LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY PUNJAB

ANNEXURE-II TERM PAPER TITLE:.......................... COURSE CODE:...................COURSE INSTRUCTOR: DOE:. DOS:

STUDENTS ROLL NUMBER:.. SECTION:

DECLARATION: I declare that this assignment is my indivisual work. I have not coppied from any other students work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text nor has any part been written for me by any other person.

Students signature:

Evaluaters comments:

Marks obtainedout of.

TERM PAPER TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION &

TERM PAPER

TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION & ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGOS

SUBMITTED TO: Ar. AMANDEEEP KAUR

SUBMITTED BY: PZ JAVEED IQBAL PARSA REG NO: 10905509 ROLL NO: RIC803A12 B-DESIGN IIYEAR

DEPARTMANT OF INTERIOR DESIGN LOVELY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
2

CONTENTS

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

04

INTRODUCTION

05

HISTORY OF SANITATION

06

WASTE WATER SANITATION

07

ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

09

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

11

ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGOS

23

CONCLUSION

27

BIBILOGRAPHY

28

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

THE TERM PAPER ENTITLED ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGOS HAS BEEN COMPILED BY KEEPING IN VEIW THE MODERN TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REQUIREMENTS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION. THE MATERIALS OF WHICH THE SAID ASSIGNMENT IS COMPILED HAS BEEN COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING BOOKS AND THE OFFICIAL WEBSITES OF VARIOUS AUTONOMOUS BODIES AND NGOS. THE SAID ASSIGNMENT FOCUSSES MAINLY ON THE MAJOR REQUIREMENTS AND NECESSITIES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN THE THE MODERN FASTEST DEVELOPING WORLD. THE ASSIGNMENT HAS COVERED ALMOST ALL THE PRIMARY ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ISSUES. THE INFORMATIONAND ROLE OF VARIOUS NGOS IS ALSO BEING INTRODUCED IN IT. SINCE THE ENVIRONMENT RELATED PROBLEMS ARE INCREASING RAPIDLY, IT IS THEREFORE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERY CITIZEN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE MOVEMENTS AND THE CAMPAIGNS HELD BY DIFFERENT NGOS. THE ASSIGNMENT ALSO CONTAINS A GOOD INFORMATIONAND THE ROLE OF THE APEX ORGANISATION IES(INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY) WHICH IS THE LARGEST NGO IN INDIA CONCERNAD WITH ENVIRONMENT.

I THANK ALL THE TEACHERS AND FRIENDS WHOSE KIND SUPPORT DURING THE COMPILATION OF THIS TERM PAPER LEAD IT TO ITS COMPLETION.

PZ JAVEED IQBAL PARSA

INTRODUCTION:
SANITATION IS THE HYGIENIC MEANS OF PROMOTING HEALTH THROUGH PREVENTION OF

HUMAN CONTACT WITH THE HAZARDS OF WASTES. HAZARDS CAN BE EITHER PHYSICAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS OF DISEASE. WASTES THAT CAN CAUSE HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE HUMAN AND ANIMAL FECES, SOLID WASTES, DOMESTIC WASTEWATER (SEWAGE, SULLAGE, GREYWATER), INDUSTRIAL WASTES, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES. HYGIENIC MEANS OF PREVENTION CAN BE BY USING ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS (E.G. SEWERAGE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT), SIMPLE TECHNOLOGIES (E.G. LATRINES, SEPTIC TANKS), OR EVEN BY PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES (E.G.

SIMPLE HANDWASHING WITH SOAP).

THE TERM "SANITATION" CAN BE APPLIED TO A SPECIFIC ASPECT, CONCEPT, LOCATION, OR STRATEGY, SUCH AS: BASIC SANITATION - REFERS TO THE MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN FECES AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL. THIS TERMINOLOGY IS THE INDICATOR USED TO DESCRIBE THE TARGET OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL ON SANITATION. ON-SITE SANITATION - THE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF WASTE IS DONE WHERE IT IS DEPOSITED. EXAMPLES ARE THE USE OF PIT LATRINES, SEPTIC TANKS, AND IMHOFF TANKS. FOOD SANITATION - REFERS TO THE HYGIENIC MEASURES FOR ENSURING FOOD SAFETY. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION - THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT FORM LINKS IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION. SUBSETS OF THIS CATEGORY ARE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT, INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT AND NOISE AND POLLUTION CONTROL. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION - A CONCEPT AND AN APPROACH OF RECYCLING TO NATURE THE NUTRIENTS FROM HUMAN AND ANIMAL WASTES.

HISTORY:
THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF URBAN SANITATION WAS SEEN IN HARAPPA, MOHENJODARO AND THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED RAKHIGARHI OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION. THIS URBAN PLAN INCLUDED THE WORLD'S FIRST URBAN SANITATION SYSTEMS. WITHIN THE CITY, INDIVIDUAL HOMES OR GROUPS OF HOMES OBTAINED WATER FROM WELLS. FROM A ROOM THAT APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN SET ASIDE FOR BATHING, WASTE WATER WAS DIRECTED TO COVERED DRAINS, WHICH LINED THE MAJOR STREETS. HOUSES OPENED ONLY TO INNER COURTYARDS AND SMALLER LANES. ROMAN CITIES AND ROMAN VILLAS HAD ELEMENTS OF SANITATION SYSTEMS, DELIVERING WATER IN THE STREETS OF TOWNS SUCH AS POMPEII, AND BUILDING STONE AND WOODEN DRAINS TO COLLECT AND REMOVEWASTEWATER FROM POPULATED AREAS - SEE FOR INSTANCE THE CLOACA MAXIMA INTO THE RIVER TIBER IN ROME. BUT THERE IS LITTLE RECORD OF OTHER SANITATION IN MOST OF EUROPE UNTIL THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES. UNSANITARY CONDITIONS AND OVERCROWDING WERE WIDESPREAD

THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND ASIA DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, RESULTING PERIODICALLY IN CATACLYSMIC PANDEMICS SUCH AS THE PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN (541-42) AND THE BLACK

DEATH (1347-1351), WHICH KILLED TENS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AND RADICALLY ALTERED SOCIETIES. VERY HIGH INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY PREVAILED IN EUROPE THROUGHOUT MEDIEVAL TIMES, DUE NOT ONLY TO DEFICIENCIES IN SANITATION BUT TO INSUFFICIENT FOOD FOR A POPULATION WHICH HAD EXPANDED FASTER THAN AGRICULTURE. THIS WAS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY FREQUENT WARFARE AND EXPLOITATION OF CIVILIANS BY BRUTAL RULERS. LIFE FOR THE AVERAGE PERSON AT THIS TIME WAS INDEED 'NASTY, BRUTISH AND SHORT.
[2]

WASTE WATER SANITATION:

THE STANDARD SANITATION TECHNOLOGY ITS IN URBAN AREAS IS THE COLLECTION TREATMENT

OF WASTEWATER IN SEWERS,

TREATMENT

IN WASTEWATER

PLANTS FOR REUSE OR DISPOSAL IN RIVERS, LAKES OR THE SEA. SEWERS ARE EITHER COMBINED WITH STORM DRAINS OR SEPARATED FROM THEM AS SANITARY

SEWERS. COMBINED SEWERS ARE USUALLY FOUND IN THE CENTRAL, OLDER PARTS OR URBAN AREAS. HEAVY RAINFALL AND INADEQUATE MAINTENANCE CAN LEAD TO COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS OR SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOWS, I.E. MORE OR LESS DILUTED RAW SEWAGE BEING DISCHARGED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT. INDUSTRIES OFTEN DISCHARGE

WASTEWATER

INTO

MUNICIPAL

SEWERS,

WHICH

CAN

COMPLICATE
[3]

WASTEWATER

TREATMENT UNLESS INDUSTRIES PRE-TREAT THEIR DISCHARGES.

THE HIGH INVESTMENT COST OF CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS ARE DIFFICULT TO AFFORD FOR MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. SOME COUNTRIES HAVE THEREFORE PROMOTED ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS SUCH AS CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE, WHICH USES SMALLER DIAMETER PIPES AT LOWER DEPTH WITH DIFFERENT NETWORK LAYOUTS FROM CONVENTIONAL SEWERAGE.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES NOT YET TREATMENT UNIVERSAL OF (FOR MUNICIPAL AN WASTEWATER OF IS NOW

WIDESPREAD, BUT

OVERVIEW

TECHNOLOGIES

SEEWASTEWATER TREATMENT). IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MOST WASTEWATER IS STILL DISCHARGE UNTREATED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT. FOR EXAMPLE, IN LATIN AMERICA ONLY ABOUT 15% OF COLLECTED SEWERAGE IS BEING TREATED.

REUSE OF WASTEWATER:
THE REUSE OF UNTREATED WASTEWATER IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IS COMMON IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THE REUSE OF TREATED WASTEWATER IN LANDSCAPING (ESP. ON GOLF COURSES), IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE AND FOR INDUSTRIAL USE IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY WIDESPREAD. IN MANY PERI-URBAN AND RURAL AREAS HOUSEHOLDS ARE NOT CONNECTED TO SEWERS. THEY DISCHARGE THEIR WASTEWATER INTO SEPTIC TANKS OR OTHER TYPES OF ON-SITE SANITATION.

ECOLOGICAL SANITATION:
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IS SOMETIMES PRESENTED AS A RADICAL ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL SANITATION SYSTEMS. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IS BASED

ON COMPOSTING OR VERMICOMPOSTING TOILETS WHERE AN EXTRA SEPARATION OF URINE AND FECES AT THE SOURCE FOR SANITIZATION AND RECYCLING HAS BEEN DONE. IT THUS ELIMINATES THE CREATION OF BLACKWATER AND ELIMINATES FECAL PATHOGENS FROM ANY STILL PRESENT WASTEWATER (URINE). IF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IS PRACTICED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER CONSISTS ONLY OF GREYWATER, WHICH CAN BE RECYCLED FOR GARDENING. HOWEVER, IN MOST CASES GREYWATER CONTINUES TO BE DISCHARGED TO SEWERS. [EDIT]SANITATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH THE IMPORTANCE OF WASTE ISOLATION LIES IN AN EFFORT TO PREVENT WATER AND SANITATION RELATED DISEASES, WHICH AFFLICTS BOTH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AS WELL AS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO DIFFERING DEGREES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT UP TO 5 MILLION PEOPLE DIE EACH YEAR FROM PREVENTABLE WATER-BORNE DISEASE AS A RESULT OF INADEQUATE SANITATION AND HYGIENE PRACTICES. THE AFFECTS OF SANITATION HAVE ALSO HAD A LARGE IMPACT ON SOCIETY.
,

GLOBAL ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION:

THE JOINT MONITORING PROGRAM FOR WATER AND SANITATION OF WHO AND UNICEF HAS DEFINED IMPROVED SANITATION AS CONNECTION TO A PUBLIC SEWER CONNECTION TO A SEPTIC SYSTEM POUR-FLUSH LATRINE SIMPLE PIT LATRINE VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINE
[6]

ACCORDING TO THAT DEFINITION, 62% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION HAS ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION IN 2008, UP 8% SINCE 1990.ONLY SLIGHTLY MORE THAN HALF OF THEM OR 31% OF THE WORLD POPULATION LIVED IN HOUSES CONNECTED TO A SEWER. OVERALL, 2.5 BILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION AND THUS MUST RESORT TO OPEN DEFECATION OR OTHER UNSANITARY FORMS OF DEFECATION, SUCH AS PUBLIC LATRINES OR OPEN PIT LATRINES.
[7]

THIS INCLUDES 1.2 BILLION PEOPLE WHO HAVE

10

ACCESS TO NO FACILITIES AT ALL. RISKS AS THE WASTE

[8]

THIS OUTCOME PRESENTS SUBSTANTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH CONTAMINATE DRINKING WATER AND CAUSE LIFE

COULD

THREATENING FORMS OF DIARRHEA TO INFANTS. IMPROVED SANITATION, INCLUDING HAND WASHING AND WATER PURIFICATION, COULD SAVE THE LIVES OF 1.5 MILLION CHILDREN WHO SUFFER FROM DIARRHEAL DISEASES EACH YEAR. IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WHERE LESS THAN 20% OF THE WORLD POPULATION LIVES, 99% OF THE POPULATION HAS ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION AND 81% WERE CONNECTED TO SEWERS.

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL:

DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IS MOST COMMONLY CONDUCTED IN LANDFILLS, BUT ALSO

INCINERATION, RECYCLING, COMPOSTING AND

CONVERSION

TO BIOFUELS ARE

AVENUES. IN THE CASE OF LANDFILLS, ADVANCED COUNTRIES TYPICALLY HAVE RIGID PROTOCOLS FOR DAILY COVER WITH TOPSOIL, WHERE UNDERDEVELOPED
[9]

COUNTRIESCUSTOMARILY RELY UPON LESS STRINGENT PROTOCOLS. DAILY COVER LIES IN THE COVER REDUCTION ALSO OF VECTOR ODOR

THE IMPORTANCE OF AND AND SPREADING REDUCES

CONTACT EMISSIONS

OF PATHOGENS.

DAILY

MINIMISES

WINDBLOWN LITTER. LIKEWISE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TYPICALLY HAVE REQUIREMENTS FOR PERIMETER SEALING OF THE LANDFILL WITH CLAY-TYPE SOILS TO MINIMIZE MIGRATION OF LEACHATE THAT COULD CONTAMINATE GROUNDWATER. FOR INCINERATION OPTIONS, THE RELEASE OF AIR POLLUTANTS, OUTCOME. THAT INCLUDING RECYCLING CERTAIN TOXIC COMPONENTS AND BIOFUEL CONVERSION LIFE ARE CYCLE IS AN ARE

ATTENDANT

ADVERSE

THE SUSTAINABLE OPTIONS PARTICULARLY WHEN

GENERALLY

HAVE

SUPERIOR

COSTS,

TOTAL ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES

CONSIDERED.

COMPOSTING VALUE WILL ULTIMATELY BE LIMITED BY THE MARKET DEMAND FOR COMPOST PRODUCT.

SANITATION IN THE DEVELPOING WORLD:

THE UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) INCLUDE A TARGET TO REDUCE BY HALF THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO BASIC SANITATION BY 2015. IN DECEMBER 2006, THEUNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY DECLARED 2008 'THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF SANITATION', IN RECOGNITION OF THE SLOW PROGRESS BEING

11

MADE TOWARDS THE MDGS SANITATION TARGET. THE YEAR AIMS TO DEVELOP AWARENESS AND ACTION TO MEET THE TARGET. PARTICULAR CONCERNS ARE: REMOVING THE STIGMA AROUND SANITATION, SO THAT THE IMPORTANCE OF SANITATION CAN BE MORE EASILY AND PUBLICLY DISCUSSED. HIGHLIGHTING THE POVERTY REDUCTION, HEALTH AND OTHER BENEFITS THAT FLOW FROM BETTER HYGIENE, HOUSEHOLD SANITATION ARRANGEMENTS AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT. RESEARCH FROM THE OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE SUGGESTS THAT SANITATION AND HYGIENE PROMOTION NEEDS TO BE BETTER 'MAINSTREAMED' IN DEVELOPMENT, IF THE MDG ON SANITATION IS TO BE MET. AT PRESENT, PROMOTION OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE IS MAINLY CARRIED OUT THROUGH WATER INSTITUTIONS. THE RESEARCH ARGUES THAT THERE ARE, IN FACT, MANY INSTITUTIONS THAT SHOULD CARRY OUT ACTIVITIES TO DEVELOP BETTER SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. FOR EXAMPLE,

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS CAN TEACH ON HYGIENE, AND HEALTH INSTITUTIONS CAN DEDICATE RESOURCES TO PREVENTATIVE WORKS (TO AVOID, FOR EXAMPLE, OUTBREAKS OF CHOLERA).

12

THE INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (IDS) COORDINATED RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION (CLTS) IS A RADICALLY DIFFERENT APPROACH TO RURAL SANITATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HAS SHOWN PROMISING SUCCESSES WHERE TRADITIONAL RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMMES HAVE FAILED. CLTS IS AN UNSUBSIDIZED APPROACH TO RURAL SANITATION THAT FACILITATES COMMUNITIES TO RECOGNIZE THE PROBLEM OF OPEN DEFECATION AND TAKE COLLECTIVE ACTION TO CLEAN UP AND BECOME OPEN DEFECATION FREE. IT USES COMMUNITY-LED METHODS SUCH AS PARTICIPATORY MAPPING AND ANALYSING PATHWAYS BETWEEN FECES AND MOUTH AS A MEANS OF GALVANIZING COMMUNITIES INTO ACTION. AN IDS 'IN FOCUS' POLICY BRIEF SUGGESTS THAT IN MANY COUNTRIES THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL FOR SANITATION IS OFF TRACK AND ASKS HOW CLTS CAN BE ADOPTED AND SPREAD ON A LARGE SCALE IN THE MANY COUNTRIES AND REGIONS WHERE OPEN DEFECATION STILL PREVAILS.
[13]

SANITATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY:

SANITATION WITHIN THE FOOD INDUSTRY MEANS TO THE ADEQUATE TREATMENT OF FOODCONTACT SURFACES BY A PROCESS THAT IS EFFECTIVE IN DESTROYING VEGETATIVE CELLS OF MICROORGANISMS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE, AND IN SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCING NUMBERS OF OTHER UNDESIRABLE MICROORGANISMS, BUT WITHOUT ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE PRODUCT OR ITS SAFETY FOR THE CONSUMER (U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 21CFR110, USA). SANITATION STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES ARE INDISPENSABLE FOR FOOD INDUSTRIES IN US, WHICH ARE REGULATED BY 9 CFR PART 416 IN CONJUNCTION WITH 21 CFR PART 178.1010. SIMILALY IN JAPAN, FOOD HYGIENE HAS TO BE REACHED THROUGH THE COMPLIANCE OF FOOD SANITATION LAW. ADDITIONALLY, IN THE FOOD AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES, THE TERM SANITARY EQUIPMENT MEANS EQUIPMENT THAT IS FULLY CLEANABLE USING CLEAN-IN-PLACE (CIP), AND STERILIZATION IN PLACE (SIP) PROCEDURES: THAT IS FULLY DRAINABLE

FROM CLEANING SOLUTIONS AND OTHER LIQUIDS. THE DESIGN SHOULD HAVE A MINIMUM AMOUNT OF DEADLEG OR AREAS WHERE THE TURBULENCE DURING CLEANING IS NOT ENOUGH TO REMOVE PRODUCT DEPOSITS. IN GENERAL, TO IMPROVE CLEANABILITY, THIS EQUIPMENT IS MADE FROM STAINLESS STEEL 316L, (AN ALLOY CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS OF MOLYBDENUM). THE SURFACE IS USUALLYELECTROPOLISHED TO AN EFFECTIVE SURFACE

13

ROUGHNESS

OF

LESS

THAN TO

0.5 MICROMETRE, THE SURFACE.THE

TO

REDUCE

THE FOR

POSSIBILITY ACTION IN

OF BACTERIAL ADHESION

URGENCY

THE SANITATION SECTOR IS OBVIOUS, CONSIDERING THE 2.6 BILLION PEOPLE WORLD-WIDE WHO REMAIN WITHOUT ACCESS TO ANY KIND OF IMPROVED SANITATION, AND THE 2.2 MILLION ANNUAL DEATHS (MOSTLY CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 5) CAUSED MAINLY BY SANITATION-RELATED DISEASES AND POOR HYGIENIC CONDITIONS. THE UNITED NATIONS, DURING THE MILLENNIUM SUMMIT IN NEW YORK IN 2000 AND THE WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN JOHANNESBURG IN 2002, DEVELOPED A SERIES OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) AIMING TO ACHIEVE POVERTY ERADICATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. THE SPECIFIC TARGET SET FOR THE PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IS TO HALVE THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND ADEQUATE SANITATION BY 2015. THE [[JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME 99 (JMP) OF THE WHO AND UNICEF REPORTED IN 2004 THAT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LACKING BASIC SANITATION SERVICES ROSE FROM 2.1 BILLION IN 2001 TO 2.6 BILLION BY 2004. AS THE JMP AND THE UNDP HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT (2006) HAVE SHOWN, THE PROGRESS TOWARDS MEETING THE MDG SANITATION TARGET IS HOWEVER MUCH TOO SLOW, WITH AN ENORMOUS GAP EXISTING BETWEEN THE INTENDED COVERAGE AND TODAYS REALITY ESPECIALLY IN SUB-SAHARA AFRICA AND PARTS OF ASIA AS IT CAN BE SEEN IN THE AMP SHOWING THE RELATIVE SIZES FOR EACH COUNTRY AND THE NECESSARY CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVED SANITATION INSTALLATIONS UNTIL 2015. THE REASONS FOR THIS ARE NUMEROUS. A MAJOR ISSUE IS THE FACT THAT SANITATION RARELY BENEFITS FROM THE POLITICAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO OTHER TOPICS DESPITE ITS KEY IMPORTANCE ON MANY OTHER SECTORS AND ON ALL OTHER MDGS. POLITICAL WILL HAS BEEN SORELY LACKING WHEN IT COMES TO PLACING SANITATION HIGH ON THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA. THIS HAS PUSHED SANITATION INTO THE SHADOWS OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS FOR EXAMPLE, AND LIMITED INNOVATION IN THE SECTOR. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IS THE BRANCH OF PUBLIC HEALTH THAT IS CONCERNED WITH ALL ASPECTS OF THE NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT THAT MAY AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH. OTHER TERMS THAT CONCERN OR REFER TO THE DISCIPLINE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INCLUDE ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PROTECTION.

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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IS DEFINED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AS: THOSE ASPECTS OF THE HUMAN BODY HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE THAT ARE DETERMINED BY FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. IT ALSO REFERS TO THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ASSESSING AND CONTROLLING FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN POTENTIALLY AFFECT HEALTH. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AS USED BY THE WHO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE, INCLUDES BOTH THE DIRECT PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS, RADIATION AND SOME BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, AND THE EFFECTS (OFTEN INDIRECT) ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF THE BROAD PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC ENVIRONMENT WHICH [1] INCLUDES HOUSING, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, LAND USE AND TRANSPORT. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADDRESSES ALL HUMAN-HEALTH-RELATED ASPECTS OF BOTH THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS INCLUDE: AIR QUALITY, INCLUDING BOTH AMBIENT OUTDOOR AIR AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY, WHICH ALSO COMPRISES CONCERNS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE. BODY ART SAFETY, INCLUDING TATTOOING, BODY PIERCING AND PERMANENT

COSMETICS. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE.

15

FOOD

SAFETY,

INCLUDING

IN AGRICULTURE, TRANSPORTATION, FOOD

PROCESSING, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DISTRIBUTION AND SALE. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT, CONTAMINATED SITE REMEDIATION, THE PREVENTION OF LEAKS FROM UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AND THE PREVENTION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND RESPONSES TO EMERGENCY SITUATIONS RESULTING FROM SUCH RELEASES. HOUSING, INCLUDING SUBSTANDARD HOUSING ABATEMENT AND THE INSPECTION

OF JAILS AND PRISONS. CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING PREVENTION. LAND USE PLANNING, INCLUDING SMART GROWTH. LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL, INCLUDING CITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND ONSITE WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, SUCH AS SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS

AND CHEMICAL TOILETS. MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL. NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE. RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH, INCLUDING EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION FROM X-

RAYS OR RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES. RECREATIONAL WATER ILLNESS PREVENTION, INCLUDING FROM SWIMMING POOLS, SPAS AND OCEAN AND FRESHWATER BATHING PLACES. SAFE DRINKING WATER. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, SOLID WASTE

INCLUDING LANDFILLS, RECYCLING FACILITIES, COMPOSTING AND TRANSFER STATIONS.

16

TOXIC CHEMICAL

EXPOSURE

WHETHER

IN CONSUMER

PRODUCTS,

HOUSING,

WORKPLACES, AIR, WATER OR SOIL. VECTOR CONTROL, INCLUDING THE OTHER ANIMALS CONTROL THAT MAY

OF MOSQUITOES, RODENTS, FLIES, COCKROACHES AND TRANSMIT PATHOGENS.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INFORMATION:

THE TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INFORMATION PROGRAM AT THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE (NLM) MAINTAINS A COMPREHENSIVE TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH WEB SITE THAT INCLUDES ACCESS TO RESOURCES PRODUCED BY TEHIP AND BY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS. THIS WEB SITE INCLUDES LINKS TO DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, TUTORIALS, AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC AND CONSUMER-ORIENTED RESOURCES. TEHIP ALSO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TOXICOLOGY DATA NETWORK (TOXNET)[2], AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DATABASES THAT ARE AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE ON THE WEB.

EFFECTS OF TOBACCO CONSUMING:

IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE PRODUCTION AND HARVESTING OF TOBACCO FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION HAS SOME FINANCIAL BENEFITS DUE TO THE HIGH DEMAND BUT ALSO CAN HAVE HUGE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS. THERE IS THE LARGE AMOUNT OF TREES HARVESTED FOR USE IN CURING THE TOBACCO LEAVES, IT TAKES ON AVERAGE 2-3 HECTARES PER TON OF TOBACCO TO BE CURED. WHERE EROSION IS PREVALENT THE TREES BEING HARVESTED HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SOIL THAT THE CROPS ARE GROWN IN. IN RESPECTS TO THE INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN THE FARMING PROCESS: THE HIGH AMOUNT OF PESTICIDES NEED TO ENSURE A PLENTIFUL CROP OF TOBACCO ARE HIGHLY DANGEROUS OVER TIME. TOBACCO REQUIRES MUCH MORE PESTICIDES AND BECAUSE OF THAT INCREASED NUMBER THE RISK FOR FARMERS INCREASES TREMENDOUSLY. THE PRODUCTION AND HARVESTING OF TOBACCO HAVE POSITIVE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FARMERS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS BUT

17

THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS COULD BE SEEN AS FAR MORE IMPORTANT. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN RWANDA IS CHARACTERIZED BY A RAPID INCREASE IN ACCESS OVER THE PAST YEARS IN RURAL AREAS, AIDED BY A CLEAR GOVERNMENT POLICY AND SIGNIFICANT DONOR SUPPORT. IN RESPONSE TO POOR SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL WATER SYSTEMS AND POOR SERVICE QUALITY, IN 2002 LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE NORTHERN BYUMBA PROVINCE, INSPIRED BY SIMILAR EXPERIENCES IN

NEIGHBORING UGANDA, CONTRACTED OUT SERVICE PROVISION TO THE LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR IN A FORM OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP. SUPPORT FOR PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS BECAME A GOVERNMENT POLICY IN 2004. ACCESS TO ADEQUATE BASIC SANITATION REMAINS WOEFULLY LOW AT LESS THAN 10%, ACCORDING TO THE 2005 INTEGRAL HOUSEHOLD LIVING CONDITIONS SURVEY. IN URBAN AREAS, A 5-YEAR MANAGEMENT CONTRACT TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PUBLIC UTILITY ELECTROGAZ WAS TERMINATED EARLY BY THE GOVERNMENT IN 2006. FIGURES ON ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION VARY DEPENDING ON THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION, APPARENTLY IN PART BECAUSE DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS MAY HAVE BEEN USED FOR ACCESS TO AN IMPROVED WATER SOURCE AND IMPROVED SANITATION. THE FACT THAT MANY RURAL WATER SYSTEMS ARE NOT FUNCTIONING PROPERLY MAKES IT ALSO DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE EFFECTIVE ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY. THE FOLLOWING TABLE COMPARES ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY ACCORDING TO VARIOUS SOURCES, HIGHLIGHTING THE DIFFICULTY TO OBTAIN RELIABLE DATA ON THE CHANGE IN ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS USED. THE DATA APPEAR TO INDICATE THAT ACCESS DECREASED OVER TIME, WHILE IN THE SAME PERIOD SIGNIFICANT INVESTMENTS WERE UNDERTAKEN IN RURAL WATER SUPPLY. THE

GOVERNMENT'S 2002 POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT INDEED "SUSTAINED ACCESS TO POTABLE WATER SOURCES HAS PROBABLY DECLINED IN RURAL AREAS" SINCE 1995.
[4]

A MAIN REASON IS POOR MAINTENANCE AND INSUFFICIENT

COST RECOVERY, LEADING TO THE BREAKDOWN OF SYSTEMS, IN PARTICULAR THOSE RELYING ON PUMPING. DESPITE FAVORABLE RAINFALL, LITTLE USE IS MADE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING, EXCEPT BY A FEW HEALTH CENTERS AND CHURCHES. CONCERNING SANITATION, ONLY ABOUT 15% OF URBAN WASTEWATER IS COLLECTED THROUGH SEWERS. AS FAR AS SANITATION IN INSTITUTIONS IS CONCERNED, ONLY 20% OF

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PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS HAVE LATRINES. THE SITUATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS, PRISONS, HEALTH CENTERS AND MARKETS IS ALSO POOR. ABOUT HALF OF RURAL WATER SCHEMES DID NOT FUNCTION IN 2004 ACCORDING TO AN EXTENSIVE FIELD SURVEY.

DECENTRALIZATION AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS:

IN 2000 THE GOVERNMENT BEGAN A PROCESS OF DECENTRALIZATION, GIVING THE COUNTRY'S 30 DISTRICTS MORE REVENUES AND DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY. DISTRICTS, WHICH WERE ALREADY NOMINALLY THE OWNERS OF RURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, NOW BEGAN TO DEVELOP THEIR CAPACITY TO PLAN AND EXECUTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS. IN 2002 LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE NORTHERN BYUMBA PROVINCE, INSPIRED BY SIMILAR EXPERIENCES IN NEIGHBORING UGANDA, CONTRACTED OUT SERVICE PROVISION TO THE LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR IN A FORM OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP. FOLLOWING THAT LOCAL EXPERIENCE, THE GOVERNMENT EVENTUALLY ABANDONED ITS POLICY OF COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT AND DECIDED IN 2004 TO PROMOTE LOCAL PUBLICPRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOLLOWING THE "BYUMBA MODEL". WITH THE BACKING UP OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, DISTRICTS THUS COMPETITIVELY BID OUT AND SIGNED

CONTRACTS WITH PRIVATE SERVICE PROVIDERS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. IN 2007, 140 RURAL PIPED WATER SYSTEMS (25% OF THE TOTAL) WERE MANAGED THROUGH PUBLICPRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS.

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THE MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE (MININFRA) IS SUPPORTING DISTRICTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, LATRINES AND HYGIENE PROMOTION WITH THE SUPPORT OF UNICEF. THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS (MINALOC) IS IN CHARGE OF ACCOMPANYING LOCAL PARTICIPATORY PLANNING POLICY.
[15]

PROCESSES,

APPYING

THE

GOVERNMENT'S

COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT

ACTUAL PLANNING IS CARRIED OUT BY RWANDA'S 30 DISTRICTS THROUGH

DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANS WHICH ARE ELABORATED USING A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH. THE DISTRICTS ALSO OWN THE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE. THE REGULATORY AGENCY RWANDA UTILITIES REGULATORY AGENCY (RURA), CREATED BY LAW IN 2001, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ECONOMIC REGULATION OF THE

TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRICITY, WATER, SANITATION, GAS AND TRANSPORTATION SECTORS. ITS MISSION IS TO: ENSURE THAT CERTAIN UTILITIES PROVIDE GOODS AND SERVICES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY TO MEET IN TRANSPARENCY ALL REASONABLE DEMANDS AND NEEDS OF ALL NATURAL PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS; ENSURE THAT ALL UTILITY SUPPLIERS HAVE ADEQUATE MEANS TO FINANCE THEIR ACTIVITIES; CONTINUALLY PROMOTE THE INTEREST OF USERS AND POTENTIAL USERS OF THE GOODS AND SERVICES PROVIDED BY UTILITIES SO THAT THERE IS EFFECTIVE COMPETITION WHEN COMPETITION IS INTRODUCED IN EACH UTILITY SECTOR AND PROTECTION OF USERS FROM ABUSES OF MONOPOLY POSITIONS IS ENSURED BECAUSE CERTAIN PUBLIC UTILITY SECTORS HAVE A MONOPOLY OVER THE MARKET. FACILITATE AND ENCOURAGE PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN INVESTMENTS IN PUBLIC UTILITIES; ENSURE COMPLIANCE BY PUBLIC UTILITIES WITH THE LAWS GOVERNING THEIR ACTIVITIES. THE PURPOSE OF THE AGENCY'S WATER AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT IS TO: REGULATE IN A WAY THAT PROMOTES FAIR COMPETITION, SUSTAINABLE AND EFFICIENT USE OF WATER RESOURCES; ENSURE BETTER QUALITY OF SERVICES TO CUSTOMERS AT FAIR PRICES; ENSURE EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT BY ENFORCING WASTES DISPOSAL AND BY-PRODUCTS TREATMENT REGULATIONS.

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IN URBAN AREAS. THE PUBLIC ENTERPRISE ELECTROGAZ IS IN CHARGE OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY (AS WELL AS ELECTRICITY AND GAS SUPPLY) IN URBAN AREAS, INCLUDING THE CAPITAL KIGALI AND 10 OTHER TOWNS. ITS MONOPOLY WAS LIFTED IN 1999. RURAL AREAS. THERE ARE 847 PIPED RURAL WATER SYSTEMS IN RWANDA AND 19,300 PROTECTED SPRINGS. MOST OF THE PIPED WATER SYSTEMS ARE PUMPED SYSTEMS, AS OPPOSED TO GRAVITY SYSTEMS, SINCE IN RWANDA MANY SETTLEMENTS ARE AT HIGHER ALTITUDE THAN THE WATER SOURCES SERVING THEM. MANY SYSTEMS SERVE A LARGE NUMBER OF VILLAGES: THE LARGEST ONES SERVE UP TO 120,000 PEOPLE LIVING IN VILLAGES DOZENS OF KILOMETERS APART. ALMOST ALL USERS ARE SERVED THROUGH WATER SALES POINTS WHERE WATER IS SOLD OR GIVEN AWAY FOR FREE BY THE BUCKET. HOUSE CONNECTIONS ARE RARE IN RURAL AREAS. SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS ARE PROVIDED BY COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS (ABOUT 650 SYSTEMS), BY PRIVATE OPERATORS UNDER CONTRACT WITH DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (ABOUT 140 SYSTEMS) AND PRIVATELY OWNED SYSTEMS (ABOUT 60), MOST OF WHICH WERE PRIVATELY OWNED SINCE AT LEAST 2000. WATER TARIFFS IN RURAL AREAS ARE USUALLY MEASURED BY JERRYCAN (BUCKET) FOR WATER SOLD AT WATER KIOSKS OR PUBLIC STANDPOSTS. IN RURAL WATER SYSTEMS MANAGED BY PRIVATE OPERATORS IN 2004 THE WATER TARIFFS PER JERRYCAN OF 20 LITERS VARIED BETWEEN 14 AND 25 RWANDAN FRANC (RWF), EQUIVALENT TO ABOUT 2.5 TO 4.5 US CENTS PER GERRYCAN OR US$ 1.25 - 2.25 PER CUBIC METER, ACCORDING TO THE UTILITIES REGULATORY AGENCY.
[17]

HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO A WORLD BANK REPORT OF

2008 TARIFFS RANGE FROM ONLY RWF 2.5 (GRAVITY-FED SYSTEMS) TO RWF 15 (PUMPING SYSTEMS) PER JERRYCAN (EQUIVALENT TO US$0.25 TO US$1.40/M3). IN ADDITION, AND TO ALLEVIATE THE FINANCIAL BURDEN FOR THE POOREST PART OF THE RURAL POPULATION, THE DISTRICTS KEEP A LIST OF VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS (WIDOWS, POOR SINGLE-PARENT HOUSEHOLDS), WHO GET FREE ACCESS TO WATER POINTS. THESE LISTS ARE DRAWN UP BY COMMUNITIES AND APPROVED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES. ACCORDING TO THE WORLD BANK, "THE PRINCIPLE OF PAYING WATER AT STANDPOSTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE VOLUME CONSUMED HAS BEEN WIDELY ACCEPTED, AS THE WATER USERS ACKNOWLEDGED THE IMPROVEMENTS IN SERVICE DELIVERY. MORE THAN FIFTEEN YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WITH ADMINISTRATIVE OR COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OF WATER SERVICES PROVED THAT FREE OR UNPAID WATER RESULTED IN LITTLE WATER OR NO WATER AT ALL.

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FOR THE FEW HOUSE CONNECTIONS THE VOLUMETRIC TARIFF IS SET AT BETWEEN RWF622 AND RWF850 PER M3 (US$ 1.13 AND 1.55 PER M3) ACCORDING TO THE REGULATORY AGENCY AND AT RWF185 TO RWF600 PER M3 ACCORDING TO THE WORLD BANK.

EXTERNAL COOPERATION:
DONORS IN THE RWANDAN RURAL WATER SECTOR FOLLOW A UNIFIED IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK WHICH IS BASED ON THE GOVERNMENTS NATIONAL STRATEGY AND PROGRAM AND MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK. ACCORDING TO THE RWANDAN DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY, IN 2005 RWANDAS "ACHIEVEMENTS IN ESTABLISHING AN AID COORDINATION, HARMONIZATION, AND ALIGNMENT FRAMEWORK ARE BEING RECOGNIZED AS INTERNATIONAL BEST-PRACTICE." THIS IS SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS COMPARED TO THE OBSERVATION IN THE GOVERNMENT'S 2002 POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER, WHICH HAD OBSERVED "A PIECEMEAL AND UNCOORDINATED APPROACH" AMONG DONORS IN THE SECTOR AND HAD CALLED FOR A SECTOR-WIDE APPROACH. THE WORLD BANK SUPPORTED RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION THROUGH A SERIES OF PROJECTS, INCLUDING THE US$ 72.3 MILLION WATER SUPPLY 02 PROJECT (1987-1998) AND THE US$ 20 MILLION RURAL WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT (2000-2007). THE LATTER HAS PROVIDED 352,000 PEOPLE WITH ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SERVICES BY DECEMBER 2006. AT THE SAME TIME MORE THAN 12 PERCENT OF THE 830 WATER-PIPED SYSTEMS

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EXISTING IN THE COUNTRY WERE PRIVATELY MANAGED. THE WORLD BANK RATED THE PROJECT HIGHLY SATISFACTORY IN ITS 2008 COMPLETION REPORT.

ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGOS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION:

THERE ARE VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS EMPLOYED MAINLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION. IN INDIA THERE IS A NUMEROUS NUMBER OF NON GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS WHICH SERVE THEIR BEST TO THE INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION. ONE OF THEM IS INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY.

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THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF SUCH AN NGO IS PICTURISED BELOW:

>INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY:

INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY (IES), A NON-PROFIT DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION, HAS BEEN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVES IN INDIA SINCE 1972. IES IS ACTIVE IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, ECO-TECHNOLOGY & HERITAGE

CONSERVATION. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION HAS BEEN THE CENTREPIECE OF ALL PROGRAMS OF THE SOCIETY. THE ORGANIZATION IS MERITORIOUSLY OPERATING IN DIFFERENT STATES OF THE COUNTRY. REGISTERED UNDER THE SOCIETIES REGISTRATION ACT XXI, 1860, THE INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY (IES) A DYNAMIC AND FLEXIBLE ORGANIZATION WITH A GLOBAL VISION AND LOCAL FOCUS- WAS SET UP IN 1972 TO INCREASE THE CONSCIOUSNESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAJOR

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS FACING THE EARTH TODAY. INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY HAS BEEN PROVIDING LEADERSHIP ROLE IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SINCE ITS INCEPTION. IES HAS BEEN ENGAGED IN ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION. THE PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES UNDERTAKEN BY IES MOVE FROM LOCAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL STRATEGIES TO SUGGESTING GLOBAL SOLUTIONS ON CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT RELATED ISSUES. IES HAS CREATED WIDESPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIC AWARENESS BY PROMOTING COMMUNITY BASED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS. THE AIM OF THE SOCIETY IS TO REACH OUT TO GENERAL MASSES WITH THE MESSAGES AND SERVICES, BUILD-UP GRASS-ROOT MOVEMENT, AND INFLUENCE NEED BASED POLICY FORMULATION. ITS GOAL IS TO PROVIDE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK THAT ARE ECOLOGICALLY SOUND, SELF SUSTAINING AND EQUITABLE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES AND ACTIVITIES WITH A PHILOSOPHY OF SELF-HELP AND COMMUNITY

OPPORTUNITIES. ITS MISSION TO PROMOTE, ENCOURAGE KNOWLEDGE, UNDERSTANDING, AND APPRECIATION OF NATURE; TO PROPAGATE ECO-TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE; TO UNDERTAKE PILOT PROJECTS FOR DEMONSTRATION OF VIABLE DEVELOPMENTAL OPTIONS; TO PROMOTE AND PROVIDE TRAINING, RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ON

ENVIRONMENT; TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY ACTION FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ECO-DEVELOPMENT; TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION THROUGH WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES,

AUDIOVISUALS ETC.; TO REMOVE GENDER DISPARITY, CHILD LABOUR, PROMOTE EQUITY AND SOCIAL HARMONY; TO COLLABORATE WITH LIKE-MINDED INSTITUTIONS IN CREATING NETWORK

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND AWARENESS NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAMPAIGN (NEAC) ENVIS (ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM) CENTRE

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THE GLOBE PROGRAM WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF RIVER YAMUNA AND AWARENESS BUILDING PROGRAMMES FOR SCHOOLS

CAPACITY BUILDING FOR HANDS-ON ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING PROGRAMME UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN SCHOOL SYSTEM ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTATION AT SCHOOL EDUCATION SCHEME GLOBE INITIATIVE ITS USES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE SITES NATIONAL GREEN CORPS

THE PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES UNDERTAKEN BY IES MOVE FROM LOCAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL STRATEGIES TO SUGGESTING GLOBAL SOLUTIONS ON CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT RELATED ISSUES. IES HAS CREATED WIDESPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIC AWARENESS BY PROMOTING COMMUNITY BASED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS. THE AIM OF THE SOCIETY IS TO REACH OUT TO GENERAL MASSES WITH THE MESSAGES AND SERVICES, BUILD-UP GRASS-ROOT MOVEMENT, AND INFLUENCE NEED BASED POLICY FORMULATION.

>LAWDA(LAKES AND WATERWAYS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF INDIA):

LAWDA IS AN NGO WHICH IS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH THE MAINTAINANCE OF LAKES AND OTHER WATER BODIES. IN INDIA THERE ARE NUMEROUS SOURCES OF WATER WHICH SHOULD BE PRESERVED, THIS ORGANISATION IS TRYING TO MAINTAIN THESE WATER SOURCES FOR OUR BETTER TOMORROW.

THE KEY MOTIVES OF THIS NGO ARE:

>DEVEEDING OF LAKES AT REGULAR INTERVALS >MAKING PEOPLE AWARE ABOUT THE WATER BORNE DESAESES. >EDUCATING PEOPLE LIVING NEAR THE WATER BODIES FOR NOT POLLUTING THE WATER SOURCES. >CARRYING OUT CAMPAIGNS FOR AWARENESS AND NECESSITY OF WATER.

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>GREEN GLOBE KASHMIR:

GREEN GLOBE IS A J & K BASED NGO WHICH HAS ITS GREAT INFLUENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN J & K AND OTHER NORTHERN PARTS OF INDIA. THE SAID NGO IS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH THE OVERALL HEALTH AND HYGEINE OF THE RESIDENTS OF NORTHERN INDIA. THE NGO IS EMPLOYING POOR AND BACKWARD TRIBES OF PEOPLE FOR THE COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM THE COLLECTION SITES. THE NGO IS FULLY MAINTAINING THE ASIAS LARGEST WETLAND HOKERA WHICH IS LOCATED IN THE HEART OF KASHMIR. THIS NGO PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION OF NORTHERN INDIA. THERE ARE VARIOUS AUTONOMOUS BODIES WHICH ARE MAINLY CONCERNED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND THEY ARE TRYING HARD TO OVERCOME THESE PROBLEMS AND HENCE MAKING A PULLOTION FREE ATMOSPHERE.

CONCLUSION

THUS THE SYSTEM OF SANITATION INVOLVES THE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL WORK OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY SO THAT THE TOWN OR CITY MAY REMAIN CLEAN WITHOUT ARRISING ANY INSANITARY CONDITION. AGAIN, THE PURPOSE OF WELL PLANNED SANITATIONS IS TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE FROM INFECTIOUS DESEASES. THE REFUSE SHOULD BE REMOVED QUICKLY FROM THE TOWN AREA SO THAT THE BAD ODOUR, FLY NUISANCE AND UGLY ENVIRONMENT MAY NOT ARISE. THUS IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERY CITIZEN TO PARTICIPATE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGNS IN ORDER TO MAKE THIS EARTH A LOVELY PLACE TO LIVE IN. SO LET ME CONCLUDE WITH BAPUS SAYING TREAT NATURE WELL THE NATURE WILL TREAT YOU WELL; HURT OR DESTROY NATURE THE NATURE WILL SOON DESTROY U

THANKS

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BIBILOGRAPHY:

THE MATERIALS OF WHICH THE TERM PAPER IS COMPILED HAS BEEN EXTRACTED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING BY N N BASAK

OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY(www.iesglobal.org)

LIBRARY STUDIES

www.environmentevents.org/downloads/nacee-2007

www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/11080

MOREOVER THE INFORMATION HAS BEEN COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS JOURNALS, NEWSLETTERS AND MAGAZINES WHICH ARE THE PRIME SOURCES OF THE INFORMATION REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION.

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