CHAPTER 7

Principles of Integral Evaluation

EXERCISE SET 7.1
1. u = 4 2x, du = 2dx,
3
2. u = 4 + 2x, du = 2dx,
2

3. u = x , du = 2xdx,

1
2

4. u = x2 , du = 2xdx,

1
2

1
1
u3 du = u4 + C = (4 2x)4 + C
8
8

u du = u3/2 + C = (4 + 2x)3/2 + C

tan u du = 2 ln | cos u | + C = 2 ln | cos(x2 )| + C

5. u = 2 + cos 3x, du = 3 sin 3xdx,

6. u =

2
1
2
x, du = dx,
3
3
6

1
8. u = ln x, du = dx,
x

1
3

du
1
1
= ln |u| + C = ln(2 + cos 3x) + C
u
3
3

du
1
1
2
= tan1 u + C = tan1 x + C
2
1+u
6
6
3

7. u = ex , du = ex dx,

1
1
tan u + C = tan(x2 ) + C
2
2

sec2 u du =

sinh u du = cosh u + C = cosh ex + C

Z
sec u tan u du = sec u + C = sec(ln x) + C
Z

9. u = tan x, du = sec xdx,

Z

du
1
1
= sin1 u + C = sin1 (x2 ) + C
2
2
2
1u
Z
1
1
1
11. u = cos 5x, du = 5 sin 5xdx,
u5 du = u6 + C = cos6 5x + C
5
30
30
2

10. u = x , du = 2xdx,

1
2

eu du = eu + C = etan x + C

Z
12. u = sin x, du = cos x dx,

13. u = ex , du = ex dx,
14. u = tan1 x, du =





p
 1 + 1 + sin2 x 
 1 + 1 + u2 
du





= ln 
 + C = ln 
+C




u
sin x
u u2 + 1





p
p
du
= ln u + u2 + 4 + C = ln ex + e2x + 4 + C
4 + u2
Z
1
dx,
eu du = eu + C = etan x + C

1
1 + x2

1
x 1, du =
dx,
2 x1

16. u = x2 + 2x, du = (2x + 2)dx,

1
2

15. u =

17. u =

1
x, du = dx,
2 x

eu du = 2eu + C = 2e

Z
cot u du =

x1

1
1
ln | sin u| + C = ln sin |x2 + 2x| + C
2
2

Z
2 cosh u du = 2 sinh u + C = 2 sinh

343

+C

x+C

344

Chapter 7

dx
18. u = ln x, du =
,
x
19. u =

1
1
du
= +C =
+C
2
u
u
ln x
Z

1
x, du = dx,
2 x

2 du
=2
3u

eu ln 3 du =

2 u ln 3
2 x
e
+C =
3
+C
ln 3
ln 3

Z
20. u = sin , du = cos d,

21. u =
Z
22.

sec u tan u du = sec u + C = sec(sin ) + C

2
2
, du = 2 dx,
x
x

csch2 u du =

1
1
2
coth u + C = coth + C
2
2
x



p
dx


= ln x + x2 4 + C
x2 4
Z

23. u = ex , du = ex dx,
1
24. u = ln x, du = dx,
x

26. u = x

1/2

cos u du = sin u + C = sin(ln x) + C

ex dx
=
1 e2x

1
, du = 3/2 dx,
2x
1
2

27. u = x2 , du = 2xdx,

28. 2u = ex , 2du = ex dx,





1  2 + u 
1  2 + ex 
du
+C
=

+
C
=

ln
ln
4 u2
4 2 u
4  2 ex 

25. u = ex , du = ex dx,

1
2

1
du
=
csc u
2

du
= sin1 u + C = sin1 ex + C
1 u2

2 sinh u du = 2 cosh u + C = 2 cosh(x1/2 ) + C

Z

1
1
sin u du = cos u + C = cos(x2 ) + C
2
2

2du
= sin1 u + C = sin1 (ex /2) + C
4 4u2

29. 4x = ex ln 4 , u = x2 ln 4, du = 2x ln 4 dx = x ln 16 dx,
Z
1 u
1 x2 ln 4
1 x2
1
eu du =
e +C =
e
+C =
4
+C

ln 16
ln 16
ln 16
ln 16
30. 2x = ex ln 2 ,

2x dx =

1 x ln 2
1
e
+C =
2x + C
ln 2
ln 2

Z
1
1
31. (a) u = sin x, du = cos x dx,
u du = u2 + C = sin2 x + C
2
2
Z
Z
1
1
1
(b)
sin x cos x dx =
sin 2x dx = cos 2x + C = (cos2 x sin2 x) + C
2
4
4
1
1 1
1
(c) (cos2 x sin2 x) + C = (1 sin2 x sin2 x) + C = + sin2 x + C,
4
4
4 2
and this is the same as the answer in part (a) except for the constants.
1
1
=
cosh 2x
cosh2 x + sinh2 x
sech2 x
=
1 + tanh2 x

32. (a) sech 2x =

(now multiply top and bottom by sech2 x)

Exercise Set 7.2

345

Z
(b)

Z
sech2x dx =

sech2 x
dx = tan1 (tanh x) + C,
1 + tanh2 x

or, replacing 2x with x,

sechx dx = tan1 (tanh(x/2)) + C

1
2ex
2
=
= x
cosh x
e + ex
e2x + 1
Z
Z
x
e
(d)
sech x dx = 2
dx = 2 tan1 (ex ) + C
2x
e +1

(c) sech x =

sec2 x
1
1
=
=
2
tan x
cos x tan x
cos x sin x
Z
1
1
1 sec2 x
1
(b) csc 2x =
=
=
, so
csc 2x dx = ln tan x + C
sin 2x
2 sin x cos x
2 tan x
2
1
1
=
= csc(/2 x), so
(c) sec x =
cos
x
sin(/2
x)
Z
Z
1
sec x dx = csc(/2 x) dx = ln tan(/2 x) + C
2

33. (a)

EXERCISE SET 7.2

1. u = x, dv = e2x dx, du = dx, v = 21 e2x ;
Z
Z
1 2x
1
1
1 2x
2x
xe
dx = xe
+
e
dx = xe2x e2x + C
2
2
2
4
1
2. u = x, dv = e dx, du = dx, v = e3x ;
3
3x

3. u = x2 , dv = ex dx, du = 2x dx, v = ex ;
Z
For
Z

1
1
xe dx = xe3x
3
3
3x

x2 ex dx = x2 ex 2

e3x dx =

1 3x 1 3x
xe e + C
3
9

xex dx.

xex dx use u = x, dv = ex dx, du = dx, v = ex to get

xex dx = xex ex + C1 so

x2 ex dx = x2 ex 2xex + 2ex + C

1
4. u = x2 , dv = e2x dx, du = 2x dx, v = e2x ;
2
Z
For xe2x dx use u = x, dv = e2x dx to get

1
x2 e2x dx = x2 e2x +
2

Z
1
1
1
1
xe2x dx = xe2x +
e2x dx = xe2x e2x + C
2
2
2
4
Z
1
1
1
so
x2 e2x dx = x2 e2x xe2x e2x + C
2
2
4
1
5. u = x, dv = sin 3x dx, du = dx, v = cos 3x;
3
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
x sin 3x dx = x cos 3x +
cos 3x dx = x cos 3x + sin 3x + C
3
3
3
9

xe2x dx

346

Chapter 7

1
6. u = x, dv = cos 2x dx, du = dx, v = sin 2x;
2
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
x cos 2x dx = x sin 2x
sin 2x dx = x sin 2x + cos 2x + C
2
2
2
4
Z
Z
7. u = x2 , dv = cos x dx, du = 2x dx, v = sin x; x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x 2 x sin x dx
Z
For

x sin x dx use u = x, dv = sin x dx to get

Z
x sin x dx = x cos x + sin x + C1 so

x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + C

8. u = x2 , dv = sin x dx, du = 2x dx, v = cos x;

Z
Z
Z
x2 sin x dx = x2 cos x + 2 x cos x dx; for
x cos x dx use u = x, dv = cos x dx to get
Z

Z
x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C1 so

x2 sin x dx = x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C

1
1
9. u = ln x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x2 ;
x
2

1
1
x ln x dx = x2 ln x
2
2

Z
x dx =

1
1 2
x ln x x2 + C
2
4

1
2
10. u = ln x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x3/2 ;
x
3
Z
Z

2
2
2
4
x ln x dx = x3/2 ln x
x1/2 dx = x3/2 ln x x3/2 + C
3
3
3
9
Z
Z
ln x
11. u = (ln x)2 , dv = dx, du = 2
dx, v = x; (ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 2 ln x dx.
x
Z
Z
Use u = ln x, dv = dx to get
ln x dx = x ln x dx = x ln x x + C1 so
Z

(ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 2x ln x + 2x + C

1
1
12. u = ln x, dv = dx, du = dx, v = 2 x;
x
x

ln x
dx = 2 x ln x2
x

1
dx = 2 x ln x4 x+C
x

Z
Z
3
3x
13. u = ln(3x 2), dv = dx, du =
dx, v = x;
ln(3x 2)dx = x ln(3x 2)
dx
3x 2
3x 2

Z
Z 
3x
2
2
but
dx =
1+
dx = x + ln(3x 2) + C1 so
3x 2
3x 2
3
Z
2
ln(3x 2)dx = x ln(3x 2) x ln(3x 2) + C
3
Z
Z
2x
x2
2
2
dx,
v
=
x;
ln(x
+
4)dx
=
x
ln(x
+
4)

2
dx
2
2
x +4
x +4

Z
Z 
x2
4
x
but
dx =
1 2
dx = x 2 tan1 + C1 so
2
x +4
x +4
2
Z
x
ln(x2 + 4)dx = x ln(x2 + 4) 2x + 4 tan1 + C
2

14. u = ln(x2 + 4), dv = dx, du =

Exercise Set 7.2

347

15. u = sin1 x, dv = dx, du = 1/ 1 x2 dx, v = x;

Z
Z
p
p
sin1 x dx = x sin1 x x/ 1 x2 dx = x sin1 x + 1 x2 + C
16. u = cos1 (2x), dv = dx, du =
Z

cos1 (2x)dx = x cos1 (2x) +

2
dx, v = x;
1 4x2

1p
2x
dx = x cos1 (2x)
1 4x2 + C
2
2
1 4x

3
17. u = tan1 (3x), dv = dx, du =
dx, v = x;
1 + 9x2
Z
Z
1
3x
tan1 (3x)dx = x tan1 (3x)
dx = x tan1 (3x) ln(1 + 9x2 ) + C
1 + 9x2
6
Z
Z
1 2
1
1 2
1
x2
1
1
dx,
v
=
dx
18. u = tan1 x, dv = x dx, du =
x
;
x
tan
x
dx
=
x
tan
x

2
1+x
2
2
2
1 + x2

Z
Z 
x2
1
but
dx =
1
dx = x tan1 x + C1 so
1 + x2
1 + x2
Z
1
1
1
x tan1 x dx = x2 tan1 x x + tan1 x + C
2
2
2
Z
Z
x
x
x
x
19. u = e , dv = sin x dx, du = e dx, v = cos x; e sin x dx = e cos x + ex cos x dx.
Z

ex cos x dx use u = ex , dv = cos x dx to get

For
Z

ex sin x dx = ex cos x + ex sin x

Z

e sin x dx = e (sin x cos x) + C1 ,

20. u = e3x , dv = cos 2x dx, du = 3e3x dx, v =

Z

e3x cos 2x dx =

ex sin x dx =

e
e

3x

1
3
9
cos 2x dx = e3x sin 2x + e3x cos 2x
2
4
4
e

3x

ex sin x dx so

1 x
e (sin x cos x) + C
2

e3x sin 2x dx. Use u = e3x , dv = sin 2x dx to get

1
3
sin 2x dx = e3x cos 2x +
2
2

1
sin 2x;
2

3x

13
4

3
1 3x
e sin 2x
2
2

ex cos x = ex sin x

ex sin x dx,
Z

e3x cos 2x dx, so

Z

e3x cos 2x dx,

1
cos 2x dx = e3x (2 sin 2x + 3 cos 2x) + C1 ,
4

e3x cos 2x dx =

1 3x
e (2 sin 2x + 3 cos 2x) + C
13

cos(ln x)
dx, v = x;
x
Z
Z
sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x) cos(ln x)dx. Use u = cos(ln x), dv = dx to get

21. u = sin(ln x), dv = dx, du =

Z
cos(ln x)dx = x cos(ln x) +

sin(ln x)dx so

348

Chapter 7

Z
sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x) x cos(ln x)

Z
sin(ln x)dx =

sin(ln x)dx,

1
x[sin(ln x) cos(ln x)] + C
2

1
22. u = cos(ln x), dv = dx, du = sin(ln x)dx, v = x;
x
Z
Z
cos(ln x)dx = x cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)dx. Use u = sin(ln x), dv = dx to get
Z

Z
sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x)

cos(ln x)dx so

Z
cos(ln x)dx = x cos(ln x) + x sin(ln x)

Z
cos(ln x)dx =

cos(ln x)dx,

1
x[cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)] + C
2

23. u = x, dv = sec2 x dx, du = dx, v = tan x;

Z
Z
Z
sin x
2
x sec x dx = x tan x tan x dx = x tan x
dx = x tan x + ln | cos x| + C
cos x
24. u = x, dv = tan2 x dx = (sec2 x 1)dx, du = dx, v = tan x x;
Z
Z
2
2
x tan x dx = x tan x x (tan x x)dx
1
1
= x tan x x2 + ln | cos x| + x2 + C = x tan x x2 + ln | cos x| + C
2
2
2

25. u = x2 , dv = xex dx, du = 2x dx, v =

Z

2
1
x e dx = x2 ex
2

3 x2

xex dx =

1 x2
e ;
2

1 2 x2 1 x2
x e e +C
2
2

1
1
dx, du = (x + 1)ex dx, v =
;
2
(x + 1)
x+1
Z
Z
xex
xex
xex
ex
dx
=

+
ex dx =
+ ex + C =
+C
2
(x + 1)
x+1
x+1
x+1

26. u = xex , dv =

27. u = x, dv = e2x dx, du = dx, v =

Z
0

xe2x dx =

1 2x
xe
2

2

1
2

Z
0

1 2x
e ;
2

1
e2x dx = e4 e2x
4

1
28. u = x, dv = e5x dx, du = dx, v = e5x ;
5

2
0

1
= e4 (e4 1) = (3e4 + 1)/4
4

Exercise Set 7.2

xe

5x

349

1

1
dx = xe5x
5

1
+
5
0

1
1
= e5 e5x
5
25

e5x dx

1
0

1
1
= e5 (e5 1) = (1 6e5 )/25
5
25

1
1
dx, v = x3 ;
x
3
e
e
Z e
Z e
1
1
1
1
1
1
x2 ln x dx = x3 ln x
x2 dx = e3 x3 = e3 (e3 1) = (2e3 + 1)/9
3
3
3
9
3
9
1
1
1
1

29. u = ln x, dv = x2 dx, du =

1
1
1
dx, du = dx, v = ;
x2
x
x
e
Z e
ln x
1
1
dx
=

dx
ln
x
+
x2

x2
x
e
e
e

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 e4
+ =
= + ln e
+
=

e
x e
e 2 e e
2e
e
e

30. u = ln x, dv =
Z

1
dx, v = x;
x+2

1
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
2
x
dx = ln 3 + ln 1
1
dx
ln(x + 2)dx = x ln(x + 2)

x+2
1
1
1 x + 2
1
1
= ln 3 [x 2 ln(x + 2)]
= ln 3 (1 2 ln 3) + (1 2 ln 1) = 3 ln 3 2

31. u = ln(x + 2), dv = dx, du =

32. u = sin1 x, dv = dx, du =

3/2

3/2
1

sin

x dx = x sin

1
dx, v = x;
1 x2

3/2

3/2
3
3 p
x
1

sin
+ 1 x2
dx =
2
2
1 x2
0

 
3
3 1
1

=
+ 1=
2 3
2
6
2

d, v = ;
2 1

4
Z 4

4 1Z 4

1
1
1
1
1

sec
d = sec

d = 4 sec 2 2 sec
2 1
2 2
1
2
2
2



5
=4
2
3+1=
3+1
3
4
6

33. u = sec1

, dv = d, du =

1
1
34. u = sec1 x, dv = x dx, du =
dx, v = x2 ;
2
x x2 1
2
Z 2
Z
1
1 2
x

x sec1 x dx = x2 sec1 x
dx
21
2
2
x
1
1
1
2

1
1p 2
= [(4)(/3) (1)(0)]
x 1 = 2/3 3/2
2
2
1

350

Chapter 7

1
35. u = x, dv = sin 2x dx, du = dx, v = cos 2x;
2


Z
Z
1
1
1
x sin 2x dx = x cos 2x +
cos 2x dx = /2 + sin 2x = /2
2
2 0
4
0
0
0
Z

36.

(x + x cos x)dx =
0

1 2
x
2

Z
+

x cos x dx =
0

2
+
2

x cos x dx;
0

u = x, dv = cos x dx, du = dx, v = sin x

 Z

Z
Z
x cos x dx = x sin x
sin x dx = cos x = 2 so
(x + x cos x)dx = 2 /2 2
0

1
2
xdx, du =
dx, v = x3/2 ;
3
2 x(1 + x)
3
Z 3
Z 3

2
1
x
x tan1 xdx = x3/2 tan1 x
dx
3
3
1
+
x
1
1
1


Z 
3 1 3
1
2 3/2
1
x
1
dx
= x tan
3
3 1
1+x
1
3


1
1
2 3/2
1
x tan
x x + ln |1 + x| = (2 3 /2 2 + ln 2)/3
=
3
3
3
1

37. u = tan1

x, dv =

2x
dx, v = x;
x2 + 1

2 Z 2
Z 2
Z 2
1
2x2
2
2
dx = 2 ln 5 2
dx
1 2
ln(x + 1)dx = x ln(x + 1)
2
x +1
0
0
0 x +1
0
2
1
= 2 ln 5 2(x tan x) = 2 ln 5 4 + 2 tan1 2

38. u = ln(x2 + 1), dv = dx, du =

39. true
40. false; choose u = ln x
41. false; ex is not a factor of the integrand
42. true; the column of p(x) eventually has zero entries
43. t =

Z
e

Z
e

x, t2 = x, dx = 2t dt
Z

dx = 2

tet dt; u = t, dv = et dt, du = dt, v = et ,

dx = 2tet 2

et dt = 2(t 1)et + C = 2( x 1)e x + C

44. Z
t = x, t2 = x, dx
Z = 2t dt

cos x dx = 2 t cos t dt; u = t, dv = cos tdt, du = dt, v = sin t,

Z
cos

Z
x dx = 2t sin t 2

sin tdt = 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C = 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C

Exercise Set 7.2

351

45. Let f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x) denote successive antiderivatives of f (x),

so that f30 (x) = f2 (x), f20 (x) = f1 (x), f10 (x) = f (x). Let p(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

ax2 + bx + c
PP +
PP
PP
2ax + b
PP
P
PP
P
2a
PP
+
PP
PP
0
Z
Then

f (x)
f1 (x)
f2 (x)
f3 (x)

p(x)f (x) dx = (ax2 + bx + c)f1 (x) (2ax + b)f2 (x) + 2af3 (x) + C. Check:

d
[(ax2 +bx + c)f1 (x) (2ax + b)f2 (x) + 2af3 (x)]
dx
= (2ax + b)f1 (x) + (ax2 + bx + c)f (x) 2af2 (x) (2ax + b)f1 (x) + 2af2 (x) = p(x)f (x)

Z
46. Let I denote

ex cos x dx. Then (Method 1)

Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

ex
ex
ex

cos x
PP+
P
PP
P

PP sin x
P
PP cos x
P

and thus I = ex (sin x + cos x) I, so I =

On the other hand (Method 2)

Differentiation
cos x

1 x
e (sin x + cos x) + C.
2

Repeated
Antidifferentiation
ex

PP +
PP
sin x
PPex
PP
PP
cos x
PPex
and thus I = ex (sin x + cos x) I, so I =

1 x
e (sin x + cos x) + C, as before.
2

352

Chapter 7

47.

Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

3x2 x + 2
ex
PP +
PP
6x 1
PP ex
PP
PP
6
PP ex
PP +
PP
0
PP ex
Z

48.

(3x2 x + 2)ex = (3x2 x + 2)ex (6x 1)ex 6ex + C = ex [3x2 + 5x + 7] + C

Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

x2 + x + 1
sin x
PP +
PP
PP cos x
2x + 1
PP
PP
PP sin x
2
PP +
PP
PP cos x
0
Z

(x2 + x + 1) sin x dx = (x2 + x + 1) cos x + (2x + 1) sin x + 2 cos x + C

= (x2 + x 1) cos x + (2x + 1) sin x + C

49.

Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

4x4
sin 2x
PP +
PP
PP 1
16x3
cos 2x
2
PP
PP
1
PP
48x2
sin 2x
4
PP +
PP
PP 1
96x
cos 2x
8
PP
PP
PP 1
96
sin 2x
16
PP +
PP
PP 1
0
cos 2x
32
Z

4x4 sin 2x dx = (2x4 + 6x2 3) cos 2x + (4x3 6x) sin 2x + C

Exercise Set 7.2

50.

353

Repeated
Differentiation
x3

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

2x + 1

HH
+
H
HH
2
3x
HH

H
HH
6x
HH
+
H
HH
6
HH

H
HH
0
Z

1
(2x + 1)3/2
3
1
(2x + 1)5/2
15
1
(2x + 1)7/2
105
1
(2x + 1)9/2
945

1
1
2
2
x3 2x + 1 dx = x3 (2x + 1)3/2 x2 (2x + 1)5/2 + x(2x + 1)7/2
(2x + 1)9/2 + C
3
5
35
315

51.

Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

eax

sin bx
HH +
HH
H 1 cos bx
aeax
b
HH
HH
H 1 sin bx
a2 eax
b2
1
a
a2
eax sin bx dx = eax cos bx + 2 eax sin bx 2 I, so
b
b
b
eax
I= 2
(a sin bx b cos bx) + C
a + b2
Z

I=

e3
52. From Exercise 51 with a = 3, b = 5, x = , answer = (3 sin 5 5 cos 5) + C
34
53. (a) We perform a single integration by parts:
Z
u = cos x, dv = sin x dx, du = sin x dx, v = cos x,

sin x cos x dx = cos x

Z
sin x cos x dx.

Thus
Z
Z
1
2 sin x cos x dx = cos2 x + C, sin x cos x dx = cos2 x + C
2
Z
Z
1
1
Alternatively, u = sin x, du = cos x dx, sin x cos x dx = u du = u2 + C = sin2 x + C
2
2
(b) Since sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, they are equal (although the symbol C refers to different constants
in the two equations).
p
x
54. (a) u = x2 , dv =
, du = 2x dx, v = x2 + 1,
x2 + 1
1 Z 1 p
1
Z 1
3
p

x
2
1
2

2x x2 + 1 dx = 2 (x2 + 1)3/2 =
dx = x2 x2 + 1
2+
3
3
3
x2 + 1
0
0
0
0

354

Chapter 7

p
x
dx,
(b) u = x2 + 1, du =
2
x +1

1
1
2
2 2 +1=
2+
=
3
3
3

(u 1) du =
1

55. (a) A =
1

2
.
3

1
e

(ln x)2 dx = (x(ln x)2 2x ln x + 2x)

(b) V =

/2

56. A =
0

1
(x x sin x)dx = x2
2

57. V = 2

/2

/2

= (e 2)

/2
2
(x cos x + sin x)
= 2 /8 1
x sin x dx =
8
0


x sin x dx = 2(x cos x + sin x) = 2 2

ie
1

 2
1 3
u u
3
1

e
ln x dx = (x ln x x) = 1

/2

/2

58. V = 2

= ( 2)

x cos x dx = 2(cos x + x sin x)

0

Z
59. distance =

t3 sin tdt;

Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

t3

sin t
HH +
HH
3t2
H cos t
H
HH

HH sin t
6t
HH
+
H
HH cos t
6
HH

H
HH sin t
0
Z


t3 sin t dx = [(t3 cos t + 3t2 sin t + 6t cos t 6 sin t)] = 3 6

1
cos(kt); the integrand is an even function of t so
k
/
Z /
Z /
Z /
2
1
t sin(kt) dt = 2
t sin(kt) dt = t cos(kt)
+2
cos(kt) dt
k
k
/
0
0
0
/
2(1)k+1
2
2(1)k+1
=
+
sin(kt)
=
2
2
2
k
k
k 2
0

60. u = 2t, dv = sin(kt)dt, du = 2dt, v =

Exercise Set 7.2

355

Z
3
sin2 x dx
61. (a)
4

3
1
1
sin x cos x + x + C
4
2
2
3
3
sin x cos x + x + C
8
8
/2
Z /2
Z /2
1
4
sin3 x dx
(b)
sin5 x dx = sin4 x cos x
+
5
5
0
0
0 
#
"
Z
/2
4
1
2 /2
2
=
sin x dx
sin x cos x
+
5
3
3 0
0
/2
8
8
= cos x
=
15
15
0
Z

Z
62. (a)

1
sin x dx = sin3 x cos x +
4
1
= sin3 x cos x +
4
1
= sin3 x cos x
4
4

1
4
cos4 x sin x +
5
5

cos5 x dx =

cos3 x dx =



1
4 1
2
cos4 x sin x +
cos2 x sin x + sin x + C
5
5 3
3

1
cos4 x sin x +
5
Z
1
(b)
cos6 x dx = cos5 x sin x +
6

4
8
cos2 x sin x +
sin x + C
15
15
Z
5
cos4 x dx
6


Z
1
5 1
3
= cos5 x sin x +
cos3 x sin x +
cos2 x dx
6
6 4
4


1
5
5 1
1
= cos5 x sin x +
cos3 x sin x +
cos x sin x + x + C,
6
24
8 2
2

/2
1
5
5
5
cos5 x sin x +
cos3 x sin x +
cos x sin x + x
= 5/32
6
24
16
16 0
=

63. u = sinn1 x, dv = sin x dx, du = (n 1) sinn2 x cos x dx, v = cos x;

Z
Z
sinn x dx = sinn1 x cos x + (n 1) sinn2 x cos2 x dx
n1

= sin

n
Z

n1

sin x dx = sin
sinn x dx =

sinn2 x (1 sin2 x)dx

sinn2 x dx (n 1)

x cos x + (n 1)

= sinn1 x cos x + (n 1)
Z

Z
Z

sinn x dx,

sinn2 x dx,

x cos x + (n 1)

1
n1
sinn1 x cos x +
n
n

sinn2 x dx

64. (a) u = secn2 x, dv = sec2 x dx, du = (n 2) secn2 x tan x dx, v = tan x;

Z
Z
secn x dx = secn2 x tan x (n 2) secn2 x tan2 x dx
= secn2 x tan x (n 2)
n2

= sec

Z
Z

x tan x (n 2)

secn2 x (sec2 x 1)dx

n

sec x dx + (n 2)

secn2 x dx,

356

Chapter 7

(n 1)

n2

x tan x + (n 2)

sec x dx = sec

1
n2
sec x dx =
secn2 x tan x +
n1
n1

tann x dx =

(b)

tan4 x dx =

tann2 x (sec2 x 1) dx =

1
tann1 x
n1

1
tan3 x
3

secn2 x dx

tann2 x sec2 x dx

tann2 x dx

tann2 x dx

(c) u = xn , dv = ex dx, du = nxn1 dx, v = ex ;

65. (a)

secn2 x dx,

tan2 x dx =

xn ex dx = xn ex n

1
tan3 x tan x +
3

Z
dx =

xn1 ex dx
1
tan3 x tan x + x + C
3

Z
2
1
2
1
sec2 x tan x +
sec2 x dx = sec2 x tan x + tan x + C
3
3
3
3


Z
Z
Z
3 x
3 x
2 x
3 x
2 x
x
(c)
x e dx = x e 3 x e dx = x e 3 x e 2 xe dx
Z

sec4 x dx =

(b)



Z
= x3 ex 3x2 ex + 6 xex ex dx = x3 ex 3x2 ex + 6xex 6ex + C

66. (a) u = 3x,





Z
Z
Z
Z
1
1 2 u
2
1
u2 eu du =
u2 eu 2 ueu du =
u e
ueu eu du
x2 e3x dx =
27
27
27
27
=

1 2 u
2
2
1
2
2
u e ueu + eu + C = x2 e3x xe3x + e3x + C
27
27
27
3
9
27

(b) u = x,
1

xe

u3 eu du,

dx = 2
0

3 u

3 u

u e du = u e 3



Z
2 u
u
u e du = u e 3 u e 2 ue du
2 u

3 u



Z
= u3 eu 3u2 eu + 6 ueu eu du = u3 eu 3u2 eu + 6ueu 6eu + C,
Z

1
3 u

u e du = 2(u 3u + 6u 6)e

2
0

1

= 12 32e1

67. u = x, dv = f 00 (x)dx, du = dx, v = f 0 (x);

Z

1
Z
x f 00 (x)dx = xf 0 (x)

f 0 (x)dx

1
= f 0 (1) + f 0 (1) f (x)
= f 0 (1) + f 0 (1) f (1) + f (1)
1

Exercise Set 7.3

357

Z
68. (a)

Z
u dv = uv

v du = x(sin x + C1 ) + cos x C1 x + C2 = x sin x + cos x + C2 ;

the constant C1 cancels out and hence plays no role in the answer.
Z
Z
Z
(b) u(v + C1 ) (v + C1 )du = uv + C1 u v du C1 u = uv v du
dx
69. u = ln(x + 1), dv = dx, du =
, v = x + 1;
x+1
Z
Z
Z
Z
ln(x + 1) dx = u dv = uv v du = (x + 1) ln(x + 1)
dx = (x + 1) ln(x + 1) x + C
3dx
2
,v = x ;
3x 2
3



Z
Z
Z
Z 
2
2
1
ln(3x 2) dx = u dv = uv v du = x
ln(3x 2)
x
dx
3
3 x 2/3




2
2
= x
ln(3x 2) x
+C
3
3

70. u = ln(3x 2), dv = dx, du =

1
1
71. u = tan1 x, dv = x dx, du =
dx, v = (x2 + 1)
1 + x2
2
Z
Z
Z
Z
1
1
x tan1 x dx = u dv = uv v du = (x2 + 1) tan1 x
dx
2
2
=

1 2
1
(x + 1) tan1 x x + C
2
2

1
1
1
72. u =
, dv = dx, du =
dx, v = ln x
ln x
x
x(ln x)2
Z
Z
1
1
dx = 1 +
dx.
x ln x
x ln x
This seems to imply that 1 = 0, but recall that both sides represent a function plus an arbitrary
constant; these two arbitrary constants will take care of the 1.

EXERCISE SET 7.3

Z

Z
1
1
1
u3 du = cos4 x + C
2. u = sin 3x,
u5 du =
sin6 3x + C
4
3
18
Z
1
1
1
sin2 5 =
(1 cos 10) d =
sin 10 + C
2
2
20
Z
1
1
1
cos2 3x dx =
(1 + cos 6x)dx = x +
sin 6x + C
2
2
12
Z
1
1
3
sin a d = sin a(1 cos2 a) d = cos a
cos3 a + C (a 6= 0)
a
3a
Z
cos3 at dt = (1 sin2 at) cos at dt

1. u = cos x,
Z
3.
Z
4.
Z
5.
Z
6.

Z
=

Z
cos at dt

sin2 at cos at dt =

1
1
sin at
sin3 at + C (a 6= 0)
a
3a

358

Chapter 7

7. u = sin ax,
Z
8.

1
a

Z
u du =

sin3 x cos3 x dx =

sin3 x(1 sin2 x) cos x dx

(sin3 x sin5 x) cos x dx =

1
1
sin4 x sin6 x + C
4
6

(sin2 t sin4 t) cos t dt

=
Z
9.

sin2 t cos3 t dt =

1
sin2 ax + C, a 6= 0
2a

sin2 t(1 sin2 t) cos t dt =

1
1
sin3 t sin5 t + C
3
5
Z
Z
10.
sin3 x cos2 x dx = (1 cos2 x) cos2 x sin x dx
=

1
1
(cos2 x cos4 x) sin x dx = cos3 x + cos5 x + C
3
5
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
sin2 x cos2 x dx =
sin2 2x dx =
(1 cos 4x)dx = x
sin 4x + C
11.
4
8
8
32
Z
Z
Z
1
1
12.
sin2 x cos4 x dx =
(1 cos 2x)(1 + cos 2x)2 dx =
(1 cos2 2x)(1 + cos 2x)dx
8
8
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
sin2 2x dx +
sin2 2x cos 2x dx =
(1 cos 4x)dx +
sin3 2x
=
8
8
16
48
=

1
1
1
x
sin 4x +
sin3 2x + C
16
64
48
Z
Z
1
1
1
sin 2x cos 3x dx =
(sin 5x sin x)dx = cos 5x + cos x + C
2
10
2
Z
Z
1
1
1
sin 3 cos 2d =
(sin 5 + sin )d = cos 5 cos + C
2
10
2
Z
Z
1
1
[sin(3x/2) + sin(x/2)]dx = cos(3x/2) cos(x/2) + C
sin x cos(x/2)dx =
2
3
Z
3
u = cos x, u1/3 du = cos4/3 x + C
4
=

13.

14.

15.

16.

/2

cos3 x dx =

17.
0

/2

(1 sin2 x) cos x dx

/2

2
1
3
=
= sin x sin x
3
3
0
Z

/2

sin2 (x/2) cos2 (x/2)dx =

18.
0

=
Z
19.
0

/3

sin4 3x cos3 3x dx =

Z
0

1
4

1
8

/2

sin2 x dx =

1
sin 2x
2

1
8

/2

(1 cos 2x)dx
0

/2
= /16
0

/3

sin4 3x(1 sin2 3x) cos 3x dx =

1
1
sin5 3x
sin7 3x
15
21

/3
=0
0

Exercise Set 7.3

359

cos2 5 d =

20.

/6

21.
0

1
2

(1 + cos 10)d =

1
sin 4x cos 2x dx =
2

/6

Z
0

1
2


+

1
sin 10
10


=


/6
1
1
(sin 2x + sin 6x)dx = cos 2x
cos 6x
4
12
0

= [(1/4)(1/2) (1/12)(1)] [1/4 1/12] = 7/24

Z

22.
0

23.

1
sin kx dx =
2
2

, du = e

Z
dx;

tan u du = ln | cos u| + C = ln | cos(ex )| + C

29. u = tan x,
Z
30.
Z
31.
Z
32.
Z
33.
Z
34.

27.

1
x, du = dx;
2 x
Z

u2 du =

1
tan3 x + C
3
Z

tan 4x(1 + tan2 4x) sec2 4x dx =

tan4 (1 + tan2 ) sec2 d =

(tan5 x + tan7 x) sec2 x dx =

Z

(sec2 1)2 sec tan d =

(sec x 1) sec x dx =
=

1
3
sec3 x tan x +
4
4

1
1
tan6 x + tan8 x + C
6
8

(tan 4x + tan3 4x) sec2 4x dx =

1
1
tan2 4x +
tan4 4x + C
8
16

1
1
tan5 + tan7 + C
5
7

sec4 x(sec2 x 1) sec x tan x dx =

1
ln | sec 4x + tan 4x| + C
4



2 sec u du = 2 ln | sec u + tan u| + C = 2 ln sec x + tan x + C

tan5 x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx =


2
1
1
x
sin 2kx
sin 4k (k 6= 0)
=
2k
4k
0
1
24. ln | cos 5x| + C
5

1
ln | sin 3x| + C
3

28. u =

35.

1
(1 cos 2kx)dx =
2

1
tan(2x 1) + C
2

25. u = e

26.

(sec6 x sec4 x) sec x tan x dx =

(sec4 2 sec2 + 1) sec tan d =

(sec x 2 sec x + sec x)dx =

sec3 x dx 2

1
1
sec7 x sec5 x + C
7
5

1
2
sec5 sec3 + sec + C
5
3

sec x dx 2

sec x dx +

sec3 x dx + ln | sec x + tan x|



1
5 1
1
3
= sec x tan x
sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
4
4 2
2
=

1
5
3
sec3 x tan x sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
4
8
8

Z
sec x dx

360

Chapter 7

[sec x 1] sec x dx = [sec5 x sec3 x]dx


 Z
Z
1
3
3
3
=
sec x tan x +
sec x dx sec3 x dx
4
4
Z
1
1
3
sec3 x dx
= sec x tan x
4
4

36.

(equation (20))

1
1
1
sec3 x tan x sec x tan x ln | sec x + tan x| + C (equation (20), (22))
4
8
8
Z
Z
1
1
38.
sec4 x(sec x tan x)dx = sec5 x + C
37.
sec2 t(sec t tan t)dt = sec3 t + C
3
5
=

39.

sec x dx =

(sec2 x + tan2 x sec2 x)dx = tan x +

(1 + tan x) sec x dx =

1
tan3 x + C
3

40. Using equation (20),

Z
Z
3
1
sec3 x dx
sec5 x dx = sec3 x tan x +
4
4
=

1
3
3
sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
4
8
8

41. u = 4x, use equation (19) to get



Z
1 1
1
1
1
tan3 u du =
tan2 u + ln | cos u| + C = tan2 4x + ln | cos 4x| + C
4
4 2
8
4
Z
42. Use equation (19) to get

43.

tan x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx =

sec1/2 x(sec x tan x)dx =

44.

/8

Z
45.
0

/6

2
sec3/2 x + C
3

1
(sec 2x 1)dx =
tan 2x x
2

/8

= 1/2 /8
0

1
sec 2(sec 2 tan 2)d = sec3 2
6
2

46.

1
tan3 x tan x + x + C
3

2
2
tan3/2 x + tan7/2 x + C
3
7

tan4 x dx =

/6

= (1/6)(2)3 (1/6)(1) = 7/6

47. u = x/2,
Z

/4

2
0

1
tan u du =
tan4 u tan2 u 2 ln | cos u|
2

48. u = x,
Z
49.

/4

sec u tan u du =
0

/4

= 1/2 1 2 ln(1/ 2) = 1/2 + ln 2

/4

1
sec u
= ( 2 1)/

(csc x 1) csc x(csc x cot x)dx =

1
1
(csc4 x csc2 x)(csc x cot x)dx = csc5 x + csc3 x + C
5
3

Exercise Set 7.3

Z
50.
Z
51.
Z
52.

361

1
cos2 3t

dt =
2
sin 3t cos 3t

1
csc 3t cot 3t dt = csc 3t + C
3

(csc2 x 1) cot x dx =

Z
csc x(csc x cot x)dx

1
cos x
dx = csc2 x ln | sin x| + C
sin x
2

1
(cot2 x + 1) csc2 x dx = cot3 x cot x + C
3

53. true
54. false; the method would work but is tedious. Better to use the identity cos2 x = 1 sin2 x and the
substitution u = sin x.
55. false
56. true
2


2
cos(m + n)x cos(m n)x
[sin(m+n)x+sin(mn)x]dx =

2(m + n)
2(m n) 0
0
2
= 0, cos(m n)x
= 0.
1
2

sin mx cos nx dx =

57. (a)
0

2
but cos(m + n)x

1
[cos(m + n)x + cos(m n)x]dx;
2 0
since m 6= n, evaluate sin at integer multiples of 2 to get 0.
Z
Z 2
1 2
(c)
[cos(m n)x cos(m + n)x] dx;
sin mx sin nx dx =
2 0
0
since m 6= n, evaluate sin at integer multiples of 2 to get 0.
(b)

cos mx cos nx dx =

Z
58. (a)
0

Z
(b)
0

1
sin mx cos mx dx =
2
1
cos2 mx dx =
2

2

1

cos 2mx = 0
sin 2mx dx =

4m

1
(1 + cos 2mx) dx =
2

1
x+
sin 2mx
2m

 2

 =

0


 2
Z
Z 2
1 2
1
1

2
(c)
sin mx dx =
(1 cos 2mx) dx =
x
sin 2mx  =

2 0
2
2m
0
0

59. y 0 = tan x, 1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x,

/4

L=

sec2 x dx =

/4

/4

sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x|

= ln( 2 + 1)

/4

(1 tan2 x)dx =

60. V =
0

/4
1
(2 sec2 x)dx = (2x tan x)
= ( 2)
2
0

/4

/4
2

(cos x sin x)dx =

61. V =
0

/4

1
cos 2x dx = sin 2x
2

#/4
= /2
0

362

Chapter 7

62. V =

sin2 x dx =

(1 cos 2x)dx =
0

L
63. With 0 < < , D = D D =
2


x

1
sin 2x
2



= 2 /2

L
sec x dx =
ln | sec x + tan x|
2



L  sec + tan 
ln
=
2  sec + tan 

100
ln(sec 25 + tan 25 ) = 7.18 cm
2


100  sec 50 + tan 50 
(b) D =
= 7.34 cm
ln 
2
sec 30 + tan 30 

64. (a) D =

Z
65. (a)

Z
csc x dx =

sec(/2 x)dx = ln | sec(/2 x) + tan(/2 x)| + C

= ln | csc x + cot x| + C

| csc x cot x|
1
= ln
= ln | csc x cot x|,
| csc x + cot x|
| csc2 x cot2 x|




 sin x 
 1
cos x 


+
=
ln
ln | csc x + cot x| = ln 
 1 + cos x 
sin x
sin x 


 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2) 

 = ln | tan(x/2)|
= ln 

2 cos2 (x/2)

(b) ln | csc x + cot x| = ln

66. sin x + cos x =

=
Z

i
h

2 (1/ 2) sin x + (1/ 2) cos x

2 [sin x cos(/4) + cos x sin(/4)] =

1
dx
=
sin x + cos x
2

2 sin(x + /4),

1
csc(x + /4)dx = ln | csc(x + /4) + cot(x + /4)| + C
2




1
 2 + cos x sin x 
= ln 
+C
2  sin x + cos x 

 p

a
b
a2 + b2
sin x +
cos x = a2 + b2 (sin x cos + cos x sin )
a2 + b2
a2 + b2

where cos = a/ a2 + b2 and sin = b/ a2 + b2 so a sin x + b cos x = a2 + b2 sin(x + )

67. a sin x + b cos x =

Z
and

dx
1
=
2
a sin x + b cos x
a + b2

1
ln | csc(x + ) + cot(x + )| + C
+ b2


 a2 + b2 + a cos x b sin x 
1


=
ln 
+C
2
2


a
sin
x
+
b
cos
x
a +b
csc(x + )dx =

a2

Exercise Set 7.4

Z
68. (a)
0

/2

363

1
sin x dx = sinn1 x cos x
n
n

/2
0

n1
+
n

/2
n2

sin
0

n1
x dx =
n

/2

sinn2 x dx

(b) By repeated application of the formula in Part (a)



 Z /2
Z /2
n1
n3
n
sin x dx =
sinn4 x dx
n
n2
0
0



   Z /2

n3
n5
1
n1

dx, n even

n
n2
n4
2
0
=



   Z /2

n1
n3
n5
2

sin x dx, n odd

n
n2
n4
3
0

1 3 5 (n 1)

, n even

2 4 6n
2
=

2 4 6 (n 1) , n odd
3 5 7n
Z /2
Z /2
13
2
(b)
= 3/16
sin4 x dx =
69. (a)
sin3 x dx =
3
2
4 2
0
0
Z /2
Z /2
24
135
5
(c)
sin x dx =
= 8/15
(d)
= 5/32
sin6 x dx =
3

5
246 2
0
0
70. Similar to proof in Exercise 68.

EXERCISE SET 7.4

1. x = 2 sin , dx = 2 cos d,
Z
Z
4 cos2 d = 2 (1 + cos 2)d = 2 + sin 2 + C
1 p
= 2 + 2 sin cos + C = 2 sin1 (x/2) + x 4 x2 + C
2
1
1
sin , dx = cos d,
2
2
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
cos2 d =
(1 + cos 2)d = + sin 2 + C
2
4
4
8

2. x =

1
1
1
1 p
+ sin cos + C = sin1 2x + x 1 4x2 + C
4
4
4
2

3. x = 4 sin , dx = 4 cos d,
Z
Z
16 sin2 d = 8 (1 cos 2)d = 8 4 sin 2 + C = 8 8 sin cos + C
1 p
= 8 sin1 (x/4) x 16 x2 + C
2
4. x = 3 sin , dx = 3 cos d,

Z
Z
1
1
1
1
9 x2
2
d =
csc d = cot + C =
+C
2
9
9
9
9x
sin

364

Chapter 7

5. x = 2 tan , dx = 2 sec2 d,
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
d
=
cos

d
=
(1 + cos 2)d =
+
sin 2 + C
2
8
sec
8
16
16
32
=

1
1
x
1
x
+
sin cos + C =
tan1 +
+C
16
16
16
2 8(4 + x2 )

6. x = 5 tan , dx = 5 sec2 d,


Z
Z
1
1
2
3
5 tan sec d = 5 (sec sec )d = 5
sec tan ln | sec + tan | + C1
2
2

p
p
2
5
5
5+x +x
1
1 p

= x 5 + x2 ln
+ C1 = x 5 + x2 ln( 5 + x2 + x) + C
2
2
2
2
5
7. x = 3 sec , dx = 3 sec tan d,
Z
Z
p
x
2
3 tan d = 3 (sec2 1)d = 3 tan 3 + C = x2 9 3 sec1 + C
3
8. x = 4 sec , dx = 4 sec tan d,

Z
Z
1
1
1
1
x2 16
d =
cos d =
sin + C =
+C
16
sec
16
16
16x
9. x = sin , dx = cos d,
Z
Z


3
3 sin d = 3
1 cos2 sin d
p


= 3 cos + cos3 + C = 3 1 x2 + (1 x2 )3/2 + C

5 sin , dx = 5 cos d,


Z

1
1
5
1
3
2
3
5
25 5 sin cos d = 25 5 cos + cos + C = (5 x2 )3/2 + (5 x2 )5/2 + C
3
5
3
5

10. x =

11. x =

2
2
3
sec , dx = sec tan d,
3
3
4

3
1
d =
sec
4

Z
cos d =

3
1 p 2
9x 4 + C
sin + C =
4
4x

12. t = tan , dt = sec2 d,

Z
Z
Z
sec3
tan2 + 1
d =
sec d = (sec tan + csc )d
tan
tan

p
1 + t2 1
= sec + ln | csc cot | + C = 1 + t2 + ln
+C
|t|
Z
13. x = sin , dx = cos d,

1
d =
cos2

1
14. x = 5 tan , dx = 5 sec d,
25
2

sec2 d = tan + C = x/

1 x2 + C

Z
sec
1
x2 + 25
1
d
=
csc

cot

d
=

csc
+C
=

+C
25
25
25x
tan2
Z

15. x = 3 sec , dx = 3 sec tan d,



1

1p 2
sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C = ln  x +
x 9 + C
3
3

Exercise Set 7.4

365

16. 1 + 2x2 + x4 = (1 + x2 )2 , x = tan , dx = sec2 d,

Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
2
(1 + cos 2)d = + sin 2 + C
d
=
cos

d
=
sec2
2
2
4
=

1
1
1
x
+ sin cos + C = tan1 x +
+C
2
2
2
2(1 + x2 )

3
3
sec , dx = sec tan d,
2
2
Z
Z
3
1
1 1
sec tan d
cos
1
x
=
d =
+C
+ C = csc + C =
2
18
18 sin
18
27 tan3
sin2
9 4x2 9

17. x =

18. x = 5 sec , dx = 5 sec tan d,

Z
= 375 sec4 d
Z
= 125 sec2 tan + 250 sec2 d
= 125psec2 tan + p
250 tan + C
2
2
= x x 25 + 50 x2 25 + C
19. ex = sin , ex dx = cos d,
Z
Z
1
1
1
1 p
1
2
(1 + cos 2)d = + sin 2 + C = sin1 (ex ) + ex 1 e2x + C
cos d =
2
2
4
2
2


Z
sin
1

20. u = sin ,
du = sin1
+C
2
2 u2
21. x = sin , dx = cos d,
/2

Z 1
1
1
3
3
5
2
= 5(1/3 1/5) = 2/3
5
sin cos d = 5 cos + cos
3
5
0
0
22. x = sin , dx = cos d,

/6
Z /6
1
1
sec3 d =
sec tan + ln | sec + tan |
2
2
0
0


1 2 1
1
2
1
1 1
+ ln( +
=
= + ln 3
2 3 3 2
3 4
3
3
Z

/3

23. x = sec , dx = sec tan d,

/4

24. x =

2 sec , dx =

1
d =
sec
Z

2 sec tan d, 2
0

/4

/3

/3

cos d = sin
/4

= ( 3 2)/2

/4


/4
tan2 d = 2 tan 2
= 2 /2
0

25. x = 3 tan , dx = 3 sec2 d,

Z
Z
Z
Z 3/2
1 /3 sec
1 /3 cos3
1 /3 1 sin2
1
1 u2
d
=
d
=
cos

d
=
du (u = sin )
9 /6 tan4
9 /6 sin4
9 /6
9 1/2
u4
sin4


3/2
Z 3/2
1
1
1
1
10 3 + 18
4
2
=
(u u )du =
3+
=
9 1/2
9
3u
u 1/2
243

366

Chapter 7

26. x = 3 tan , dx = 3 sec2 d,

Z /3
Z /3
Z /3


3
tan3
3
3
3
sin d =
1 cos2 sin d
d =
3 0
sec3
3 0
3 0


/3
 


3
3
1
1
1
1
3
=
cos + cos
=
+
1 +
= 5 3/72
3
3
3
2 24
3
0
27. true
28. false; /2 /2
29. false; x = a sec
1
30. true; A = 4
2

x2

Z
dx; let x = sin , 0 /2, and A = 2

/2

cos2 d = /2

31. u = x2 + 4, du = 2x dx,
Z
1
1
1
1
du = ln |u| + C = ln(x2 + 4) + C; or x = 2 tan , dx = 2 sec2 d,
2
u
2
2

Z
tan d = ln | sec | + C1 = ln
=

1
ln(x2 + 4) + C with C = C1 ln 2
2
Z

32. x = 2 tan , dx = 2 sec2 d,

Z

x2 + 4
+ C1 = ln(x2 + 4)1/2 ln 2 + C1
2

x2
dx =
2
x +4

Z
dx 4

2 tan2 d = 2 tan 2 + C = x 2 tan1

x
+ C; alternatively
2

dx
x
= x 2 tan1 + C
x2 + 4
2

1
1
x2 + 1
, 1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + 2 =
,
x
x
x2
Z 2r 2
x +1
dx;
x = tan , dx = sec2 d,
L=
x2
1

33. y 0 =

Z tan1 (2)
tan2 + 1
L=
sec d =
(sec tan + csc )d
tan
/4
/4
/4
!


tan1 (2)
h
i

5 1
= sec + ln | csc cot |
= 5 + ln

2 + ln | 2 1|
2
2
/4

2+2 2

= 5 2 + ln
1+ 5
Z

tan1 (2)

sec3
d =
tan

tan1 (2)

34. y 0 = 2x, 1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + 4x2 ,

Z
L=
0

p
1
1
1 + 4x2 dx; x = tan , dx = sec2 d,
2
2

Exercise Set 7.4

1
L=
2

367
tan1 2

1
sec d =
2
3

1
1
sec tan + ln | sec + tan |
2
2

 tan1 2
0

1
1
1
1
= ( 5)(2) + ln | 5 + 2| =
5 + ln(2 + 5)
4
4
2
4
35. y 0 = 2x, 1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + 4x2 ,
1

x2

S = 2
0

S=

p
1
1
1 + 4x2 dx; x = tan , dx = sec2 d,
2
2

tan1 2

tan2 sec3 d =

tan1 2

(sec2 1) sec3 d =

tan1 2

(sec5 sec3 )d


tan1 2

1
1
1

3
=
sec tan sec tan ln | sec + tan |
[18 5 ln(2 + 5)]
=
4 4
8
8
32
0
Z
36. V =

y2

1 y 2 dy; y = sin , dy = cos d,

Z
V =
0

/2

sin cos d =
4
2

Z
0

/2

sin 2 d =
8
2

1
dx = tan1 (x 2) + C
(x 2)2 + 1

1
p
dx = sin1 (x 1) + C
1 (x 1)2

1
p
dx = sin1
4 (x 1)2

37.

38.

39.

x1
2

/2

(1 cos 4)d =
8


+C

1
dx =
16(x + 1/2)2 + 1



p
1
p
dx = ln x 3 + (x 3)2 + 1 + C
(x 3)2 + 1

40.

41.

1
1
dx = tan1 (4x + 2) + C
2
(4x + 2) + 1
4

42.

x
dx, let u = x + 1,
(x + 1)2 + 1

Z
Z 
u1
u
1
1
du
=

du = ln(u2 + 1) tan1 u + C
u2 + 1
u2 + 1 u2 + 1
2
=

43.

Z p
Z
=

1
ln(x2 + 2x + 2) tan1 (x + 1) + C
2

4 (x + 1)2 dx,
2

4 cos d =

let x + 1 = 2 sin ,

2(1 + cos 2) d


p
1
x+1
= 2 + sin 2 + C = 2 sin1
+ (x + 1) 3 2x x2 + C
2
2

1
sin 4
4

/2
2
=
16
0

368

Chapter 7

ex

Z
44.

p
Z

1
p

dx, let u = ex + 1/2,

(ex + 1/2)2 + 3/4

u2 + 3/4

du = sinh

(2u/ 3) + C = sinh

2ex + 1


+C

3
tan ,
2
!

Z
2 e2x + ex + 1 2ex + 1

+
+ C1
sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C = ln
3
3
p
= ln(2 e2x + ex + 1 + 2ex + 1) + C
x

Alternate solution: let e + 1/2 =

1
1
dx =
2
2(x + 1) + 5
2

45.

p
1
1
dx = tan1 2/5(x + 1) + C
2
(x + 1) + 5/2
10

Z
46.

2x + 3
dx, let u = x + 1/2,
4(x + 1/2)2 + 4

Z 
Z
1
u
1
1
1
2u + 2
du =
+
du = ln(u2 + 1) + tan1 u + C
4u2 + 4
2
u2 + 1 u2 + 1
4
2
=
2

Z
47.
1

Z
48.

1
1
ln(x2 + x + 5/4) + tan1 (x + 1/2) + C
4
2

dx =
4x x2

4x x2 dx =

p
dx = sin
4 (x 2)2

x2
2

2
= /6
1

4 (x 2)2 dx, let x 2 = 2 sin ,

/2


/2
= 2
cos d = 2 + sin 2
2

4
/2

/2

49. u = sin2 x, du = 2 sin x cos x dx;

Z
i
i
1h p
1h 2 p
1 p
1 u2 du =
u 1 u2 + sin1 u + C =
sin x 1 sin4 x + sin1 (sin2 x) + C
2
4
4
50. u = x sin x, du = (x cos x + sin x) dx;
Z p
p
1 p
1
1
1
1 + u2 du = u 1 + u2 + sinh1 u + C = x sin x 1 + x2 sin2 x + sinh1 (x sin x) + C
2
2
2
2
Z
51. (a) x = 3 sinh u, dx = 3 cosh u du,

du = u + C = sinh1 (x/3) + C

(b) x = 3 tan , dx = 3 sec2 d,

Z
p

sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C = ln
x2 + 9/3 + x/3 + C


p

but sinh1 (x/3) = ln x/3 + x2 /9 + 1 = ln x/3 + x2 + 9/3 so the results agree.
52. x = cosh u, dx = sinh u du,

Exercise Set 7.5

369

1
1
sinh 2u u + C
4
2
p
1
1
1
1
= sinh u cosh u u + C = x x2 1 cosh1 x + C
2
2
2
2
p

because cosh u = x, and sinh u = cosh2 u 1 = x2 1

1
sinh u du =
2
2

(cosh 2u 1)du =

EXERCISE SET 7.5

1.

3.

A
B
+
(x 3) (x + 4)
2x 3
C
A
B
= + 2+
1)
x
x
x1

x2 (x

2.

5
A
B
C
= +
+
x(x 2)(x + 2)
x
x2 x+2

4.

C
A
B
+
+
2
x + 2 (x + 2)
(x + 2)3

5.

A
C
Dx + E
B
+ 2+ 3+ 2
x
x
x
x +2

6.

A
Bx + C
+ 2
x1
x +6

7.

Cx + D
Ax + B
+ 2
x2 + 5
(x + 5)2

8.

A
Bx + C
Dx + E
+ 2
+ 2
x2
x +1
(x + 1)2

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

1
A
B
1
1
=
+
; A = , B = so
(x 4)(x + 1)
x4 x+1
5
5


Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
1  x 4 
dx
dx = ln |x 4| ln |x + 1| + C = ln 
+C
5
x4
5
x+1
5
5
5
x + 1
1
A
B
1
1
=
+
; A = , B = so
(x + 1)(x 7)
x+1 x7
8
8


Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1  x 7 
1
dx +
dx = ln |x + 1| + ln |x 7| + C = ln 
+C

8
x+1
8
x7
8
8
8
x + 1
11x + 17
A
B
=
+
; A = 5, B = 3 so
(2x 1)(x + 4)
2x 1 x + 4
Z
Z
5
1
1
5
dx + 3
dx = ln |2x 1| + 3 ln |x + 4| + C
2x 1
x+4
2
5x 5
A
B
=
+
; A = 1, B = 2 so
(x 3)(3x + 1)
x 3 3x + 1
Z
Z
1
1
2
dx + 2
dx = ln |x 3| + ln |3x + 1| + C
x3
3x + 1
3
2x2 9x 9
A
B
C
= +
+
; A = 1, B = 2, C = 1 so
x(x + 3)(x 3)
x
x+3 x3


Z
Z
Z
 x(x + 3)2 
1
1
1
+C
dx + 2
dx
dx = ln |x| + 2 ln |x + 3| ln |x 3| + C = ln 
x
x+3
x3
x3 
Note that the symbol C has been recycled; to save space this recycling is usually not mentioned.

370

14.

Chapter 7

1
A
B
C
1
1
= +
+
; A = 1, B = , C = so
x(x + 1)(x 1)
x
x+1 x1
2
2
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

dx +
dx +
dx = ln |x| + ln |x + 1| + ln |x 1| + C
x
2
x+1
2
x1
2
2




1 |x2 1|
(x + 1)(x 1) 
1
+ C = ln
+C
= ln 

2
2
x
2
x2
Z 
x3+

1
x+3

15.

x2 8
1
=x3+
,
x+3
x+3
2
x2 + 1
=x+1+
,
x1
x1

Z 
x+1+

2
x1

16.

17.

18.

dx =

1 2
x 3x + ln |x + 3| + C
2

dx =

1 2
x + x + 2 ln |x 1| + C
2

A
3x2 10
12x 22 12x 22
B
=
; A = 12, B = 2 so
=3+ 2
,
+
x2 4x + 4
x 4x + 4 (x 2)2
x 2 (x 2)2
Z
Z
Z
1
1
dx = 3x + 12 ln |x 2| 2/(x 2) + C
dx + 2
3dx + 12
x2
(x 2)2
x2
3x 2
3x 2
A
B
=1+ 2
,
=
+
; A = 1, B = 4 so
2
x 3x + 2
x 3x + 2 (x 1)(x 2)
x1 x2
Z
Z
Z
1
1
dx
dx + 4
dx = x ln |x 1| + 4 ln |x 2| + C
x1
x2

19. Z
u = x2 3x 10, du = (2x 3) dx,
du
= ln |u| + C = ln |x2 3x 10| + C
u
2
20. u =
Z 3x + 2x 1, du = (6x + 2) dx,
1
du
1
1
= ln |u| + C = ln |3x2 + 2x 1| + C
2
u
2
2

21.

x2 + x + 2
x5 + x2 + 2
= x2 + 1 +
,
3
x x
x3 x
A
B
C
x2 + x + 2
= +
+
; A = 2, B = 1, C = 2 so
x(x + 1)(x 1)
x
x+1 x1
Z
Z
Z
Z
2
1
2
(x2 + 1)dx
dx +
dx +
dx
x
x+1
x1
=

22.



 (x + 1)(x 1)2 
1 3
1
+C
x + x 2 ln |x| + ln |x + 1| + 2 ln |x 1| + C = x3 + x + ln 

3
3
x2

1
x5 4x3 + 1
= x2 + 3
,
3
x 4x
x 4x
1
A
B
C
1
1
1
= +
+
; A = , B = , C = so
x(x + 2)(x 2)
x
x+2 x2
4
8
8
Z
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
x2 dx
dx +
dx +
dx
4
x
8
x+2
8
x2
=

1 3 1
1
1
x ln |x| + ln |x + 2| + ln |x 2| + C
3
4
8
8

Exercise Set 7.5

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

A
2x2 + 3
B
C
= +
; A = 3, B = 1, C = 5 so
+
2
x(x 1)
x
x 1 (x 1)2
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
3
dx = 3 ln |x| ln |x 1| 5/(x 1) + C
dx
dx + 5
x
x1
(x 1)2
C
3x2 x + 1
A
B
= + 2+
; A = 0, B = 1, C = 3 so
x2 (x 1)
x
x
x1
Z
Z
1
1

dx + 3
dx = 1/x + 3 ln |x 1| + C
x2
x1
A
2x2 10x + 4
B
C
=
; A = 1, B = 1, C = 2 so
+
+
2
(x + 1)(x 3)
x + 1 x 3 (x 3)2
Z
Z
Z
2
1
1
2
dx = ln |x + 1| + ln |x 3| +
dx +
dx
+ C1
2
x+1
x3
(x 3)
x3
2x2 2x 1
A
B
C
= + 2+
; A = 3, B = 1, C = 1 so
x2 (x 1)
x
x
x1
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
dx +
dx

dx = 3 ln |x| ln |x 1| + C
3
x
x2
x1
x
x2
A
B
C
=
+
+
; A = 1, B = 2, C = 1 so
(x + 1)3
x + 1 (x + 1)2
(x + 1)3
Z
Z
Z
1
2
1
2
1
dx
dx +
dx = ln |x + 1| +

+C
x+1
(x + 1)2
(x + 1)3
x + 1 2(x + 1)2
2x2 + 3x + 3
A
B
C
=
+
+
; A = 2, B = 1, C = 2 so
3
2
(x + 1)
x + 1 (x + 1)
(x + 1)3
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
2
dx
dx
+
2
dx = 2 ln |x + 1| +

+C
2
3
x+1
(x + 1)
(x + 1)
x + 1 (x + 1)2
A
Bx + C
2x2 1
=
+ 2
; A = 14/17, B = 12/17, C = 3/17 so
(4x 1)(x2 + 1)
4x 1
x +1
Z
2x2 1
7
6
3
dx = ln |4x 1| +
ln(x2 + 1) +
tan1 x + C
2
(4x 1)(x + 1)
34
17
17
1
A Bx + C
1
1
= + 2
; A = , B = , C = 0 so
+ 2)
x
x +2
2
2

x(x2
Z

x3
31.

32.

1
1
1
x2
1
dx = ln |x| ln(x2 + 2) + C = ln 2
+C
+ 2x
2
4
4 x +2

x3 + 3x2 + x + 9
Ax + B
Cx + D
= 2
+ 2
; A = 0, B = 3, C = 1, D = 0 so
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 3)
x +1
x +3
Z 3
x + 3x2 + x + 9
1
dx = 3 tan1 x + ln(x2 + 3) + C
2
2
(x + 1)(x + 3)
2
x3 + x2 + x + 2
Ax + B
Cx + D
= 2
+ 2
; A = D = 0, B = C = 1 so
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 2)
x +1
x +2

371

372

Chapter 7

33.

34.

x3 + x2 + x + 2
1
dx = tan1 x + ln(x2 + 2) + C
2
2
(x + 1)(x + 2)
2

x
x3 2x2 + 2x 2
=x2+ 2
,
x2 + 1
x +1
Z 3
1
1
x 3x2 + 2x 3
dx = x2 2x + ln(x2 + 1) + C
x2 + 1
2
2
x4 + 6x3 + 10x2 + x
x
= x2 + 2
,
x2 + 6x + 10
x + 6x + 10
Z
Z
Z
x
x
u3
dx
=
dx
=
du,
x2 + 6x + 10
(x + 3)2 + 1
u2 + 1
=
Z
so

u=x+3

1
ln(u2 + 1) 3 tan1 u + C1
2

1
x4 + 6x3 + 10x2 + x
1
dx = x3 + ln(x2 + 6x + 10) 3 tan1 (x + 3) + C
2
x + 6x + 10
3
2

35. true
36. false; degree of numerator should be less than that of denominator
37. true
38. false; (x + 5)3 terms will not occur
Z

1
A
B
1
dx, and
=
+
; A = 1/6,
+ 4x 5
(x + 5)(x 1)
x+5 x1




Z
Z
1
1  x 1 
1
1 sin
1
1
1
dx +
dx = ln 
+
C
=
ln
+ C.
B = 1/6 so we get
6
x+5
6
x1
6
x + 5
6
5 + sin

39. Let x = sin to get

40. Let x = e ; then

x2

et
dt =
e2t 4

1
dx,
x2 4

1
A
B
=
+
; A = 1/4, B = 1/4 so
(x + 2)(x 2)
x+2 x2




Z
Z
1
1
1  x 2 
1  et 2 
1
1

dx +
dx = ln 
+ C = ln  t
+ C.
4
x+2
4
x2
4
x + 2
4
e + 2
41. u = ex , du = ex dx,

e3x
dx =
2x
e +4

u2
u
du = u 2 tan1 + C = ex tan1 (ex /2) + C
+4
2

u2

1
42. Set u = 1 + ln x, du = dx,
Z
Zx
5 + 2 ln x
3 + 2u
3
3
dx
=
du = + 2 ln |u| + C =
+ 2 ln |1 + ln x| + C
x(1 + ln x)2
u2
u
1 + ln x
Z
43. V =
0

x4
x4
18x2 81
dx, 4
=1+ 4
,
2
2
2
(9 x )
x 18x + 81
x 18x2 + 81

18x2 81
18x2 81
A
B
C
D
=
=
+
+
+
;
2
2
(9 x )
(x + 3)2 (x 3)2
x + 3 (x + 3)2
x 3 (x 3)2

Exercise Set 7.5

373

9
9
9
9
A = , B = , C = , D = so
4
4
4
4

2


9
9/4
9
9/4
19 9
V = x ln |x + 3|
+ ln |x 3|
ln 5
=
4
x+3 4
x3 0
5
4
44. Let u = ex to get

ln 5

ln 5

dx
=
1 + ex

ln 5

ln 5

1
A
B
= +
; A = 1, B = 1;
u(1 + u)
u
1+u
45.

ex dx
=
x
e (1 + ex )
5

1/5

1/5

du
,
u(1 + u)

du
= (ln u ln(1 + u))
u(1 + u)

5
= ln 5
1/5

Ax + B
Cx + D
x2 + 1
= 2
; A = 0, B = 1, C = D = 2 so
+ 2
2
2
(x + 2x + 3)
x + 2x + 3 (x + 2x + 3)2
Z

x2 + 1
dx =
2
(x + 2x + 3)2

1
dx
(x + 1)2 + 2

2x + 2
dx
(x2 + 2x + 3)2

x+1
1
= tan1 + 1/(x2 + 2x + 3) + C
2
2
46.

x5 + x4 + 4x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 4
Ax + B
Cx + D
Ex + F
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
;
(x2 + 2)3
x +2
(x + 2)2
(x + 2)3
A = B = 1, C = D = E = F = 0 so
Z

1
1
x+1
dx = ln(x2 + 2) + tan1 (x/ 2) + C
x2 + 2
2
2

47. x4 3x3 7x2 + 27x 18 = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x + 3),

A
B
C
D
1
=
+
+
+
;
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x + 3)
x1 x2 x3 x+3
A = 1/8, B = 1/5, C = 1/12, D = 1/120 so
Z
1
1
1
1
dx
= ln |x 1| ln |x 2| +
ln |x 3|
ln |x + 3| + C
x4 3x3 7x2 + 27x 18
8
5
12
120
48. 16x3 4x2 + 4x 1 = (4x 1)(4x2 + 1),
1
A
Bx + C
=
+ 2
; A = 4/5, B = 4/5, C = 1/5 so
2
(4x 1)(4x + 1)
4x 1
4x + 1
Z
1
dx
1
1
= ln |4x 1|
ln(4x2 + 1)
tan1 (2x) + C
16x3 4x2 + 4x 1
5
10
10
2

49. Let u = x , du = 2x dx,

0

50.

x
1
dx =
4
x +1
2

Z
0

1
1
1
1

1
du = tan u =
= .
2
1+u
2
24
8
0

1
A
B
1
1
=
+
;A =
,B =
so
a2 x2
ax a+x
2a
2a



Z 
a + x
1
1
1
1
1
+C
+
dx =
( ln |a x| + ln |a + x| ) + C =
ln 
2a
ax a+x
2a
2a
a x

51. If the polynomial has distinct roots r1 , r2 , r1 6= r2 , then the partial fraction decomposition will
A
B
,
, and they will give logarithms and no inverse tangents. If
contain terms of the form
x r1 x r2

374

Chapter 7

A
B
will appear, and neither
,
x r (x r)2
will give an inverse tangent term. The only other possibility is no real roots, and the integrand
1
can be written in the form
, which will yield an inverse tangent, specifically


b 2
b2
a
x
+
+
c

2a
4a

 
b
for some constant A.
of the form tan1 A x +
2a
there are two roots not distinct, say x = r, then the terms

52. Since there are no inverse tangent terms, the roots are real. Since there are no logarithmic terms,
1
there are no terms of the form
, so the only terms that can arise in the partial fraction
xr
1
decomposition form is one like
. Therefore the original quadratic had a multiple root.
(x a)2
53. Yes, for instance the integrand

x2

1
, whose integral is precisely tan1 x + C.
+1

EXERCISE SET 7.6



1
4
+ ln |4 5x| + C
25 4 5x

1. Formula (60):

i
4h
3x + ln |1 + 3x| + C
9

2. Formula (62):

3. Formula (65):



1  x 
ln 
+C
5
5 + 2x 

4. Formula (66):



 1 5x 
1
+C
5 ln 
x
x 

2
(x 4) 2 x + C
3

5. Formula (102):

1
(x 1)(2x + 3)3/2 + C
5

6. Formula (105):

7. Formula (108):



1  4 3x 2 
+C
ln 
2
4 3x + 2 

8. Formula (108): tan1

9. Formula (69):

11. Formula (73):



1  x + 4 
ln 
+C
8
x 4

10. Formula (70):

3x 4
+C
2



1  x 3 
ln 
+C
6
x + 3


p
xp 2
3 

x 3 ln x + x2 3 + C
2
2

12. Formula (94):

13. Formula (95):

p
x2 5
+ ln(x + x2 5) + C
x

p
xp 2
x + 4 2 ln(x + x2 + 4) + C
2

14. Formula (90):

x2 2
+C
2x

15. Formula (74):

4 x2
x
sin1 + C
x
2


 2 + 4 x2 



17. Formula (79): 4 x2 2 ln 
+C


x
16. Formula (80):

xp
9
x
9 x2 + sin1 + C
2
2
3

Exercise Set 7.6

375

18. Formula (117):

20. Formula (40):

6x x2
+C
3x

19. Formula (38):

1
1
sin(7x) + sin x + C
14
2

1
1
cos(7x) + cos(3x) + C
14
6

21. Formula (50):

x4
[4 ln x 1] + C
16

23. Formula (42):

e2x
(2 sin(3x) 3 cos(3x)) + C
13

22. Formula (50): 2

ln x + 2

ex
(cos(2x) + 2 sin(2x)) + C
5


Z


1
1
u du
4
2x 
2x
2x

=
+ ln 4 3e
+C
25. u = e , du = 2e dx, Formula (62):
2
(4 3u)2
18 4 3e2x

24. Formula (43):

Z
26. u = cos 2x, du = 2 sin 2xdx, Formula (65):

3
2
27. u = 3 x, du = dx, Formula (68):
3
2 x

du
1
1 3 x
= tan
+C
u2 + 4
3
2

1
28. u = sin 4x, du = 4 cos 4xdx, Formula (68):
4
1
29. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (76):
2



du
1  cos 2x 
= ln 
+C
2u(3 u)
6
3 cos 2x 

1
du
sin 4x
=
tan1
+C
2
9+u
12
3


p
du
1 

= ln 2x + 4x2 9 + C
2
2
u 9

2x2 , du = 2 2xdx, Formula (72):

Z p


p
1
x2 p 4
3

u2 + 3 du =
2x + 3 + ln
2x2 + 2x4 + 3 + C
4
2 2
4 2

30. u =

31. u = 2x2 , du = 4xdx, u2 du = 16x5 dx, Formula (81):

Z

u2 du
x2 p
1
1

=
2 4x4 + sin1 ( 2x2 ) + C
4
4
4
2 u2
Z
du
1 p

32. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (83): 2

=
3 4x2 + C
3x
u2 3 u2
Z
1
1
33. u = ln x, du = dx/x, Formula (26):
sin2 u du = ln x + sin(2 ln x) + C
2
4
34. u = e

2x

, du = 2e

2x

1
, Formula (27):
2

1
35. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (51):
4

1
36. u = 3x+1, du = 3 dx, Formula (11):
3

1
1
cos2 u du = e2x sin 2e2x + C
4
8

ueu du =

1
(2x 1)e2x + C
4

ln u du =

1
1
(u ln uu)+C = (3x+1)[ln(3x+1)1]+C
3
3

376

Chapter 7

1
37. u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x dx, Formula (67):
3
38. u = ln x, du =

1
dx, Formula (105):
x

1
39. u = 4x , du = 8xdx, Formula (70):
8
2

1
40. u = 2ex , du = 2ex dx, Formula (69):
2




 sin 3x 
1
du
1

 +C
=
+ ln 
u(u + 1)2
3 1 + sin 3x
1 + sin 3x 

1
u du
=
(2 ln x + 1) 4 ln x 1 + C
12
4u 1

 2

 4x 1 
du
1

+C
=
ln
u2 1
16  4x2 + 1 


 2ex + 3 
1
du


+C
= ln 
x

3 u2
4 3
2e 3 

41. u = 2ex , du = 2ex dx, Formula (74):

Z

1 p
1 p
3
1 p
3
3 u2 du = u 3 u2 + sin1 (u/ 3) + C = ex 3 4e2x + sin1 (2ex / 3) + C
2
4
4
2
4
42. u = 3x, du = 3dx, Formula (80):

Z
4 u2 du
4 u2
4 9x2
1
=
3

3
sin
(u/2)
+
C
=

3 sin1 (3x/2) + C
3
u2
u
x
43. u = 3x, du = 3dx, Formula (112):

r


Z r
1
5
25
6u 5
1
5
5
1
2
2
u u du =
u
uu +
sin
+C
3
3
6
6
3
216
5


18x 5 p
18x 5
25
=
sin1
5x 9x2 +
+C
36
216
5

5x, du =

5 dx, Formula (117):

q

Z
(u/ 5) u2
du
x 5x2
q

+C
=
+ C = 2
x
u/(2 5)
u (u/ 5) u2

44. u =

45. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (44):

Z
u sin u du = (sin u u cos u) + C = sin 2x 2x cos 2x + C

46. u =

x, u = x, 2udu = dx, Formula (45): 2

47. u = x, u = x, 2udu = dx, Formula (51): 2

u cos u du = 2 cos
Z

x + 2 x sin x + C

ueu du = 2( x + 1)e x + C

48. u = 2 + x2 , du = 2x dx, Formula (11):

Z
1
1
1
1
ln u du = (u ln u u) + C = (2 + x2 ) ln(2 + x2 ) (2 + x2 ) + C
2
2
2
2
49. x2 + 6x 7 = (x + 3)2 16; u = x + 3, du = dx, Formula (70):




Z
du
1  u 4 
1  x 1 
=
ln
+
C
=
ln
+C
u2 16
8 u + 4
8 x + 7

Exercise Set 7.6

377

50. x2 + 2x 3 = (x + 1)2 4, u = x + 1, du = dx, Formula (74):

Z p
1 p
4 u2 du = u 4 u2 + 2 sin1 (u/2) + C
2
p
1
= (x + 1) 3 2x x2 + 2 sin1 ((x + 1)/2) + C
2
51. x2 4x 5 = (x 2)2 9, u = x 2, du = dx, Formula (77):
Z
Z
Z
p
u
u du
du
u+2

du =
+2
= 9 u2 + 2 sin1 + C
3
9 u2
9 u2
9 u2


p
x2
= 5 + 4x x2 + 2 sin1
+C
3
52. x2 + 6x + 13 = (x + 3)2 + 4, u = x + 3, du = dx, Formula (71):
Z
(u 3) du
1
3
1
3
= ln(u2 + 4) tan1 (u/2) + C = ln(x2 + 6x + 13) tan1 ((x + 3)/2) + C
u2 + 4
2
2
2
2

53. u = x 2, x = u2 + 2, dx = 2u du;
Z
Z
2
4
2
4
2u2 (u2 + 2)du = 2 (u4 + 2u2 )du = u5 + u3 + C = (x 2)5/2 + (x 2)3/2 + C
5
3
5
3

54. u = x + 1, x = u2 1, dx = 2u du;
Z

2
2
2 (u2 1)du = u3 2u + C = (x + 1)3/2 2 x + 1 + C
3
3

55. u = x3 + 1, x3 = u2 1, 3x2 dx = 2u du;

Z
Z
2
2
2 5 2 3
2 3
2
u2 (u2 1)du =
(u4 u2 )du =
u u +C =
(x + 1)5/2 (x3 + 1)3/2 + C
3
3
15
9
15
9

56. u = x3 1, x3 = u2 + 1, 3x2 dx = 2u du;

Z
p
2
1
2
2
1
1
du
=
tan
u
+
C
=
tan
x3 1 + C
3
u2 + 1
3
3
57. u = x1/3 , x = u3 , dx = 3u2 du;

Z
Z 
Z
u
1
1
3u2
du = 3
du = 3
+
du
u3 u
u2 1
2(u + 1) 2(u 1)
3
3
= ln |x1/3 + 1| + ln |x1/3 1| + C
2
2
58. u = x1/6 , x = u6 , dx = 6u5 du;

Z
Z 
Z
6u5
u3
1
2
du
=
6
du
=
6
u

u
+
1

du
u3 + u2
u+1
u+1
= 2x1/2 3x1/3 + 6x1/6 6 ln(x1/6 + 1) + C
59. u = x1/4 , x = u4 , dx = 4u3 du; 4

1
du = 4
u(1 u)

Z 


1
1
x1/4
+
du = 4 ln
+C
u 1u
|1 x1/4 |

378

Chapter 7

60. u = x1/2 , x = u2 , dx = 2u du;

Z 2
Z

u +11
2u2
du
=
2
du = 2u 2 tan1 u + C = 2 x 2 tan1 x + C
2
2
u +1
u +1
61. u = x1/6 , x = u6 , dx = 6u5 du;

Z 
Z
1
u3
du = 6
u2 + u + 1 +
du = 2x1/2 + 3x1/3 + 6x1/6 + 6 ln |x1/6 1| + C
6
u1
u1

62. u = x, x = u2 , dx = 2u du;

Z 2
Z 

u +u
2
2
du = 2
du = x 4 x 4 ln | x 1| + C
u+2+
u1
u1

63. u = 1 + x2 , x2 = u2 1, 2x dx = 2u du, x dx = u du;

Z
1
(u2 1)du = (1 + x2 )3/2 (1 + x2 )1/2 + C
3
64. u = (x + 3)1/5 , x = u5 3, dx = 5u4 du;
Z
5
15
5 (u8 3u3 )du = (x + 3)9/5 (x + 3)4/5 + C
9
4
Z
Z
1
2
1
65.
du
=
du = ln | tan(x/2) + 1| + C
2 1 + u2
u+1
2u
1u
+
1+
1 + u2
1 + u2
Z
Z
2
1
1
du
=
du
66.
2
2u 1 + u2
u +u+1
2+
1 + u2


Z
2
2 tan(x/2) + 1
1
1

du =
=
tan
+C
(u + 1/2)2 + 3/4
3
3
Z
Z
d
1
1
67. u = tan(/2),
=
du = + C = cot(/2) + C
1 cos
u2
u
68. u = tan(x/2),
Z
Z
Z
2
2
2
1
1
du
=
du
=
dz (z = u + 4/3)
3u2 + 8u 3
3
(u + 4/3)2 25/9
3
z 2 25/9




1  tan(x/2) 1/3 
1  z 5/3 
+ C = ln 
+C
= ln 
5
z + 5/3 
5
tan(x/2) + 3 
69. u = tan(x/2),

1
2

Z
70. u = tan(x/2),
Z
71.
2

1 u2
1
du =
u
2

Z
(1/u u)du =

1
1
ln | tan(x/2)| tan2 (x/2) + C
2
4

1 u2
du = u + 2 tan1 u + C = x tan(x/2) + C
1 + u2

x
1
t
1
dt = ln
(Formula (65), a = 4, b = 1)
t(4 t)
4 4t 2


1
x
1
x
1
x
x
=
ln
ln 1 = ln
, ln
= 0.5, ln
= 2,
4
4x
4 4x 4 4x
4x

Exercise Set 7.6

379

x
= e2 , x = 4e2 e2 x, x(1 + e2 ) = 4e2 , x = 4e2 /(1 + e2 ) 3.523188312
4x
x
Z x

dt = 2 tan1 2t 1
72.
(Formula (108), a = 1, b = 2)
1 t 2t 1
1

= 2 tan1 2x 1 tan1 1 = 2 tan1 2x 1 /4 ,

2(tan1 2x 1 /4) = 1, tan1 2x 1 = 1/2 + /4, 2x 1 = tan(1/2 + /4),

x = [1 + tan2 (1/2 + /4)]/2 6.307993516
4

Z
73. A =


25 x2 dx =

1 p
25
x
x 25 x2 +
sin1
2
2
5

=6+
2

74. A =

4
(Formula (74), a = 5)
0

25
4
sin1 17.59119023
2
5

9x2 4 dx; u = 3x,

2/3



6
p
p
1 1 p 2


u2 4 du =
u u 4 2 ln u + u2 4 
(Formula (73), a2 = 4)
3 2
2
2


1
2
=
3 32 2 ln(6 + 32) + 2 ln 2 = 4 2 ln(3 + 2 2) 4.481689467
3
3
Z 1
1
75. A =
dx; u = 4x,
2
0 25 16x


Z
u + 5 4
1
1
1 4
1


du =
ln
=
ln 9 0.054930614 (Formula (69), a = 5)
A=
4 0 25 u2
40  u 5  0
40
A=

1
3

76. A =

x ln x dx =

=
Z

/2

77. V = 2

4 3/2
x
9

4
3
ln x 1
2
1

4
(12 ln 4 7) 4.282458815
9

/2
x cos x dx = 2(cos x + x sin x)
= ( 2) 3.586419094

(Formula (45))

0
8

78. V = 2
4

4
x x 4 dx =
(3x + 8)(x 4)3/2
15
=

(Formula (50), n = 1/2)

8
(Formula (102), a = 4, b = 1)
4

1024
214.4660585
15

xex dx; u = x,

79. V = 2
0

ueu du = 2eu (u 1)

V = 2

3

Z
80. V = 2
1

= 2(1 4e3 ) 5.031899801

0
5

x ln x dx = x2 (2 ln x 1)
2

= (25 ln 5 12) 88.70584621

5
1

(Formula (50), n = 1)

(Formula (51))

380

Chapter 7
2

p
1 + 16x2 dx; u = 4x,

81. L =
0

1
L=
4

82. L =


8
p
p
1 up
1 
2
2
2
1 + u du =
1 + u + ln u + 1 + u
4 2
2
0

1
= 65 + ln(8 + 65) 8.409316783
8

(Formula (72), a2 = 1)

 !#3

 3 + x2 + 9 
p


x2 + 9 3 ln 



x
1
1

3 + 10
3.891581644 (Formula (89), a = 3)
= 3 2 10 + 3 ln
1+ 2

Z
p
2
1 + 9/x dx =

Z
83. S = 2

x2 + 9
dx =
x

p
(sin x) 1 + cos2 x dx; u = cos x, a2 = 1,

0
1p

Z
S = 2

1+

u2

1p
1 + 1/x4 dx = 2
x

16

84. S = 2
Z

 p
1
p
u
1 
2
2
du = 4
1 + du = 4
1 + u + ln u + 1 + u
2
2
0
0
h
i
= 2
2 + ln(1 + 2) 14.42359945 (Formula (72))
Z 1p

S=
1

u2

x4 + 1
dx; u = x2 ,
x3

!#
 16

p
u2 + 1
u2 + 1
du =
+ ln u + u2 + 1
u2
u
1
!

16 + 257
257

=
2
+ ln
9.417237485 (Formula (93), a2 = 1)
16
1+ 2

20 cos6 u sin3 u du

85. (a) s(t) = 2 +

=

s(t)

(b)
4

20
40
166
sin2 t cos7 t
cos7 t +
9
63
63

3
2
1
t
3

a(u) du =

86. (a) v(t) =

0

Z
s(t) = 10 +

12

15

1 t
1
1
3
1
1
e cos 2t + et sin 2t + et cos 6t et sin 6t +

10
5
74
37
10 74

v(u) du
0

2
35 t
6 t
16
343866
3 t
e cos 2t et sin 2t +
e cos 6t +
e sin 6t +
t+
50
25
2738
1369
185
34225

Exercise Set 7.6

(b)

12
10
8
6
4
2

381
s(t)

t
2

Z
87. (a)

10

14

18





Z
1 + u
 1 + tan(x/2) 
1
2



+C
du = ln 
+ C = ln 
sec x dx =
dx =
cos x
1 u2
1 u
1 tan(x/2) 





 cos(x/2) + sin(x/2)   cos(x/2) + sin(x/2) 
 1 + sin x 





+C
= ln 
+ C = ln 
cos(x/2) sin(x/2)   cos(x/2) + sin(x/2) 
cos x 
Z

= ln |sec x + tan x| + C
x
x

1 + tan
tan + tan
x
4
2
2
(b) tan
=
+

x =
x
4
2
1 tan tan
1 tan
4
2
2
Z
Z
Z
1
dx = 1/u du = ln | tan(x/2)| + C but
88.
csc x dx =
sin x


ln | tan(x/2)| =

1 (1 cos x)/2
1 1 cos x
1 sin2 (x/2)
ln
= ln
= ln
; also,
2
2 cos (x/2)
2 (1 + cos x)/2
2 1 + cos x

1 cos x
1 cos2 x
1
1 1 cos x
=
=
so ln
= ln | csc x + cot x|
1 + cos x
(1 + cos x)2
(csc x + cot x)2
2 1 + cos x
q

89. Let u = tanh(x/2) then cosh(x/2) = 1/ sech(x/2) = 1/ 1 tanh2 (x/2) = 1/ 1 u2 ,

sinh(x/2) = tanh(x/2) cosh(x/2) = u/ 1 u2 , so sinh x = 2 sinh(x/2) cosh(x/2) = 2u/(1 u2 ),

cosh x = cosh2 (x/2) + sinh2 (x/2) = (1 + u2 )/(1 u2 ), x = 2 tanh1 u, dx = [2/(1 u2 )]du;
Z
Z
2
2
1
2u + 1
2 tanh(x/2) + 1
dx

=
du = tan1
+ C = tan1
+ C.
2
2 cosh x + sinh x
u +u+1
3
3
3
3
1
4

1
1
1
du = sin1 u + C = sin1 (x4 ) + C.
2
4
4
1u
Z
Z
91.
(cos32 x sin30 x cos30 x sin32 x)dx = cos30 x sin30 x(cos2 x sin2 x)dx

90. Let u = x4 to get

1
= 30
2

sin30 2x cos 2x dx =

sin31 2x
+C
31(231 )

2
1
92.
x
4dx =
( x + 2 x 2)dx =
[(x + 2)3/2 (x 2)3/2 ] + C
3
2
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
93.
dx
=

du = ln |u| + C = ln |1 + x9 | + C
10
9
x (1 + x )
9
u
9
9
Z q

x2

94. (a) (x + 4)(x 5)(x2 + 1)2 ;

A
B
Cx + D
Ex + F
+
+ 2
+ 2
x+4 x5
x +1
(x + 1)2

382

Chapter 7

(b)

3
2
x2
3
+

x + 4 x 5 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2

(c) 3 ln |x + 4| + 2 ln |x 5| + 2 tan1 x

1
3
ln(x2 + 1)
2
2


x
1
+
tan
x
+C
x2 + 1

EXERCISE SET 7.7

1. exact value = 14/3 4.666666667
(a) 4.667600662, |EM | 0.000933995
(b) 4.664795676, |ET | 0.001870991
(c) 4.666666602, |ES | 9.9 107
3. exact value = 1
(a) 1.001028824, |EM | 0.001028824
(b) 0.9979429864, |ET | 0.0020570136
(c) 1.000000013, |ES | 2.12 107
5. exact value = 12 (e2 e6 ) 0.06642826551
(a) 0.06598746840, |EM | 0.00044079711
(b) 0.06731162281, |ET | 0.00088335730
(c) 0.06642830240, |ES | 5.88 107
7. f (x) =

2. exact value = 2
(a) 1.999542900, |EM | 0.000457100
(b) 2.000915091, |ET | 0.000915091
(c) 2.000000019, |ES | 2.97 107
4. exact value = 1 cos(2) 1.416146836
(a) 1.418509838, |EM | 0.002363002
(b) 1.411423197, |ET | 0.004723639
(c) 1.416146888, |ES | 7.88 107
1
ln 10 0.7675283641
3
(a) 0.7575800751, |EM | 0.0099482890
(b) 0.7884048101, |ET | 0.0208764460
(c) 0.767855, |ES | 0.000326622

6. exact value =

15
1
x + 1, f 00 (x) = (x + 1)3/2 , f (4) (x) = (x + 1)7/2 ; K2 = 1/4, K4 = 15/16
4
16

27
(1/4) = 0.002812500
2400
81
(c) |ES |
0.000007910156250
10240000

(a) |EM |

(b) |ET |

27
(1/4) = 0.00562500
1200

3
105 9/2
8. f (x) = 1/ x, f 00 (x) = x5/2 , f (4) (x) =
x
; K2 = 3/128, K4 = 105/8192
4
16
125
(3/128) = 0.001220703125
2400
35
(c) |ES |
0.000001390775045
25165824

(a) |EM |

(b) |ET |

125
(3/128) = 0.002441406250
1200

9. f (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = cos x, f (4) (x) = cos x; K2 = K4 = 1

3 /8
(1) 0.001028824
2400
5
(c) |ES |
(1) 3.320526095 107
180 104

(a) |EM |

(b) |ET |

3 /8
(1) 0.003229820488
1200

10. f (x) = sin x, f 00 (x) = sin x, f (4) (x) = sin x; K2 = K4 = 1

8
(1) 0.003333333
2400
32
(c) |ES |
(1) 0.000017778
180 104

(a) |EM |

(b) |ET |

8
(1) 0.006666667
1200

Exercise Set 7.7

383

11. f (x) = e2x , f 00 (x) = 4e2x ; f (4) (x) = 16e2x ; K2 = 4e2 ; K4 = 16e2
8
(4e2 ) 0.0018044704
2400
32
(16e2 ) 0.000017778
(c) |ES |
180 105

(a) |EM |

(b) |ET |

8
(4e2 ) 0.0036089409
1200

12. f (x) = 1/(3x + 1), f 00 (x) = 18(3x + 1)3 , f (4) (x) = 1944(3x + 1)5 ; K2 = 18, K4 = 1944
27
(18) 0.202500
2400
243
(c) |ES |
(1944) 0.2624400000
180 104

(a) |EM |

1/2
(27)(1/4)
13. (a) n >
23.7; n = 24
(24)(5 104 )
1/4

(243)(15/16)
7.1; n = 8
(c) n >
(180)(5 104 )


(b) |ET |

27
(18) 0.4050000000
1200

(27)(1/4)
(b) n >
(12)(5 104 )

1/2
33.5; n = 34

1/2
(125)(3/128)
14. (a) n >
15.6; n = 16
(24)(5 104 )

1/4
(243)(105/16)
(c) n >
11.6; n = 12
(180)(5 104 )

(125)(3/128)
(b) n >
(12)(5 104 )

1/2
( 3 /8)(1)
; n = 13
15. (a) n >
(24)(103 )
 5
1/4
( /32)(1)
(c) n >
2.7; n = 4
(180)(103 )

( 3 /8)(1)
(b) n >
(12)(103 )

1/2

(8)(1)
(12)(103 )

1/2

1/2
(8)(4e2 )
42.5; n = 43
17. (a) n >
(24)(106 )

1/4
(32)(16e2 )
(c) n >
7.9; n = 8
(180)(106 )

(8)(4e2 )
(b) n >
(12)(106 )

1/2

1/2
(27)(18)
18. (a) n >
= 450; n = 451
(24)(106 )

1/4
(243)(1944)
(c) n >
71.6; n = 72
(180)(106 )

1/2


16. (a) n >


(8)(1)
(24)(103 )

1/2

(32)(1)
(c) n >
(180)(103 )

18.25; n = 19

(b) n >

1/2
22.1; n = 23

17.9; n = 18

25.8; n = 26

1/4
3.7; n = 4

19. false; Tn is the average of Ln and Rn

20. true, see Theorem 7.7.1(b)

(27)(18)
(b) n >
(12)(106 )

60.2; n = 61

636.4; n = 637

384

Chapter 7

21. false, it is the weighted average of M25 and T25

22. true
23. g(X0 ) = aX02 + bX0 + c = 4a + 2b + c = f (X0 ) = 1/X0 = 1/2; similarly
9a + 3b + c = 1/3, 16a + 4b + c = 1/4. Three equations in three unknowns, with solution
a = 1/24, b = 3/8, c = 13/12, g(x) = x2 /24 3x/8 + 13/12.

Z 4
Z 4 2
x
3x 13
25
g(x) dx =

+
dx =
24
8
12
36
2
2


x
1 1 4 1
25
[f (X0 ) + 4f (X1 ) + f (X2 )] =
+ +
=
3
3 2 3 4
36
24. Suppose g(x) = ax2 + bx + c passes through the points (0, f (0)) = (0, 0), (m, f (m)) = (1/6, 1/4),
and (1/3, f (2m)) = (1/3, 3/4). Then g(0) = c = 0, 1/4 = g(1/6) = a/36 + b/6, and
3/4 = g(1/3) = a/9 + b/3, with solution a = 9/2, b = 3/4 or g(x) = 9x2 /2 + 3x/4. Then
(x/3)(Y0 + 4Y1 + Y2 ) = (1/18)(0 + 4(1/4) + 3/4) = 7/72, and

1/3
Z 1/3
3
2
= 1/18 + 1/24 = 7/72
g(x) dx = (3/2)x + (3/8)x
0

25. 1.493648266,
1.493649897

26. 1.367479484,
1.367479548

27. 3.805639712,
3.805537256

28. 1.899407630,
1.899406253

29. 0.9045242448,
0.9045242380

30. 0.2652884045,
0.265280129

31. exact value = 4 tan

2
=

(x/2)
0

32. exact value



3
= 29 x 9 x2 + 2 sin1 x3
=
0

(a) 3.142425985, |EM | 0.000833331

(b) 3.139925989, |ET | 0.001666665
(c) 3.141592654, |ES | 0

(a) 3.152411433, |EM | 0.010818779

(b) 3.104518327, |ET | 0.037074327
(c) 3.139775352, |ES | 0.001817302

33. S14 = 0.693147984, |ES | 0.000000803 = 8.03 107 ; the method used in Example 6 results
in a value of n which ensures that the magnitude of the error will be less than 106 , this is not
necessarily the smallest value of n.
34. (a) underestimates, because the graph of cos x2 is concave down on the interval (0, 1)
(b) overestimates, because the graph of cos x2 is concave up on the interval (3/2, 2)
35. f (x) = x sin x, f 00 (x) = 2 cos x x sin x, |f 00 (x)| 2| cos x| + |x| | sin x| 2 + 2 = 4 so K2 4,

n>

(8)(4)
(24)(104 )

1/2
115.5; n = 116 (a smaller n might suffice)

36. f (x) = ecos x , f 00 (x) = (sin2 x)ecos x (cos x)ecos x , |f 00 (x)| ecos x (sin2 x + | cos x|) 2e so

K2 2e, n >

(1)(2e)
(24)(104 )

1/2
47.6; n = 48 (a smaller n might suffice)

Exercise Set 7.7

385

3
37. f (x) = x x, f 00 (x) = , lim+ |f 00 (x)| = +
4 x x0

x sin x + cos x
, lim |f 00 (x)| = +
38. f (x) = sin x, f 00 (x) =
x0+
4x3/2
Z xp
Z p
Z xp
1 + (y 0 (t))2 dt =
1 + cos2 t dt, ` =
1 + cos2 t dt 3.820197788
39. s(x) =
0

40. s(x) =

1 + (y 0 (t))2 dt =

v dt
0

42.

t
a

0
0

Z
p
1 + 4/t6 dt, ` =

15

41.

0
2

1 + 4/t6 dt 1.296766956

15
[0 + 4(37.1) + 2(60.1) + 4(90.9) + 2(98.3) + 4(104.1) + 114.4] 772.5 ft
(3)(6)
7
1
4
6
3
2
5
0.02 0.08 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.70 0.60

8
0

8
[0 + 4(0.02) + 2(0.08) + 4(0.20) + 2(0.40) + 4(0.60) + 2(0.70) + 4(0.60) + 0]
(3)(8)
2.7 cm/s

a dt
0

180

v dt

43.
0

180
[0.00 + 4(0.03) + 2(0.08) + 4(0.16) + 2(0.27) + 4(0.42) + 0.65] = 37.9 mi
(3)(6)

1800

(1/v)dx

44.
0



1
4
2
4
2
4
1
1800
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.71 s
(3)(6) 3100 2908 2725 2549 2379 2216 2059

16

r2 dy =

45. V =
0

Z
0

16

r2 dy

16
[(8.5)2 + 4(11.5)2 + 2(13.8)2 + 4(15.4)2 + (16.8)2 ]
(3)(4)

9270 cm3 9.3 L

Z

600

600
[0 + 4(7) + 2(16) + 4(24) + 2(25) + 4(16) + 0] = 9000 ft2 ,
(3)(6)
0
V = 75A 75(9000) = 675, 000 ft3

46. A =

h dx

47. (a) The maximum value of |f 00 (x)| is approximately 3.8442

(b) n = 18
(c) 0.9047406684
48. (a) The maximum value of |f 00 (x)| is approximately 1.46789
(b) n = 12
(c) 1.112830350
49. (a) K4 = max |f (4) (x)| 12.40703740 (calculator)
0x1

104 K4
(b a)5 K4
(b)
< 104 provided n4 >
, n > 5.12, so n 6
4
180n
180
K4 4
(c)
6 0.0000531 with S12 = 0.9833961318
180

386

Chapter 7

50. (a) K4 = max |f (4) (x)| 3.94136281877

0x1

(b a)5 K4
106 K4
6
4
(b)
<
10
provided
n
>
21896.5, n > 12.2 and even, so n 14
180n4
180
(b a)5 K4
0.00000057
(c) With n = 14, S14 1.497185354, with possible error |ES |
180n4
ba
[y0 + y1 + . . . + yn2 + yn1 ]
n
ba
Right endpoint approximation
[y1 + y2 + . . . + yn1 + yn ]
n
ba1
Average of the two =
[y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + . . . + 2yn2 + 2yn1 + yn ]
n 2
yk + yk+1
y
(b) Area of trapezoid = (xk+1 xk )
. If we sum from k = 0
3
2
to k = n 1 then we get the right hand side of (2).

51. (a) Left endpoint approximation

2
1
yk
xk

yk + 1
xk + 1

52. right endpoint, trapezoidal, midpoint, left endpoint

53. Given g(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C, suppose x = 1 and m = 0. Then set Y0 = g(1), Y1 = g(0),
Y2 = g(1). Also Y0 = g(1) = A B + C, Y1 = g(0) = C, Y2 = g(1) = A + B + C, with solution
C = Y1 , B = 21 (Y2 Y0 ), and A = 12 (Y0 + Y2 ) Y1 .
Z 1
Z 1
1
2
1
2
Then
g(x) dx = 2
(Ax2 + C) dx = A + 2C = (Y0 + Y2 ) Y1 + 2Y1 = (Y0 + 4Y1 + Y2 ),
3
3
3
3
1
0
which is exactly what one gets applying the Simpsons Rule.
The general case with the interval (m x, m + x) and values Y0 , Y1 , Y2 , can be converted by
xm
the change of variables z =
. Set g(x) = h(z) = h((x m)/x) to get dx = x dz and
x
Z
Z
m+x

g(x) dx. Finally, Y0 = g(m x) = h(1),

h(z) dz =
1

mx

Y1 = g(m) = h(0), Y2 = g(m + x) = h(1).

54. From Exercise 53 we know, for i = 0, 1, . . . , n 1 that
Z x2i+2
1ba
gi (x) dx =
[y2i + 4y2i+1 + y2i+2 ],
3 2n
x2i
ba
because
is the width of the partition and acts as x in Exercise 53.
2n
Summing over all the subintervals note that y0 and y2n are only listed once; so

Z b
n1
X Z x2i+2
f (x) dx =
gi (x) dx
a

i=0

x2i

1ba
=
[y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + . . . + 4y2n2 + 2y2n1 + y2n ]
3 2n

EXERCISE SET 7.8

1. (a) improper; infinite discontinuity at x = 3

Exercise Set 7.8

(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f )

387

continuous integrand, not improper

improper; infinite discontinuity at x = 0
improper; infinite interval of integration
improper; infinite interval of integration and infinite discontinuity at x = 1
continuous integrand, not improper

2. (a) improper if p > 0

(b) improper if 1 p 2
(c) integrand is continuous for all p, not improper
3.

`

1
1 2x
1
lim (e2` + 1) =
lim e
=
`+
2
2 `+
2
0

4.

`
1
1
ln(1 + x2 )
= lim [ln(1 + `2 ) ln 2] = +, divergent
`+ 2
`+ 2
1

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

lim

`

lim 2 coth

`+

`+

`

2
1
lim ex
`+
2

`

`+

`+

1
4(2x 1)2

1
x
tan1
` 3
3
1 3x
e
` 3

0
= lim



1
`
1
tan1
= [/4 (/2)] = /4
` 3 4
3
3

0


= lim


1 1 3`
1
e
=
3 3
3

0
= lim

13.

x
x2 + 2

so

1 2
x
`+ 2

dx = lim

`+

x dx both converge; it diverges if either (or both)

0

`

1 2
` = + so
`+ 2

`
x2 + 2

x
dx is divergent.
x2 + 2

= lim

x dx = lim
0

Z
x dx and

diverges.
Z

1
1
ln(3 2e` ) = ln 3
2
2

x dx converges if

14.

1
[1 + 1/(2` 1)2 ] = 1/4
4

= lim

1
lim ln(3 2ex )
`
2
Z

3

lim

lim


1
1
1
2 + 2 = 2
2 ln `

= lim (2 ln ` 2 ln 2) = +, divergent

lim


= lim

`

`+


1  `2
e
+ 1 = 1/2
`+ 2

= lim

1
lim
`+
2 ln2 x

lim 2 ln x

2 coth1 3 2 coth1 ` = 2 coth1 3

= lim

x dx is divergent.

= lim ( `2 + 2 2) = +
`+

388

Chapter 7

`
x
1
1
1
15.
dx = lim
= lim [1/(`2 + 3) + 1/3] = ,
2 + 3)2
2 + 3)
`+
`+
(x
2(x
2
6
0
0
Z
Z 0
x
x
dx = 1/6 so
dx = 1/6 + (1/6) = 0
similarly
2
2
2
2
(x + 3)
(x + 3)
Z

16.
0
0

`
h
et
i
1 t
dt = lim tan (e ) = lim tan1 (e` ) +
= ,
2t
`+
`+
1+e
4
4
0

0
h
i
et
1 t
1 `
dt
=
lim

tan
(e
)
=
lim

+
tan
(e
)
= ,
`
`
1 + e2t
4
4
`

17.

18.

et

dt = + =
2t
1+e
4
4
2

1
lim
x4
`4
3
lim x2/3
`0+ 2

`

8
`



1
1
= +, divergent
= lim

`4 4
`4

3
= lim+ (4 `2/3 ) = 6
`0 2

`
lim ln(cos x) =

19.

`/2

20.

lim 2 4 x

`4

21.

lim sin1 x

`1

22.

`
0

`
0

lim ln(cos `) = +, divergent

`/2

= lim 2( 4 ` + 2) = 4
`4

= lim sin1 ` = /2
`1

1
p
p

lim 9 x2 = lim ( 8 + 9 `2 ) = 8

`3+

23.

`3+

lim +

/2
1 2 cos x

`/3

lim + (1

1 2 cos `) = 1

`/3

`
24.

lim ln(1 tan x)

`/4

25.
0

26.
0

dx
= lim ln |x 2|
x2
`2
dx
= lim+ 1/x
x2
`0

27.

1/3

=
0

x1/3 dx = lim

`0

`
= lim (ln |` 2| ln 2) = , divergent
`2

2
`

Z
= lim+ (1/2 + 1/`) = + so
`0

3
dx = lim x2/3
`0+ 2

lim ln(1 tan `) = +, divergent

`/4

8

3 2/3
x
2

= lim
`

`0+

= lim
1

so

`0

x1/3 dx = 6 + (3/2) = 9/2

3
(4 `2/3 ) = 6,
2

`

3 2/3
(` 1) = 3/2
2

dx
is divergent
x2

Exercise Set 7.8

28.
0

389

dx
= lim 3(x 1)1/3
`1
(x 1)2/3
Z

1
dx =
x2

dx
=
x x2 1

`
0

= lim 3[(` 1)1/3 (1)1/3 ] = 3

`1

Z +
1
1
29. Define
dx +
dx where a > 0; take a = 1 for convenience,
2
2
x
x
0
0
a
1
Z 1
Z +
1
1
dx = lim+ (1/x) = lim+ (1/` 1) = + so
dx is divergent.
2
2
x
x
`0
`0
0
0
`
Z

30. Define

dx
+
x x2 1

Z
a

dx

where a > 1,
x x2 1

take a = 2 for convenience to get

2
Z 2
dx

= lim+ sec1 x = lim+ (/3 sec1 `) = /3,

2
`1
`1
1 x x 1
`
`
Z +
Z +
dx
dx
1

= lim sec x = /2 /3 so
= /2.
2
`+
x x 1
x x2 1
2
1
2

31. Z
Let u = x, x = Zu2 , dx = 2u du. Then

du
dx

= 2 2
= 2 tan1 u + C = 2 tan1 x + C and
u +1
x(x + 1)

Z 1
1

dx
1

= 2 lim+ tan
x = 2 lim+ (/4 tan1 ) = /2
x(x
+
1)
0
0
0

Z

32.

Z
=

. The first integral was studied in Exercise 31 through the transformation

1

x = u2 . We apply the same transformation to the second integral and obtain

Z +
Z A
2du

dx

= lim
= lim [2 tan1 A 2 tan1 1] = 2 2 = , and thus
2+1
A+
A+
u
2
4
2
x(x
+
1)
1
Z1 +
dx

=
x(x + 1)
0
33. true, Theorem 7.8.2
34. false; consider f (x) = 1
35. false, neither 0 nor 3 lies in [1, 2], so the integrand is continuous
36. false, the integral does not converge at x = 0
Z

37.

38.
12

39.
0

Z
40.
0

eu du = 2 lim

dx = 2

`+

0
+

dx
=2
x(x + 4)

ex
dx =
1 ex

2 3
1

ex
dx =
1 e2x

eu

`
= 2 lim
0

du
1
u
= 2 lim
tan1
2
`+ 2
u +4
2

`+

`

2 3

1 e` = 2

= lim tan1
`+

tan1 3 =
2
6

1
du
= lim 2 u = lim 2(1 `) = 2
u
`0+
`0+
`

Z
1

du
=
1 u2

Z
0

`
du

= lim sin1 u = lim sin1 ` =

`1
`1
2
1 u2
0

390

Chapter 7

Z
41.

lim

`+

`
1 x
cos x dx = lim e (sin x cos x) = 1/2
`+ 2
0

`
x

42. A =
0

1
xe3x dx = lim (3x + 1)e3x
`+
9

43. (a) 2.726585


45. 1 +

dy
dx

2

`
= 1/9
0

(b) 2.804364

(c) 0.219384

4 x2/3
4
=1+
= 2/3 ; the arc length is
2/3
x
x

Z
0

2
x1/3

dx = 3x

(d) 0.504067
8

 = 12


2/3 

 2
dy
4
x2
46. 1 +
=
; the arc length is
=1+
dx
4 x2
4 x2
r
`
Z `
Z 2
2
4
1 x

dx
=
lim
dx
=
lim
2
sin
= 2 sin1 1 =
4 x2
2 0
`2 0
`2
4 x2
0
Z
ln x dx = x ln x x + C,

47.
Z

Z
`0+

`0+

but lim+ ` ln ` = lim+

`0

= lim (1 ` ln ` + `),

ln x dx = lim (x ln x x)

ln x dx = lim
0

1

`0

ln `
= lim (`) = 0 so
1/` `0+

`
1

`0+

ln x dx = 1
0

48.

ln x
ln x 1
dx =
+ C,
2
x
x
x


`

Z +
Z `
ln x 1
ln ` 1
ln x
ln x
dx = lim
dx = lim

= lim
+1 ,
`+ 1 x2
`+
x2
x
x 1 `+
`
`
1
Z +
ln `
1
ln x
but lim
= lim
= 0 so
=1
`+ `
`+ `
x2
1

49. (a) From the graph of f (4) (x) it is evident that |f (4) (x)| 12.5 on [0, 1]. We take K4 = 12.5.

1/4
12.5
12.5
4
(b) Set n = 2k, then

10
,
or
k

= 2.57, so
180 24 k 4
180 24 104
k 2.57, k 3, n 6.
(c) S6 0.983347416
50. (a) From its graph it is evident that |f (4) (x)| 3 on [0, 1], set K4 = 3.94136.

1/4
3.94136
3.94136
6

10
,
or
k

6.08, k 7, n 14
(b) Set n = 2k, then
180 24 k 4
180 24 106
(c) S14 1.49718504
+

e2x dx =

51. (a) V =
0

ex

lim e2x

`+

`
= /2
0

1 + e2x dx, let u = ex to get

 p
Z 0p
1
h
p
i
u
1 

S = 2
1 + u2 du = 2
1 + u2 + ln u + 1 + u2  =
2 + ln(1 + 2)
2
2
1
0

(b) S = 2

53. (a) For x 1, x2 x, ex ex

Exercise Set 7.8

391

i`
ex dx = lim ex = lim (e1 e` ) = 1/e
`+
`+ 1
`+
1
1
Z +
2
(c) By Parts (a) and (b) and Exercise 52(b),
ex dx is convergent and is 1/e.
ex dx = lim

(b)

1
ex
54. (a) If x 0 then ex 1,

2x + 1
2x + 1
`
Z `
dx
1
(b) lim
= lim
ln(2x + 1) = +
`+ 0 2x + 1
`+ 2
0
Z +
(c) By Parts (a) and (b) and Exercise 52(a),
0

55. V = lim

`+

1
Z `

A = lim

`+

(/x2 ) dx = lim (/x)

i`

`+

ex
dx is divergent.
2x + 1

= lim ( /`) =
`+

p
p
2(1/x) 1 + 1/x4 dx; use Exercise 52(a) with f (x) = 2/x, g(x) = (2/x) 1 + 1/x4

and a = 1 to see that the area is infinite.

Z +
x3 + 1
for x 2,
1dx = +
x
2
`
Z +
Z +
dx
1
x
dx
= lim 3 = 1/24
(b)
`+
x5 + 1
x4
3x 2
2
2
Z
Z
Z
+
+
xex
dx
xex
dx

= +
(c)
2x
+
1
2x
+
1
2x
+1
1
1
0

56. (a) 1

1
, above the x-axis, and to the
1 + x2
Z
1
right of the y-axis is given by
. Solving for
1
+
x2
0
r
1y
x=
, the area is also given by the improper integral
y
Z 1r
1y
dy.
y
0

57. The area under the curve y =

58. (b) u =

Z
x,
0

0.5

x
1

Z +
Z +
cos x
dx = 2
cos u du;
cos u du diverges by Part (a).
x
0
0
Z

Z
dx
1
1
x
59. Let x = r tan to get
= 2
cos d = 2 sin + C =
+C
2
r
r
(r2 + x2 )3/2
r r 2 + x2
`
p
p
2N Ir
x
2N I

so u =
lim
=
lim (`/ r2 + `2 a/ r2 + a2 )
`+ r 2 r 2 + x2 a
k
kr `+
p
2N I
=
(1 a/ r2 + a2 ).
kr
60. Let a2 =

M
to get
2RT

392

Chapter 7

r
r
3/2 
2
2
1
M
2RT
8RT
M
=
=
2RT
2 2RT
M
M

r

3/2 
5/2
4
3RT
3RT
M
3
M
=
=
so vrms =
2RT
8
2RT
M
M

4
(a) v =

2
(b) vrms

61. (a) Satellites weight = w(x) = k/x2 lb when x = distance from center of Earth; w(4000) = 6000
Z 4000+b
9.6 1010 x2 dx milb.
so k = 9.6 1010 and W =
4000

9.6 1010 x2 dx = lim 9.6 1010 /x

(b)

`

`+

4000

= 2.4 107 milb

4000

`
1 st
1
62. (a) L{1} =
e dt = lim e
=
`+
s
s
0
0
`
Z +
Z +
1 (s2)t
1
(b) L{e2t } =
est e2t dt =
e(s2)t dt = lim
e
=
`+
s2
s2
0
0
0
`
Z +
st
e
1
(c) L{sin t} =
est sin t dt = lim 2
(s sin t cos t) = 2
`+
s
+
1
s
+1
0
0

Z +
`
s
est
(s cos t + sin t) = 2
(d) L{cos t} =
est cos t dt = lim 2
`+
s
+
1
s
+1
0
0
Z

st

+
st

63. (a) L{f (t)} =

te

dt = lim (t/s + 1/s )e

`+

`+

(c) L{f (t)} =

3

1
s2

100

1000

10,000

0.8862269

0.8862269

0.8862269

0.8862269

`
=
0

1
est dt = lim est
`+
s

10

t2 est dt = lim (t2 /s + 2t/s2 + 2/s3 )est

64.

`

(b) L{f (t)} =

Z

st

`
3

2
s3

e3s
=
s

2
dx =
a

p
2
eu du = /a
0
0
Z +
Z +

2
2
2
2
2
x /2
(b) x = 2u, dx = 2 du,
e
dx =
eu du = 1
0
2 0

65. (a) u =

ax, du =

a dx, 2

ax2

2
ex dx 0.8862; /2 0.8862
0
Z +
Z 3
Z +
2
2
2
(b)
ex dx = ex dx +
ex dx so
0
0
3

Z +
Z
2
1 + x2
1
1
x2
E=
e
dx <
xe
dx = ex
= e9 < 2.1 105
3
6
6
3
3
3

66. (a)

67. (a)
0

1
dx 1.047; /3 1.047
x6 + 1

Review Exercises, Chapter 7

+

393

Z +
1
1
dx
+
dx so
6+1
6+1
x
x
0
4
Z +
1
1
1
dx =
< 2 104
dx <
6
5
x6 + 1
x
5(4)
4

1
dx =
x6 + 1

(b)
0

Z
E=
4

Z
68. If p = 0, then

`
(1)dx = lim x = +,
`+

0
+

1 px
e
`+ p

epx dx = lim

if p 6= 0, then
0
1

Z
69. If p = 1, then
0

Z
if p 6= 1, then
0

dx
= lim ln x
x
`0+

`

1 p`
(e 1) =
`+ p

= lim
0

1/p, p < 0
.
+,
p>0

1
= +;
`

x1p
dx
=
lim
xp
`0+ 1 p

1

1p

= lim [(1 `
`

`0+


)/(1 p)] =

1/(1 p), p < 1

.
+,
p>1

70. u = 1 x, u2 = 1 x, 2u du = dx;
Z 0p
Z 1p
h p
i1
2
2
2 u du = 2
2 u2 du = u 2 u2 + 2 sin1 (u/ 2) = 1 + /2
1

cos(u2 )du 1.809

71. 2
0

Z
72. 2

sin(1 u2 )du = 2

sin(1 u2 )du 1.187

REVIEW EXERCISES, CHAPTER 7

1. u = 4 + 9x, du = 9 dx,

2. u = x, du = dx,

1
9

u1/2 du =

Z
cos u du =

2
(4 + 9x)3/2 + C
27

1
1
sin u + C = sin x + C

2
u1/2 du = cos3/2 + C
3
Z
dx
du
4. u = ln x, du =
,
= ln |u| + C = ln |ln x| + C
x
u
Z
1
1
5. u = tan(x2 ),
u2 du = tan3 (x2 ) + C
2
6
3. u = cos ,

6. u = x, x = u2 , dx = 2u du,

Z 3
Z 3

3
u2
9
3
1 u
2
du = 2
1 2
du = 2u 6 tan
=6
2+9
u
u
+
9
3
2
0
0
0

7. (a) Z
With u = x:
Z
p

1
1
dx = 2
du = 2 sin1 (u/ 2) + C = 2 sin1 ( x/2) + C;

x 2
x
2 u2
with u = 2 x :

394

Chapter 7

1
1
dx = 2
du = 2 sin1 (u/ 2) + C = 2 sin1 ( 2 x/ 2) + C1 ;

2
x 2x
2u
completing
the square:
Z
1
p
dx = sin1 (x 1) + C.
1 (x 1)2

(b) In the three

differ by a constant, in particular
p results in Part (a)

the antiderivatives
2 sin1 ( x/2) = 2 sin1 ( 2 x/ 2) = /2 + sin1 (x 1).

8. (a) u = x2 , dv =
Z
0

x3
x2 + 1

dx, du = 2x dx, v =

x2 + 1
Z
i1
p
2
2
dx = x x + 1 2
0

2
2 (x2 + 1)3/2
3

x2 + 1;

x(x2 + 1)1/2 dx

1
=
0

2
2 [2 2 1] = (2 2)/3
3

(b) u2 = x2 + 1, x2 = u2 1, 2x dx = 2u du, x dx = u du;

Z 1
Z 1
Z 2 2
u 1
x3
x2

u du
dx =
x dx =
2
2
u
x +1
x +1
1
0
0
2

Z 2

1 3
2
=
u u
= (2 2)/3
(u 1)du =
3
1
1

9. Z
u = x, dv = ex dx, du Z= dx, v = ex ;
xex dx = xex + ex dx = xex ex + C

1
10. u = x, dv = sin 2x dx, du = dx, v = cos 2x;
2
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
x sin 2x dx = x cos 2x +
cos 2x dx = x cos 2x + sin 2x + C
2
2
2
4

Z
Z
2
2x
11. u = ln(2x + 3), dv = dx, du =
dx, v = x;
ln(2x + 3)dx = x ln(2x + 3)
dx
2x + 3
2x + 3

Z
Z 
2x
3
3
but
dx =
1
dx = x ln(2x + 3) + C1 so
2x + 3
2x + 3
2
Z
3
ln(2x + 3)dx = x ln(2x + 3) x + ln(2x + 3) + C
2

2
12. u = tan1 (2x), dv = dx, du =
dx, v = x;
1 + 4x2
Z
Z
2x
1
tan1 (2x)dx = x tan1 (2x)
dx = x tan1 (2x) ln(1 + 4x2 ) + C, thus
2
1 + 4x
4
Z 1/2
1
1
1
tan (2x) dx = (1/2)(/4) ln 2 = /8 ln 2
4
4
0

Review Exercises, Chapter 7

13.

395

Repeated
Differentiation

Repeated
Antidifferentiation

8x4
cos 2x
PP +
PP
PP 1
32x3
sin 2x
2
PP
PP
PP 1
96x2
cos 2x
4
PP +
PP
PP 1
192x
sin 2x
8
PP
PP
PP 1
cos 2x
192
16
PP +
PP
PP 1
0
sin 2x
32
Z

8x4 cos 2x dx = (4x4 12x2 + 6) sin 2x + (8x3 12x) cos 2x + C

5

t2 et dt; u = t2 , dv = et dt, du = 2tdt, v = et ,

14. distance =
0

distance = t2 et

i5
0

distance = 25e

tet dt; u = 2t, dv = et dt, du = 2dt, v = et ,

+2
0

2te

i5

+2

et dt = 25e5 10e5 2et

i5
0

= 25e5 10e5 2e5 + 2 = 37e5 + 2

Z
15.

sin2 5 d =

Z
16.

1
2

Z
(1 cos 10)d =

sin 2x cos 2x dx =
Z
=

1
sin x cos 2x dx =
2

/6

17.

18.
0

1
1

sin 10 + C
2
20

(1 cos2 2x) cos2 2x sin 2x dx

1
1
cos5 2x + C
(cos2 2x cos4 2x) sin 2x dx = cos3 2x +
6
10
1
1
(sin 3x sin x)dx = cos 3x + cos x + C
6
2

1
sin 2x cos 4x dx =
2

Z
0

/6


/6
1
1
(sin 6x sin 2x)dx = cos 6x + cos 2x
12
4
0

= [(1/12)(1) + (1/4)(1/2)] [1/12 + 1/4] = 1/24

19. u = 2x,

396

Chapter 7


1
1
sin3 u cos u +
2
4

1
3
1
= sin3 u cos u +
sin u cos u +
8
8
2

sin4 2x dx =

1
2

sin4 u du =

3
4


sin2 u du

1
2


du

3
3
1
sin u cos u + u + C
= sin3 u cos u
8
16
16
1
3
3
= sin3 2x cos 2x
sin 2x cos 2x + x + C
8
16
8
20. u = x2 ,
Z
Z
Z
1
1
cos5 u du =
(cos u)(1 sin2 u)2 du
x cos5 (x2 )dx =
2
2
Z
Z
Z
1
1
2
=
cos u du cos u sin u du +
cos u sin4 u du
2
2
=

1
1
1
sin u sin3 u +
sin5 u + C
2
3
10

1
1
1
sin(x2 ) sin3 (x2 ) +
sin5 (x2 ) + C
2
3
10

21. x = 3 sin , dx = 3 cos d,

Z
Z
9
9
9
9
9
(1 cos 2)d = sin 2 + C = sin cos + C
9 sin2 d =
2
2
4
2
2
p
9
1
= sin1 (x/3) x 9 x2 + C
2
2
22. x = 4 sin , dx = 4 cos d,

Z
Z
1
1
1
16 x2
1
2
csc d = cot + C =
+C
d =
2
16
16
16
16x
sin
Z
23. x = sec , dx = sec tan d,



p


sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C = ln x + x2 1 + C

24. x = 5 sec , dx = 5 sec tan d,

Z
25
25
25 sec3 d =
sec tan +
ln | sec + tan | + C1
2
2
p
1 p
25
= x x2 25 +
ln |x + x2 25| + C
2
2
25. x Z= 3 tan , dx = 3 secZ2 d,
Z
9 tan2 sec d = 9 sec3 d 9 sec d
9
9
sec tan ln | sec + tan | + C
2
2
1 p
9
1p
1
= x 9 + x2 ln |
9 + x2 + x| + C
2
2
3
3
=

26. 2x = tan , 2 dx = sec2 d,

Review Exercises, Chapter 7

397

sec csc d =

(sec tan + csc ) d

= sec ln | csc + cot | + C


 1 + 4x2

p
1


= 1 + 4x2 ln 
+
+C

2x
2x 

27.

28.

29.

30.

1
A
B
1
1
=
+
; A = , B = so
(x + 4)(x 1)
x+4 x1
5
5


Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
1  x 1 

+C
dx +
dx = ln |x + 4| + ln |x 1| + C = ln 
5
x+4
5
x1
5
5
5
x + 4
1
A
B
1
1
=
+
; A = , B = so
(x + 1)(x + 7)
x+1 x+7
6
6


Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1
1  x + 1 
+C
dx
dx = ln |x + 1| ln |x + 7| + C = ln 
6
x+1
6
x+7
6
6
6
x + 7
x2 + 2
6
=x2+
,
x+2
x+2

Z 

6
x2+
x+2

32.

dx =

1 2
x 2x + 6 ln |x + 2| + C
2

A
B
C
x2 + x 16
=
+
+
; A = 1, B = 2, C = 1 so
(x + 1)(x 3)2
x + 1 x 3 (x 3)2
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1

dx + 2
dx
dx
x+1
x3
(x 3)2
= ln |x + 1| + 2 ln |x 3| +

31.

(x 3)2
1
1
+ C = ln
+
+C
x3
|x + 1|
x3

x2
B
A
C
+
=
+
; A = 1, B = 4, C = 4 so
(x + 2)3
x + 2 (x + 2)2
(x + 2)3
Z
Z
Z
1
1
4
2
1
dx 4
dx + 4
dx = ln |x + 2| +

+C
x+2
(x + 2)2
(x + 2)3
x + 2 (x + 2)2
1
A Bx + C
= + 2
; A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 so
+ 1)
x
x +1

x(x2
Z

x3

1
1
x2
1
dx = ln |x| ln(x2 + 1) + C = ln 2
+C
+x
2
2 x +1

33. (a) With x = sec :

Z
Z
1
x2 1
dx
=
cot

d
=
ln
|
sin
|
+
C
=
ln
+ C; valid for |x| > 1.
x3 x
|x|
(b) With x = sin :
Z
Z
Z
1
1
dx =
d = 2 csc 2 d
x3 x
sin cos

= ln | csc 2 cot 2| + C = ln | cot | + C = ln

1 x2
+ C, 0 < |x| < 1.
|x|

398

Chapter 7

1
A
B
C
1
1
1
= +
+
= +
+
x
x1 x+1
x 2(x 1) 2(x + 1)
Z x
1
1
1
dx = ln |x| + ln |x 1| + ln |x + 1| + C, valid on any interval not containing
3
x x
2
2
the numbers x = 0, 1

(c)

x3

3x
C
A
B
3x
dx, 2
= + 2+
; A = 4, B = 3, C = 4
3 + x2
x
x
(x
+
1)
x
x
x
+1
1

2
3
A = 4 ln |x| + 4 ln |x + 1|
x
1
Z

34. A =

= (4 ln 2

3
3
3
3
+ 4 ln 3) (4 ln 1 3 + 4 ln 2) = 8 ln 2 + 4 ln 3 = + 4 ln
2
2
2
4

35. #40
36. #52
37. #113
38. #108
39. #28
40. #71

41. exact value = 4 2 2 1.17157

(a) 1.17138, |EM | 0.000190169
(b) 1.17195, |ET | 0.000380588
(c) 1.17157, |ES | 8.35 108

1.57080
2
(a) 1.57246, |EM | 0.00166661
(b) 1.56746, |ET | 0.00333327
(c) 1.57080, |ES | 2.0 108

42. exact value =

43. f (x) =

1
105
3
105
3
, f (4) (x) =
(x+1)7/2 ; K2 = , K4 =
, f 00 (x) =
5/2
9/2
4
4(x + 1)
16(x + 1)
x+1
2 2
28 2

23
3
1
=
4.419417 104
2400 24 2
102 24 2
3
23
= 8.838834 104
(b) |ET |
4
1200 2 2
25
7
105
=
3.2224918 107
(c) |ES |
4
9
180 204 28 2
3 10 2 2
(a) |EM |

1
and use a CAS to compute and then plot f 00 (x) and f (4) (x). One sees that the
1 + x2
absolute maxima |f 00 (x)| and |f (4) (x)| both occur at x = 0, and hence K2 = 2, K4 = 24.

44. Let f (x) =

(a) |EM |
(c) |ES |

8
(2) 0.006666667
2400
25 24
0.000026666667
180 24 104

(b) |ET |

8
(2) 0.013333333
1200

Review Exercises, Chapter 7

399

102
83
, so n 2 1/4 21.02, n 22
4
2 2
24 2 2
2
4
10
10
(b) n2 , so n
29.73, n 30
2 23/4
23 2
5
25 K4
7
105
4
4
4 2
= 104
, so
(c) Let n = 2k, then want

10
,
or
k

10
9
180(2k)4
180 24 28 2
2 3 2

1/4
7

k 10
2.38; so k 3, n 6
3 29 2

45. (a) n2 104

46. Recall from Exercise 44 that K2 = 2, K4 = 24.


1/2
(8)(2)
(a) n >
81.6; n 82
(24)(104 )


(b) n >

(8)(2)
(12)(104 )

1/2
115.47; n 116

25 K4
(c) Let n = 2k, then want
104 , or
180(2k)4

1/4
5
4 2 24
7.19, k 8, n 16
k 10
180 24
`
47.
lim (ex ) = lim (e` + 1) = 1
`+

48.

49.

`+

1
x
lim
tan1
` 2
2

lim 2 9 x

`

`9

50.

2

= lim 2( 9 ` + 3) = 6
`9

1
dx =
2x 1



1
1
1 `
= lim
tan
= [/4 (/2)] = 3/8
` 2 4
2
2

1/2

1
dx +
2x 1

1
1
1
dx = lim ln(1 2`) + lim + ln(2` 1) + C
2x 1
`1/2 2
`1/2 2

1/2

neither limit exists hence the integral diverges

+

Z
51. A =
e

Z
52. V = 2

ln x 1
ln x
dx = lim c
2
`+
x
x

= 1/e
e

`

+
x

xe
0

`

dx = 2 lim e
`+

(x + 1)

= 2 lim
0

`+



1 e` (` + 1)

1
`+1
but lim e` (` + 1) = lim
= lim ` = 0 so V = 2
`+
`+ e`
`+ e
Z

53.
0

54. (a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
(i)

`
1
dx
1

1
tan
(x/a)
= lim
tan1 (`/a) =
= 1, a = /2
=
lim
2
2
`+ a
`+ a
x +a
2a
0

integration by parts, u = x, dv = sin x dx

reduction formula
u-substitution: u = x3 + 1
integration by parts: dv = dx, u = tan1 x
u-substitution: u = 4 x2

(b)
(d)
(f )
(h)

u-substitution: u = sin x
u-substitution: u = tan x
u-substitution: u = x + 1
trigonometric substitution: x = 2 sin

55. x = 3 tan , dx = 3 sec2 d,

Z
Z
1
1
1
1
x
d =
cos d = sin + C =
+C
3
sec
3
3
3 3 + x2

400

Chapter 7

1
56. u = x, dv = cos 3x dx, du = dx, v = sin 3x;
3
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
x cos 3x dx = x sin 3x
sin 3x dx = x sin 3x + cos 3x + C
3
3
3
9
57. Use Endpaper Formula (31) to get
/4
/4
/4
/4
Z /4
1
1
1
7
6
4
2
tan d = tan
tan
+ tan
+ ln | cos |
6
4
2
0
0
0
0
0

1 1 1
5
= + ln 2 =
ln 2.
6 4 2
12
Z

cos
d, let u = sin 3,
(sin 3)2 + 3

sin2 2x cos3 2x dx =

58.

59.

=
Z

60.

sin2 2x(1 sin2 2x) cos 2x dx =

Z
0

1
1
dx = lim
(x 3)2
x3
`3

61. u = e2x , dv = cos 3x dx, du = 2e2x dx, v =

e
Z

13
9

2x

1
2
cos 3x dx = e2x sin 3x
3
3

1
2
e2x sin 3x dx = e2x cos 3x +
3
3
e2x cos 3x dx =
Z

(sin2 2x sin4 2x) cos 2x dx

`
which is clearly divergent, so the integral
0

1
sin 3x;
3

e2x sin 3x dx. Use u = e2x , dv = sin 3x dx to get

Z

e2x cos 3x dx so

1 2x
2
4
e sin 3x + e2x cos 3x
3
9
9

e2x cos 3x dx =

1
1
sin3 2x
sin5 2x + C
6
10

1
dx = lim
(x

3)2
`3
0
diverges.

1
1
du = tan1 [(sin 3)/ 3] + C
u2 + 3
3

e2x cos 3x dx,

1 2x
e (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C1 ,
9

e2x cos 3x dx =

1 2x
e (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C
13

62. x = (1/ 2) sin , dx = (1/ 2) cos d,

1

63.

/2

)
/2
Z /2
1
3
cos3 sin
+
cos2 d
4
4 /2
/2
(
)
/2
Z
3
1
1 /2
3 1
3
=
cos sin
+
d = =
2 /2
4 2 2
4 22
8 2
/2

1
cos4 d =
2
/2

1
A
B
C
1
1
1
=
+
+
;A= ,B=
,C=
so
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
x1 x+2 x3
6
15
10
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
1

dx +
dx +
dx
6
x1
15
x+2
10
x3
1
1
1
= ln |x 1| +
ln |x + 2| +
ln |x 3| + C
6
15
10

Review Exercises, Chapter 7

401

2
2
sin , dx = cos d,
3
3

/6
Z /6
Z /6
1
1
1
1
1
3
sec d =
d =
sec tan +
ln | sec + tan |
24 0
cos3
24 0
48
48
0



1
1 2 1
=
[(2/ 3)(1/ 3) + ln |2/ 3 + 1/ 3|] =
+ ln 3
48
48 3 2

64. x =

65. u =
Z 2
0

x 4, x = u2 + 4, dx = 2u du,


2
Z 2
2u2
4
1
du
=
2
1

du
=
2u

4
tan
(u/2)
=4
u2 + 4
u2 + 4
0
0

66. u =
Z

67. u =
Z

68.

2u
du,
u2 + 1

1
Z 1
1
2u2

1
1

du
=
2
du
=
(2u

2
tan
u)
=2
u2 + 1
u2 + 1
2
0
0

ex 1, ex = u2 + 1, x = ln(u2 + 1), dx =

ex + 1, ex = u2 1, x = ln(u2 1), dx =

2
du =
2
u 1

Z 

2u
du,
u2 1

x

1
1
e +11

du = ln |u 1| ln |u + 1| + C = ln x
+C
u1 u+1
e +1+1

A
Bx + C
1
= + 2
; A = 1, B = C = 1 so
x(x2 + x + 1)
x
x +x+1
Z

x 1
dx =
x2 + x + 1

x+1
dx =
(x + 1/2)2 + 3/4

u + 1/2
du,
u2 + 3/4

u = x + 1/2

1
1
= ln(u2 + 3/4) tan1 (2u/ 3) + C1
2
3
Z
so

x(x2

1
dx
1
2x + 1
= ln |x| ln(x2 + x + 1) tan1
+C
+ x + 1)
2
3
3

1
dx, v = x;
1 x2
1/2 Z 1/2
1/2
Z 1/2
1
1 p
x

dx = sin1 + 1 x2
sin1 x dx = x sin1 x

2
2
1 x2
0
0
0
0
r



1
3

3
=
+
1=
+
1
2 6
4
12
2

69. u = sin1 x, dv = dx, du =

Z
70.

tan 4x(1 + tan 4x) sec 4x dx =

Z

71.

(tan3 4x + tan5 4x) sec2 4x dx =

1
1
tan4 4x +
tan6 4x + C
16
24

x+3
p
dx, let u = x + 1,
(x + 1)2 + 1

Z
Z 
p
u+2
2
2
1/2

du =
u(u + 1)
+
du = u2 + 1 + 2 sinh1 u + C
u2 + 1
u2 + 1
p
= x2 + 2x + 2 + 2 sinh1 (x + 1) + C

402

Chapter 7

Alternate solution: let x + 1 = tan ,

Z
Z
Z
(tan + 2) sec d = sec tan d + 2 sec d = sec + 2 ln | sec + tan | + C
=

x2 + 2x + 2 + 2 ln(

Z
72. Let x = tan to get

x3

p
x2 + 2x + 2 + x + 1) + C.

1
dx.
x2

1
C
A
B
= + 2+
; A = 1, B = 1, C = 1 so
x2 (x 1)
x
x
x1
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
dx +
dx
dx = ln |x| + + ln |x 1| + C

x
x2
x1
x




 tan 1 
x 1
1



 + C = cot + ln |1 cot | + C
+ C = cot + ln 
= + ln 
x
x 
tan 
73.

74.

lim

`+

1
2(x2 + 1)

`

bx
1
lim
tan1
`+ ab
a


= lim

`

`+


1
1
1
+
=
2(`2 + 1) 2(a2 + 1)
2(a2 + 1)

b`

1
tan1
=
`+ ab
a
2ab

= lim
0

MAKING CONNECTIONS, CHAPTER 7

1. (a) u = f (x), dv = dx, du = f 0 (x), v = x;
b Z b
Z b
Z
f (x) dx = xf (x)
xf 0 (x) dx = bf (b) af (a)
a

xf 0 (x) dx

(b) Substitute y = f (x), dy = f 0 (x) dx, x = a when y = f (a), x = b when y = f (b),

Z b
Z f (b)
Z f (b)
0
xf (x) dx =
x dy =
f 1 (y) dy
a

f (a)

f (a)

(c) From a = f 1 () and b = f 1 () we get

bf (b) af (a) = f 1 () f 1 (); then

Z
Z
Z f (b)
f 1 (x) dx =
f 1 (y) dy =
f 1 (y) dy,

A1
A2

f (a)

which, by Part (b), yields

Z
Z
1
f (x) dx = bf (b) af (a)

a=f

1(a)

f (x) dx

= f 1 () f 1 ()

f 1 ()

f (x) dx
f 1 ()

Note from the figure that A1 =

f 1 (x) dx, A2 =

A1 + A2 = f 1 () f 1 (), a picture proof.

f 1 ()

f (x) dx, and

f 1 ()

b=f

1(b)

Making Connections, Chapter 7

403

2. (a) Use Exercise 1(c);

 
  Z /6
Z 1/2
Z sin1 (1/2)
1
1
1
1
sin1 x dx = sin1
0sin1 0
sin x dx = sin1

sin x dx
2
2
2
2
0
sin1 (0)
0
(b) Use Exercise 1(b);
Z e2
Z
ln x dx = e2 ln e2 e ln e
e

ln e2

f 1 (y) dy = 2e2 e

ln e

+
t

e dt = lim e

3. (a) (1) =

`

`+

ey dy = 2e2 e

= lim (e` + 1) = 1
`+

tx et dt; let u = tx , dv = et dt to get

(b) (x + 1) =
0

x t

+

(x + 1) = t e

Z
+x

x1 t

x t

e dt = t e

+
+ x(x)
0

tx
= 0 (by multiple applications of LHopitals rule)
t+
t+ et
so (x + 1) = x(x)
lim tx et = lim

(c) (2) = (1)(1) = (1)(1) = 1, (3) = 2(2) = (2)(1) = 2, (4) = 3(3) = (3)(2) = 6
Thus (n) = (n 1)! if n is a positive integer.
  Z +
Z +

2
1
(d)
=
t1/2 et dt = 2
eu du (with u = t) = 2( /2) =
2
0
0
 
 
 
 
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
5
(e)
=
=
,
=
=

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4. (a) t = ln x, x = et , dx = et dt,
Z 1
Z 0
Z
(ln x)n dx =
(t)n et dt = (1)n
0

tn et dt = (1)n (n + 1)

(b) t = xn , x = t1/n , dx = (1/n)t1/n1 dt,

Z +
Z +
n
ex dx = (1/n)
t1/n1 et dt = (1/n)(1/n) = (1/n + 1)
0

q 
p
 q
2
2
cos cos 0 = 2 sin (0 /2) sin (/2) = 2(k 2 k 2 sin2 ) = 2k 2 cos2
5. (a)
q

1
1
= 2 k cos ; k sin = sin(/2) so k cos d = cos(/2) d =
1 sin2 (/2) d
2
2
q
1
2k cos
=
1 k 2 sin2 d, thus d = p
d and hence
2
1 k 2 sin2
s
s Z
Z
8L /2
1
2k cos
L /2
1

p
T =
p
d
=
4
d
2
2
g 0
g
2k cos
0
1 k sin
1 k 2 sin2
p

(b) If L = 1.5 ft and 0 = (/180)(20) = /9, then

Z /2
3
d
q
T =
1.37 s.
2 0
1 sin2 (/18) sin2

ex dx