Sarah Rosenberger & Nicole Nelson REACH, 2012 J.

Thomas & Haro, 5th & 6th Period Works Cited Primary Sources 1. Back Yard Steel Furnaces at Xuchang, Henan Province. Photograph. Long Bow Archive, Xuchang. CHINA HERITAGE QUARTERLY. ANU College of Asia & the Pacific (CAP), The Australian National University, 21 Apr. 2011. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=018_1959after math.inc&issue=018>. This is a picture of a large villages backyard furnaces. It was used to provide a visual to our readers of backyard steel furnaces. 2. Chang, Jung. Wild Swans. New York: Simon and Schuster; Touchstone, 1991. Print. This source includes the stories and views of three generations of Chinese women who lived during the Great Leap Forward. It helped us relate to the peasants going through the Great Leap Forward and see the rapid changes that existed and the reactions they caused in the people. 3. Durdin, Tillman. "Chinese Undergoing Vast Social Upheaval: New Communes Impose Regimen More Harsh Than In Soviet." Editorial. New York Times [New York] 02 Nov. 1958. ProQuest. ProQuest. Web. 04 Oct. 2011. The article contains the opinions and viewpoints of the American people close to the peak of the Great Leap Forward. Their viewpoints allow us to see what a spectator country perceived from Chinas Great Leap Forward. 4. "Economic Strides Reported by China." The Washington and Times Herald (4 Aug. 1958): A14. ProQuest. ProQuest LLC. Web. 31 Oct. 2011 This is an article created in America about the economic achievements of China during

the Great Leap Forward. This showed us what the people of America were thinking about the Great Leap Forward while it was happening. 5. Enlai, Zhou. "The Sino-Indian Boundary Question." Letter to Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of the Republic of India. 07 Nov. 1959. Marxists Internet Archive. Foreign Languages Press, n.d. Apr. 2005. Web. 08 Sept. 2011. This source gives a view on some of the non-communist relations that China had during the peak of the Great Leap Forward with other countries. This particular letter was addressing the conflict at the border between India and China and the small confrontations of armed combatants, showing that there was not just continuous violent pressure from Chinas own people but also from those of other countries. This was very beneficial in showing the strained relationships between even comrade countries and China, and that there were many different burdens on Chinas government during the time of the Great Leap Forward. 6. "Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)." Chinese Posters. International Institute of Social History. nd. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://www.chineseposters.net>. This website provides many images of propaganda posters that were created and posted during the Great Leap Forward. These can be used as primary sources. Propaganda is a large part of Mao and many other leaders reign.

7. "Great Leap Forward Image." Flickr. Yahoo! Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3061/3021130040_c86995219f.jpg>. This is an image of Great Leap Forward victims. This primary source backs up our position on the Great Leap Forward's effect on the people, showing the extensive labor they were forced to endure.

8. Hickey, David. "Great Leap Forward Interview." Personal interview. 28 Oct. 2011. This was an interview with Asian bibliographer David Hickey. His many readings of The Great Leap Forward and Communist China provided us with an in person account of the Great Leap Forward along with a person who had lived through the Cultural Revolution's viewpoint. 9. Mao Zedong as the Never Setting Sun. Photograph. 14. CHINAS METAPHYSICAL RIVALRY WITH TIBET. Trimondi Online Magazine. Victor & Victoria

Trimondi, 2003. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. <http://www.trimondi.de/SDLE/Part-214.htm>. This is a propaganda poster portraying Mao Zedong as "the never setting sun". This gave us a visual representation of Mao Zedong and a view into how the people saw him. 10. The One Child Law. Photograph. 1958: The Great Leap Forward, China. China-Mike a China Travel Guide. China Mike. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://www.chinamike.com/>. This is a picture showing a Chinese family eating a meal taken during the Great Leap Forward. We used this as a visual representation of the emaciated conditions even when the government had begun to try and solve the problem. 11. Ryan, William L. "'Great Leap Forward' Became Step Backward." The Day [New London] 24 Jan. 1967: 3. Print. This source provided us with an American outlook on the Great Leap Forward from the point of view of a writer from Connecticut less than a decade later. We use this to see how others reacted to this event, and the information that was provided publicly to the people. This source also gives us an outlook of what China was like to the people outside the regions, as the headings says; they considered 'Red China' a great failure. 12. "State of the Nations The Great Leap Forward: Part 1." Christian Science Moniter (5 Dec. 1958): 1. ProQuest. ProQuest LLC. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. This is a Science Journal published in America during the peak of the Great Leap Forward. It showed us the propaganda America used to show Mao and Communist China along with their viewpoint. 13. Wu, Harry, Jasper Becker, Lee Edwards, and Frank Dikotter. The Heritage Foundation. Proc. of An International Confrence on the Great Leap Forward, 1734 20th Street, Washington D.C. The Heritage Foundation, 18 Feb. 2012. Web. 18 Feb. 2012. <http://www.heritage.org/events/2012/02/great-chinese-famine>. This conference, published online, covered the 50th anniversary of the Great Leap Forward. We used this to obtain personal stories of the troubles of the Great Leap Forward and the words of the exports. Many of the videos on our website are from this

conference, and it provided us with useful footage that illustrated the depth of the Great Leap Forward. Secondary 14. Akbar, Arifa. "Mao's Great Leap Forward 'killed 45 Million in Four Years'" Editorial. The Independent [London] 17 Sept. 2010, Arts & Entertainment sec. The Independent. Web. 16 Sept. 2011. <www.independent.co.uk>. The newspaper article by Arifa Akbar is about the world renowned author, Frank Diktter, speaking at the Independent Woodstock Literary Festival in London, Great Britain, and includes some of the startling discoveries he has found while searching through Chinas records from 2006 until today. This article is beneficial because it allows us to see the finest points that a professional journalist would use to summarize and get across to his readers what the Great Leap Forward is and what happened during its four year span, giving us a paramount example to use when condensing our own information.

15. Becker, Jasper. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. New York: Henry Holt, 1998. Print. This book was a valuable breakdown of the Great Leap forward, containing many interviews of people alive during the event. These interviews not only give proof of the event erased from history, but they also give us first hand experiences to use in our project. The book covered every aspect, including how the economy, religion, social aspects, etc. were changed in the Great Leap Forward. 16. "China - The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60." Country Studies. U.S. Library of Congress. Web. 15 Sept. 2011. <http://countrystudies.us/>. This website provided us with an overview of the workings of China's economy during the Great Leap Forward. We used this website to conduct cause and effect based research on our topic, and also understand the chain of events before and after the time period. Using this data we can help illustrate the timeline of the Great Leap Forward. 17. na. Photograph. China's Rising. Seeking Alpha. Seeking Alpha, 5 June 2009. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://seekingalpha.com/article/141594-china-s-economicascendancy-part-2>. This picture is a graph of the industry in China over the years. We used this graph as a

visual to show the difference between China during the Great Leap Forward and today. 18. Chirot, Daniel. "Chapter 6: Imagined Egalitarian Hells Maoism and the Khmer Rouge." Modern Tyrants: the Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age. New York: Free, 1994. 175-230. Print. This source provides in-depth explanations of Maoism and its affect on the Chinese culture. We used this to give us a deep understanding of the basis of Maos thinking and the use of these thoughts in the Great Leap Forward. 19. Demonstrations at Tiananmen Square. Prod. CBS News. CBS News, 1998. Discovery Education. Web. 10 February 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. This is a video on the revolution of Tiananmen Square. We used this to provide an audio and visual summary of the revolution for our readers. 20. Dikotter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: the History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-1962. New York: Walker & Company, 2010. Print. Organized in a chronological format with an easily comprehensible timeline that is very helpful for spatial understanding this source has unbiased information about the politics behind the Great Leap Forward with statistics about Mao and the people during that time. This source allowed us to understand the many economic, political, and social downfalls that China experienced during the period of the Great Leap Forward and the peoples feelings about these events. 21. Harms, William. "China's Great Leap Forward." The University of Chicago Chronicle 19 Mar. 1996. Print. This article was one of the first sources we found on the Great Leap Forward, and provided us with the basis for our research. It allowed us to collect the search terms needed to find historical context, and also led us to find additional sources. 22. Hastings, Max. "Taking the Load: China's Economic Miracle Has Not Helped Its Peasants." MailOnline. GlamEntertainment, 19 Feb. 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/columnists/article-515889/>.

This is an article with pictures showing the effects that China's booming economy has had on its peasants. These provided us with visual images on the peasants in China today. 23. Hays, Jeffrey. "Great Leap Forward and The Great Famine." Facts and Details. 2008. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <www.factsanddetails.com>. Facts and Details article on The Great Leap Forward is an in-depth article written about the impact and cruelty of the event. At the end, it describes how the event is still important today. The source quotes many reliable sources, including specialist Frank Dikotter. 24. Hom, Sharon, and Stacy Mosher. Challenging China Struggle and Hope in an era of Change. New York: The New Press; Human Rights in China, 2007. Print. This book tells us many peoples viewpoints on the politics of China today and the Great Leap Forward and how they affected the people, it then compares them to each other. It has information about the modern implementations of the Great Leap Forwards idea and purpose in todays China. It was helpful to us in it informed us on the relations between Chinas modern politics and those of the Great Leap Forward. 25. Huimin, Kuang. Each Year on Mao Zedongs Birthday, Crowds Gather in the Village Square in Xiangtan, Hunan Province, Singing Songs to Commemorate Him. 2006. Photograph. The Return of the Native, Mao Zedong Remembered, Xiangtan. Ministry of Tofu. 13 Feb. 2012. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.ministryoftofu.com/2012/02/world-press-photo-winner-the-returnof-the-native-mao-zedong-remembered/>. This picture is of the people of Mao Zedongs birthplace commemorating his birthday. We used this picture to show the people of China's continued love of Mao Zedong, despite the millions of deaths he has caused. 26. "Internet Censorship in China." - Breaking World Internet Censorship News. 22 Mar. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. <http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/international/countriesandterritories/china /internet_censorship/index.html>.

This website contains information on how China's censorship works. This helped us explain how difficult censorship makes daily life for those in China, and how the Great Leap Forward was hidden for those in the area. 27. Jian, Chen. "Maoism." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Sep. 2011 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. This source explains the definition and basics for Mao Zedongs political ideology used during the time of the Great Leap Forward, as well as the development of these ideas over time. Using this source we were able to consider the concepts that Mao used to reinforce his ideas, such as the fact he wanted to ensure one revolution after another for China, and eventually, a utopian society. 28. Khrushchev Thaw." New World Encyclopedia. MediaWiki. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Khrushchev_Thaw>. This website was a worldwide encyclopedia developed by experts in their field for students to begin their research. We used this website to provide us with an easily comprehendible definition of the Khrushchev Thaw.

29. "Mao Zedong Biography - Life, Name, History, School, Mother, Young, Son, Information, Born, House, Time." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Avameg Inc. nd. Web. 11 Sept. 2011.<http://www.notablebiographies.com/>. This website provided us with an insightful first glance at Mao Zedongs early life, and depicted the main events that led up to the Great Leap Forward in 1958. It is important to understand the kind of environment Mao grew up in as a child, and what may have made him strive for a communist nation. It also helped extend our knowledge about Maos earlier life, explaining his advance in politics and gain in power during the time of the Great Leap Forward. 30. "Marxists Internet Archive Library, Complete Index of Writers." Marxists Internet Archive. nd. Web. 08 Sept. 2011. <http://marxists.org/>. The Marxists Internet Archive offered us with information about not only Mao Zedong, but also many of his followers, and explaining the relationship between Marxism and Maoism. We used this information to better understand the fate of other countries under Maoist rule, and also obtain biographies on the rulers and supporters of the period. 31. Mason, Paul. "BBC NEWS | China's Real Great Leap Forward." BBC News. BBC

MMIX, 2 Apr. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/7326257.stm>. This article by BBC gives us information about the 50th anniversary of the Great Leap Forward from its start. This helped us get a view of what people think of the Great Leap Forward today. This also provided us with useful quotes from professionals that we put on the website to back up our research. 32. McDonald, Jason. "China Is World War II." The World War II Multimedia Database. MFA Productions. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. This source informs us on the Japanese occupation in China during World War II, and illustrates how China was looked upon in the times before they became a powerful nation. It also has historical context that we used to show China in its early decades, and how China was affected by the Second World War. 33. McGregor, Richard. "5 Myths About the Chinese Communist Party." Foreign Policy - the Global Magazine of Economics, Politics, and Ideas. The Slate Group, Jan.Feb. 2011. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/5_myths_about_the_chinese_ communist_party>. This source is an article written about China being modern while still being a socialist state. This was helpful to us because it gave me a connection between how the China today and the China during the Great Leap Forward, though completely different still hold the goals. 34. Pan, Philip P. Out of Mao's Shadow: the Struggle for the Soul of a new China. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. Print. This book was about the ways that China had to recover after Mao had died, and the ways that they had to reform and change to become a stronger nation. It allowed us to see the complete dependence and devotion the people of China had for Mao and his leadership 35. People's Republic of China. Photograph. USNW Wikispaces. USNW Wikispaces. Sydney, Australia. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://arts1091.unsw.wikispaces.net/China>.

This picture is of China's flag. It allowed us to give a visual of The People's Republic of China's flag and also gives a symbolic meaning of Communism.

36. Poon, Leon. "People's Republic of China: II." Chaos at Maryland. nd. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc2.html>. This is a website that took the Army Area Handbook on China and added media and such to make it easier and more enjoyable to understand. This source gave us a chronologically ordered set of events that were the most crucial to the Great Leap Forward and its effects. 37. Robert L. Worden, Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dolan.. "The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60." Country Studies. U.S. Library of Congress. Web. 08 Sept. 2011. The webpage is a minor overview of the Great Leap Forward with an in-depth section on Peoples Communes, which played a vast role in the revolution. With statistics and comparisons to before and after the revolution, this source gave a detailed and unbiased observation of what the Peoples Communes were created for and what they actually accomplished. 38. Rummel, Rudolph J. "20th Century Democide." University of Hawaii System. nd. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.hawaii.edu/. R.J. Rummel's website dedicated to the study of historical democide gives an overview of the largest democides in history, including the Great Leap Forward. This gives us exact numbers and statistics that relate to the Great Leap. They also allow us to compare the deaths to that of well-known mass murders. 39. Rummel, Rudolph J. "Definition of Democide (Genocide and Mass Murder)." University of Hawaii System. nd. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.CHAP2.HTM>. The definition and clarification of the term 'democide' is shown here. This term is referenced many times within our projects, and gives a clear example of the circumstances of the killings during the time period. 40. Salisbury, Harrison E. The New Emperors: China in the era of Mao and Deng.

Boston: Little, Brown, 1992. Print. The data in this book includes why Mao was removed from a position of high power and his death, along with the rise of Deng who took over China after him. It gave us an outlook on the way China was handled after Mao had passed away and how his methods were continued to this very day. 41. Sanders, Jeff. "Mao and the Hundred Flower's Campaign." A Moment In History. American Policy Roundtable, 06 Nov. 2009. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. <http://www.aproundtable.org/historyblog/blog.cfm?ID=477&AUTHOR_ID=9>. This is an online article about Mao Zedong's role in the Hundred Flowers Campaign by Dr. Jeff Sanders. This source helped us to gain information on the campaign and Mao's reasoning behind his actions. 42. "Scholars and Survivors Discuss China's Great Famine." Laogai Research Foundations. Laogai Research Foundations, 27 Feb. 2012. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. <http://laogai.org/blog/scholars-and-survivors-discuss-china-s-great-faminelaogai-research-foundation-conference>. This website was an informational collection of the events at the Laogai Research Foundations conference on the Great Leap Forward. This provided us with images and direct quotes from the conference that helped us defend our position on the Great Leap Forward. 43. Suyin, Han. Eldest Son Zhou Enlai and the Making of modern China. Canada; New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Print. This source includes information on the politicians of the Great Leap Forward that were below Mao, especially Zhou Enlai. It also includes information on the reasons behind the peoples blind faith in the government leaders. We used it to understand the psychology of the people during that time and the politicians under Mao. 44. The China Business Review. U.S. China Business Council. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1005/prc-government>. This website explains the myths behind Communist ideology. We used this to build on

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the knowledge of Communism within China and fill our website with helpful and supportive details. 45. "The China Syndrome." Sustain. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. <http://www.sustain.co.uk/resources/insight-articles/the-china-syndrome.aspx>. This website has a collection of graphs and statistics used to study the economy of China. This helped us study the changes in China's government since the 1950's. 46. "Thread: The Defender of Power and Development: Or How I Learned to Love the Kremlin." Paradox Interactive Forums. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/showthread.php?551866-The-Defenderof-Power-and-Development-or-how-I-learned-to-love-the-Kremlin>. This is a map of China, providing viewers with a look at which parts of China were taken under Communism and Socialism. 47. Trueman, Chris. "Mao Zedong." History Learning Site. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk>. This website has a very thorough overview of Mao Zedong's life, and supplies us with a year to year overview of events. We used this to gather more information about Mao, and even build our interpretation of his earlier life to see how this may have affected his rule. 48. Watkins, Thayer. "The Great Leap Forward Period in China, 1958-1960." San Jos State University - Powering Silicon Valley. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/greatleap.htm>. Thayer Watkins is an economist who focuses on the economic fall of the Great Leap in this article. This source gives us an overview of the Great Leap Forward from an economist's point of view. It also directed us to Mao's Hungry Ghosts, a spectacular book focusing on the Great Leap Forward and other elements of Mao Zedong's reign. 49. Xinran. China Witness: Voices from a Silent generation. New York: Pantheon, 2008. Print. The voices of the people who were suppressed from the beginning of the Communist reign to its middle are told in this source. It provided me with real peoples opinions and

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stories that lived through and experienced the Great Leap Forward. 50. Zhang, Boli. Escape from China: the Long Journey from Tiananmen to freedom. New York: Washington Square, 1998. Print. This story is that of Zhang Boli, who was a leading participant in the Tiananmen Square protests. It tells his story of evading the Chinese government and his opinions on the Communist Party of China and his want for democratic reform. It provided us with an outlook from a man who grew up in China and loves his country and wants what is best for it in a nonviolent manner. 51. "Zhou Enlai." - New World Encyclopedia. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. <http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Zhou_Enlai>. This is a web page, formatted like an encyclopedia, with information on Zhou Enlai. This provided us with quotes on Zhou Enlai to explain his importance in the Great Leap Forward.

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