serves to fill COMP Tf there isnt any auxiliary we have to use the do-support It originates in INFL because it requires a ¥® complement ond then it raises to COMP. An inverted auxiliary leaves behind a trace (\¢ a silent copy of itself) in the INFL position out of which it moves when it ‘moves to COMP, The trace has the same grarmmatical features as the auxihary. The moved constituent is the antecedent of its trace and it binds the trace (ie, determines its properties).1+ commands the empty trace The moved auxiliary ond its ‘enpty trace forma chen The antecedent is the haad of the chain and the trace is the Foor Finite verbs in Early Modem English (EME) could move from V to TNFL by an operation of V movement (as is shown by word- ‘order facts in negotive sentences like Z care net for her), but this kind of movement is generally no longer possible in Modem Sterdard English (MSE) T movement and V rovement are two different reflexes of a more general head movement operation, and head movement is subject to the head mavement constraint which requines to apply in a successive eyelic fashion Verbs in EME had strong agreement-features (by virtue of the relatively rich agreement inflections they carvied) and consequently allowed a null pre subject, whereas their counterparts in MSE have weak agreement-features (by virtue of ‘their impoverished agreement morphology) and so do not license a pre subject, ‘The strong agreement features of finite verbs in EME were checked by movement of the verb (along with its features) from V to INFL (this movement is motivated by considerations of greed, ie, by the selfish desire of the verb to check its ‘own morphological features), whereas the weak agreement features of finite verbs in MSE are checked by attraction (ie percolation) of the relevant agreement features from V to INFL (with the verb, itself remaining in sifu in the head V position of VP) ‘Movement and attraction are two different reflexes of a common feature movement operation which moves grammatical features from one constituent to another, and which in the case of movement also has the effect of pied-pyping the phonetic features of the head clong with ite grammatical features. Syntax of negation: In EME the negative adverb not was positioned between the auxiliery and the verb in clauses containing 9 finite euxihary You may not deny t Tnawularless finite clauses, the main verb wes positioned infront of the negative not: He heard not thet In MSE the negative particle not functions as a syntactic heed NEG(etion) which projects into a NEGP (negation phrase) constituent ‘Not can attract the head-features of (the head verb of) ts complement, but not the specifier features of a finite verb, because it is an A-bar head, ie.¢ nenargunental head which can't have an argument as its specifier and hence can't carry subject features, Thats uhy the sentence She nor trusts his urgrammatical, because the [35Norn} specifier features of trusts con't be checked, ond so the derivation crashes of LF. (page 232) N’¢differs from notin that notisa free form whereas nis @ bound form which can only attach to other bound forms Possessive have in some varieties of English like Boo Boa Black Sheep) con behave like anauxitiary. It originates in the heed V position of VP and from there can raise te INPL, It is the last vestige of V movement. Possessive have can be directly negated by 1 'tbut ret by not This is because have can serve as abound formand hence ean ‘adjoin to the bound negative n'# (but not to the free form ned), More generally, adjunction can only adjoin one bound form ‘toanother, and comot targeta free form like not All head movement ray involve adjunction to.an affix, so that V-to-T movement involves adjunction of V to on abstract (present or past) tense affix T: one consequence of this is that clauses are projections of a tense affix T, an hence have ‘the status of TP (= tense phrose) constituents. T isa weakaffix in MSE, but was.a strong affix in EME. Weak affixes have ‘the property thet they check grammatical features, whereas strong affixes must be attached toa set of phonetic features ‘Ths requirements of the weak Tin MSE are satisfied by mergingon auxiliary with T, by attraction of the tense/agreement features of a nonauxiliary verb to T or by movement (where possessive fave has idiosyncratic pied-piping properties) . By contrast, the requirements of the strong T in EME are satisfied either by merger with an auxiliary, or by movement of o onuxiliory verb to adjoin to T. Questions ore CP constituents headed by a C nade containing a strong Qoffix: the requirement for Q to be attached toa et of phonetic features is satisfied in main clauses by adjoining a preposed (auxiliary or nonauxiliary) verb to Q, (remember do support. sometimes the only way to fill COMP is by generating the auxiliary do in INFL and then raising st to COMP) and in complement clauses by merging the complementizer ifwith Q. Grammars contain three different types of movement operations: PF movement only phonetic features move (this azcurs mn the PF component) Attraction only grammatical features are edoined to T (this occurs at LF)