention of Hampshire County article. 17 January 1787, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American Centuries...View from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 5 February 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=18608&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>.

This petition highlights some of the grievances of the people of Massachusetts. I included this in my website because no one can better explain the peoples grievances than they themselves can. The Annapolis Convention. 1786, manuscript. From Revolution to Reconstructionand what happened afterwards. University of Groningen. 2 January 2012. <http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1776-1800/constitution/annap.htm>. The Annapolis Convention took place in Annapolis, MD before Shays Rebellion occurred. It was poorly attended, but since the delegates that were present agreed to meet the following year to revise the Articles of Confederation, I wanted to see what else they discussed. Voting Record of the Constitutional Convention: 1787. 1787, manuscript. DocsTeach. National Archives. 29 February 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/301680/detail?mode=browse&menu=closed&era %5B%5D=revolution-and-the-new-nation&sortBy=arc_id&page=2>. I found this document especially intriguing. It shows the votes cast in the Constitutional Convention and attracted me because of its uniqueness. While it doesnt have to do with Shays Rebellion directly, I placed it in the Constitutional Significance tab to add some visual interest to the page and to share this amazing piece of history with readers. LETTERS

Day, Luke. Luke Day to Daniel Shays Printed in the Gazette Re: Rendezvous. 14 February 1787, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. Shays Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College. 28 January 2012. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/artifact.do? shortName=gazette_ld14feb87>. This letter from Day to Shays, informing Shays of the change of plans at the Arsenal, was intercepted by government forces and was published in the Hampshire Gazette. (As a result, Shays didnt know what Day had done, and attacked according to the original plan.) Franklin, Benjamin. Letter to Governor Bowdoin. 28 March, 1787, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American CenturiesView from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 27 January 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17456&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. In this letter to Governor Bowdoin, Franklin heartily congratulates the man on his suppression of the rebels. I was shocked to discover that Franklin not only supported Bowdoin, but that he also he advocated harsher policies toward the rebels. Lincoln, Benjamin. Letter to George Washington. 4 December 1786, manuscript. 2011. Historic Documents. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. 12

February 2012. <http://gilderlehrman.pastperfect-online.com/33267cgi/mweb.exe? request=record;id=3D16BA26-8E75-4724-A31E-202299505954;type=301>. In a previous letter, Washington had asked Benjamin Lincoln if his people (Massachusetts citizens) were mad, and this letter is Lincolns response. It provides interesting insights into the thoughts of someone against the rebels. Lincoln, Benjamin. Benjamin Lincoln to James Bowdoin, January 28, 1787, Copy, with Copies of Letters from Luke Day (Shay's Rebellion). 28 January, 1787, manuscript. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799. American Memory. Library of Congress. 5 January 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mgw/mgw4/096/0800/0897.jpg>. This document was very hard to read, as the actual hand of Lincoln was shown, with no option for a transcription. Still, it was interesting to read and I debated about including the image on my website. Shays, Daniel. Copy of Shays answer to General Lincolns letter of the 30th ult. 30 January 1787, manuscript. American Centuries...View from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 16 January 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17448&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. In this letter, Shays tells General Lincoln that he and his men may surrender if a general pardon is offered. He acknowledges the slight error of their taking up arms, but asserted that the circumstances demand it.

Shepard, William. Letter to Governor James Bowdoin. 7 February 1787, manuscript. Hampshire Gazette. American Centuries...View from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 3 February 2012. <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17440&img=0&level=advanced&transcription=1>. This amazing letter documents the events of the Springfield Arsenal incident. It explains the situation far better than any history book could, and it also shows the emotions of those involved, especially those of Shepard. He did not want to shed his countrymens blood. Washington, George. Letter to Henry Knox. 26 December, 1786, manuscript. Gilder Lehrman Collection Documents. 2002. Rediscovering George Washington. WETA. 21 February 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/collection/prepres_1786dec26.html>. I used a quote from this letter, from Washington to Secretary of War Henry Knox, in my homepage. There are combustibles in every State, which a spark may set fire to, Washington wrote as the events of the rebellion began to gain momentum. MAPS Map of Springfield Arsenal, 1801. Map. Springfield. Historic Maps. 2008. Shays Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College. 14 November 2011. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/map.do? shortName=1801arsenal>.

I liked this source, and used it as a visual on my website, because it was just so different; I stumbled across it in my research and loved its simplicity and historical importance. Map: Shays Rebellion. Map. Stiles, Ezra. Beinecke Library Digital Collections. Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Yale University. 15 January 2012. <http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dl_crosscollex/photoneg/oneITEM.asp? pid=39002037379543&iid=3737954&srchtype=>. This map details the movements of troops in Massachusetts during the Rebellion. It was very interesting to see the actual movements of the forces, all handwritten by someone from the time. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

"Annapolis, November 8, 1786." Maryland Gazette. 9 November 1786, p.2. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. <http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001283/html/m128 3-1328.html>. I thought this was a unique and entertaining article, as well as informative it explains one of the opinions surrounding the emission of paper money and presents a view that contrasts with the quote on the Maryland tab by A friend to paper money.

Brown, William. "Cecil County, July 31, 1786." Maryland Gazette. 24 August 1786, p.4. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. <http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001283/html/m128 3-1278.html>. This article was important to my research because it showed that people in Maryland, too, were unable to pay off debt.

"Extract of a letter from a delegate in the assembly." Maryland Gazette. 9 November 1786, p.2. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. <http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001283/html/m128 3-1328.html>. A letter from a delegate in Marylands General Assembly appears in this issue of the Maryland Gazette; the letter shows that, just like Massachusetts, Maryland was unwilling to print paper money.

Rawlings, John. "Cecil County, June 27, 1786." Maryland Gazette. 10 August 1786, p.4. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001283/html/m1283. html>. I chose to quote this article in the Maryland tab on my website because it proves that the people of Maryland, too, were burdened by debt issues.

Smallwood, W. "By His Excellency William Smallwood, Esquire, Governor of Maryland, A Proclamation." Maryland Gazette. 10 August 1786, p.4. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. <http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001283/html/m128 3-1270.html>. This was an amazing primary source document to find. In it, Maryland governor William Smallwood describes the closing of the Charles County courthouse (just as the Shaysites did in Massachusetts) and the consequences that would follow for citizens who repeated the defiant act.

Steuart, Charles, and William Steuart. "Annapolis, August 16, 1786." Maryland Gazette. 24 August 1786, p.3. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. <http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001283/html/m128 3-1277.html>. Store owners Charles and William Steuart call for those who owe debts to them to settle their accounts immediately, once again demonstrating the economic situation Maryland was found itself in during the 1780s. PICTURES Barber, John Warner. Northampton Courthouse. 1839, picture. Dorr, Holland and Company. Shays Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College. 15 January 2012. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/artifact.do? shortName=northampton_courthouse>.

This picture depicts Northampton Courthouse, the first courthouse that the rebels attempted to close. Copley, John Singleton. Samuel Adams. 1772, portrait. October 2011. Schiller Institute. 12 February 2012. <http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/painting/copley_portrait_of_samuel_adams. html>. I placed this portrait of Adams under the Response tab next to a quote by him regarding rebellion. Copley, John Singleton. John Hancock. 1765, portrait. Museum of Fine Arts. Artworks for John Singleton Copley. 12 June 2005. Athenaeum. 14 February 2012. <http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=20573>. This portrait of John Hancock accompanies an excerpt of his proclamation pardoning the rebels, under the Hancock Administration tab. Daniel Shays and Job Shattuck. 1787, engraving. Bickerstaff's Boston Almanack of 1787. LEARN NC. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 16 January 2012. <http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/10888>. This is the only representation from the time that we have, but even this picture isnt visually accurate the engraver had never actually seen Shays. Nevertheless, it is an interesting picture and one that I immediately knew had to go on my website.

Doolittle, Amos. A Looking Glass for 1787. 1787. Print, Engraving and rocker work, with watercolor on laid paper. Top Treasures. American Treasures of the Library of Congress. Library of Congress. 3 January 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/vc3.8.jpg>. This image depicts the conflict over the ratification of the Constitution. Many things are going on at once, but the part that relates most directly to my website is in the top right-hand corner: Success to Shays! shout Antifederalists. Many Shaysites became Americas Antifederalists. Duplessis, Joseph Siffred. Benjamin Franklin. 1785, portrait. A Brush with History: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery. National Portrait Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. 17 February 2012. <http://www.npg.si.edu/cexh/brush/index/portraits/franklin.htm>. I added this portrait of Franklin to complement the quote by him, under the Response tab as well. Early Newspaper Cartoon, 1787. 1787, newspaper cartoon. Rare Images, Miscellaneous. 2012. Archiving Early America. 8 January 2012. <http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamericanimages/misc1.html>. This early political cartoon shows the pillars (the government structure) of several states, ending with Massachusetts, which is leaning precariously to the side one could even say falling with the words federal superstructure above it. It shows

that while the other states were at least somewhat stable, Massachusetts, which was supposed to be the model state was showing signs of collapse. Gullager, Christian. Portrait of Governor James Bowdoin II (Version B). 1791, portrait. Collections: Paintings. Bowdoin College Museum or Art. 18 February 2012. <http://artmuseum.bowdoin.edu/Obj332$950>. Since I devoted an entire tab to Bowdoins reaction to the rebellion, I needed to have at least one portrait of him. I placed this image at the beginning of my Bowdoin Administration tab. Harding, Chester. James Madison. 1829-1830, portrait. 2nd Amendment Library. James Madison Research Library and Information Center. 13 February 2012. <http://www.madisonbrigade.com/ff/j_madison_portrait.htm>. I quoted James Madison in several places on my website and wanted to have more than one portrait of him. This one was visually appealing and from a reliable source, so I put it in the Bowdoin Administration tab next to a quote of his. Martin, David. Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790. 1767, portrait. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Franklin and His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth-Century America. National Portrait Gallery. 19 January 2012. <http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/franklin/martin.htm>. This visually intriguing portrait was the perfect image to accompany a surprising at least to me quote about Franklins attitude toward the rebels.

Peale, Charles Willson. Henry Knox. 1784, portrait. 10 September 2003. National Park Service. 15 February 2012. <http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/image_gal/indeimg/knox.html>. This picture of Knox accompanies a quote by him about taking action, under the Response tab. Representation of a county-convention for redress of grievance of courts. 1787, woodcut print. Bickerstaff's Genuine Boston Almanack, 1787. Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. American Memory. Library of Congress. 11 January 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3a52290/>. This satirizes the idea of county conventions. It was obviously created by someone sympathetic to the American government; instead of discussing political matters, those in attendance appear to be feasting and enjoying themselves. Stuart, Gilbert. James Madison. 1804, portrait. Gilbert Stuart: The Complete Works. 28 February 2012. <http://www.gilbert-stuart.org/James-Madison-large.html>. I put this image under the Response tab to provide the reader with a visual, to accompany the quotes. Sully, Thomas. Thomas Jefferson. 1856, portrait. Art & History Home. United States Senate. 25 February 2012. <http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Painting_31_00006.htm>.

I chose to put this portrait of Jefferson on my website not only to accompany the quotes, but also to complement the colors of my title and background.

Secondary Sources
BOOKS Beeman, Richard, Stephen Botein, and Edward C. Carter, ed. Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity. The University of North Carolina Press, 1987. 113-127. Print. This source, in addition to giving me general information about the rebellion, contains lots of information about the Massachusetts election following Shays Rebellion. It explains the elections and details the policy differences between Bowdoins and Hancocks administrations. Brooke, John L. The Heart of the Commonwealth: Society and Political Culture in Worcester County, Massachusetts 1713-1861. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Print. This explains the rebellion and provides invaluable details for all aspects of my project, whether investigating the uprisings causes, recounting the court closings and confrontations, or analyzing its results. Brugger, Robert J. Maryland, A Middle Temperament. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. 134-141. Print.

This excerpt detailed the debt issues in Maryland during the time of Shays Rebellion, and I was struck by the many similarities between Marylands and Massachusetts situations. Gross, Robert A, ed. In Debt to Shays: The Bicentennial of an Agrarian Rebellion. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993. Print. A collection of discussions regarding Shays and the 1786 uprising, in preparation for its 200th anniversary, this provides interesting, although sometimes contradictory, articles. The different authors hold contrasting opinions, which are manifested in their essays, but they provide me with a more in-depth understanding of the rebellion. Kaufman, Martin, ed. Shays' Rebellion: Selected Essays. Institute for Massachusetts Studies, Westfield State College, 1987. Print. This compilation of essays provides a different look at Shays Rebellion, through cultural, political, religious, and social glasses. While many of the essays are not applicable to my thesis, they are nevertheless interesting, and added to my knowledge base. Lee, Jean B. The Price of Nationhood: The American Revolution in Charles County. 1st ed. New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1994. 228-240. Print. These pages gave me a glimpse of the debt and taxation issues and activities in Maryland at the time of Shays Rebellion. It was very challenging to find a source documenting Maryland during the 1780s so this was a very valuable resource.

McDonald, Forrest, and Ellen Shapiro McDonald. Requiem: Variations on EighteenthCentury Themes. University Press of Kansas, 1988. Print. Interesting and informative, the part of the book that deals with the history of the rebellion focuses especially on the causes of and responses to the uprising, which is wonderfully suited to the project prompt. Parmenter, C.O. History of Pelham, Mass. From 1738 to 1898. Amherst: Press of Carpenter and Morehouse, 1898. 294-501. Print. This contains an amazing wealth of information. It examines every aspect of the rebellion in-depth, and contains a variety of primary source documents as well. Richards, Leonard L. Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Print. Engaging, accurate, and stuffed with informative details, this book was essential to my research. It provides a chronological study of the rebellion and draws in-depth, helpful conclusions. It is very unlike my other secondary sources, and contains an amazing amount of relevant details. Szatmary, David P. Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1980. Print. I used this source mainly as a background book, to understand the general ideas and events of the rebellion. While it draws interesting and valid conclusions regarding the Constitution and the rebellion, I had been warned by several history professors

of many unsupported or bogus claims in the rest of the book. Therefore, with the exception of chapter 7, I used this for general knowledge and not for specific events, details, or causes. Young, Alfred F., Gary B. Nash, and Ray Raphael, ed. Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of a Nation. 1st ed. New York: Random House, Inc, 2011. 215-231. Print. This describes the rebellion mainly in terms of Shays and his leadership; it was here I learned that Shays was a reluctant rebel. While it compresses the entire rebellion into one chapter, it goes into reasonable detail, from explaining the economic situation to describing the rebellions effect on the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. MAGAZINE/JOURNAL ARTICLES Brown, Richard D. "Shays's Rebellion and Its Aftermath: A View from Springfield, Massachusetts, 1787." William and Mary Quarterly, A Magazine of Early American History and Culture. XL.4 (1983): 598-615. Print. In this article, the author discusses Shays Rebellion in terms of the current cultural and political climates, using primary source documents to tell the main part of the story. "Documents Relating to the Shays Rebellion, 1787." American Historical Review. 2. (1897): 693-699. Print.

This source contains a brief description of Shays Rebellion and describes how the outcome of the rebel march on the Springfield arsenal was crucial to the outcome of the uprising. It is followed by several primary source letters relating to the Springfield Arsenal incident. Feer, Robert A. "Shays's Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation." New England Quarterly, A Historical Review of New England Life and Letters. XLII.3 (1969): 388-410. Print. Focusing on only the effects of Shays Rebellion, this source explores the question of whether, and to what extent, the uprising affected the formation of the Constitution. The author comes to the conclusion that Shays Rebellion did not bring about the Constitution but rather encouraged the already-present, though skeptical, sentiment. INTERVIEWS Brown, Richard D. Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of History, Emeritus, University of Connecticut. Email interview. 8 December 2011. In an email interview, Dr. Brown explained to me which founding fathers supported the rebels and which were against them. He also explained his view of the correlation between Shays Rebellion and the Constitution and referred me to several books, all of which contained extremely useful information. WEBSITES

"An Outline of American History (1963), 3/11 New concept of government needed." From Revolution to Reconstruction...And What Happened Afterwards. University of Groningen Humanities Computing, September 15 2010. Web. 27 October 2011. <http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/H/1963/ch3_p3.htm>. Describing the ideas laid down in the Articles of Confederation, its subsequent weaknesses, and the power a democratic government should have, this source explains the pre-rebellion atmosphere, focusing the most on the Articles of Confederations effects. Christy, Howard Chandler. Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States. 1940, painting. 1740 to 1800. 17 April 2009. Images of American Political History. 4 January 2012. <http://bill.ballpaul.net/iaph/main.php?g2_itemId=278>. This painting depicts the signing of the Constitution of the United States and was a fitting picture in my Constitutional Significance tab. Elms, Katherine Amber. "Shayss Rebellion and the U.S. Constitution." Colorado Program for Writing and Rhetoric. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 November 2011. <http://www.colorado.edu/ArtsSciences/PWR/occasions/articles/Elms_Shays's Rebellion and the U.S. Constitution.pdf>. This paper describes not only the link between Shays Rebellion and the Constitution, but also offers a good description of the situation leading up to the revolt. In addition, it examines the causes and result of the rebellion and the effects both had on the making of the Constitution.

Home of Captain Shays. 1898. Shays Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College. 6 January 2012. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/artifact.do?shortName=house_shays>. This photo depicts Daniel Shays house in the late 1800s, essentially unchanged since the time of Shays Rebellion. Pelham Town Hall. 1946. Shays Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College. 2 January 2012. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/artifact.do? shortName=pelham_town_hall>. This photo shows the Pelham Town Hall, where Shaysites would hold meetings and conventions. Photograph of Luke Days Headquarters. 30 May 1909, photograph. Springfield Republican newspaper. American CenturiesView from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 25 February 2012. <http://americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp? itemid=17343&img=0>. This is a photograph of Luke Days house I included it as one of the images on my website because, for me, seeing a real photo of a location truly brings a historical event to life and makes it seem so much more real.

Press of Carpenter & Moorehouse. The Old Conkey Tavern. 1896. American Centuries...View from New England Online Collection. Memorial Hall Museum Online. University of Massachusetts. 23 February 2012 <http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=18965>. Regulators and government officials alike would gather in this Pelham tavern to discuss matters of the day. Rob McDonald, Professor of History at West Point, Details Shays Rebellion. 2009. Video. YouTubeWeb. 17 November 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=cZ0B3lvhuj0 >. This video, by Professor Rob McDonald, offers a general yet informative synopsis of the rebellion: its causes, events, and effects. Shays' Rebellion and the Making of a Nation. Springfield Technical Community College, 2008. Web. January 8, 2012. <http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu >. This website contains a vast array of resources relating to Shays Rebellion. Biographies of contemporaries of all classes and opinions, primary source documents in their original form, images of letters and locations, and detailed articles on the causes, events, and effects of the rebellion, are all featured on this detailed, thorough website.

"Shays Rebellion Info." US History, Pre-Colombian to the New Millennium. Independence Hall Association, 2008. Web. 4 November 2011. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/15a.asp>. This was one of my first internet sources and provided a general overview of the rebellion. It discusses the rebels grievances and makes the interesting claim that the rebels organized their resistance the way they did in the American Revolution. "The Bill of Rights: Almost an Afterthought?" ABC-CLIO Schools. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 23 December 2011. <http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abcclio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx? entryId=1149723tSection=1129168&productid=2>. While this provides a general overview of the events of the rebellion, I mainly used this source for information about the relationship between Shays Rebellion and the Constitution. It highlights several discussions in the Constitutional Convention that referenced the rebellion, and discusses Thomas Jeffersons surprising views. "The Constitution." The White House. The White House, n.d. Web. 5 November 2011. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/the-constitution>. This, written by the ultimate Constitution authority, shares the faults of the Articles of Confederation and explains why the Constitution was created. It describes the Constitutional Convention and investigates the thoughts of and debates between the delegates, all the way to its ratification.

The United States, 1783-1803. Map. Historical Atlas, 1923. Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection. University of Texas Libraries. University of Texas at Austin. 27 December 2011. <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/united_states_1783_1803.jpg >. This map depicts the layout of the states after the Revolutionary War; borders were different than they are today. Vest, Rosemary. "The Articles of Confederation Revisited." Home of Heroes. Military Times, n.d. Web. 18 December 2011. <http://www.homeofheroes.com/hallofheroes/1st_floor/birth/1bc3b.html>. This article discusses the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and connects them to Shays Rebellion. It also explains the causes of the Rebellion, and describes several courthouse closings.