Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)

Applied Physics II: Modern Physics

TUTORIAL SHEET: 1(a)
(Module1: Wave Mechanics)
1. What do you understand by the wave nature of matter? Obtain an
expression of de Broglie wavelength for matter waves.
2. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron and a photon each of
energy 2eV.
3. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated with a proton moving with a
velocity equal to 1/20 of the velocity of light.
4. Show that the wavelength of a 150 g rubber ball moving with a velocity of
s / m 50 is short enough to be determined.
5. Energy of a particle at absolute temperature T is of the order of T k
B
.
Calculate the wavelength of thermal neutrons at C
0
27 . Given:
kg m
n
27
10 67 . 1

, Js h
34
10 60 . 6

and C / eV 10 6 . 8 k
0 15
B

.
6. Can a photon and an electron of the same momentum have the same
wavelengths? Calculate their wavelengths if the two have the same energy.
7. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with
particle A is m
8
10 5

, calculate the wavelength of the particle B if its
momentum is half that of A.
8. Show that when electrons are accelerated through a potential difference V,
their wavelength taking relativistic correction into account is

,
_

2
0 0
1
2 c m
Ve
Vem
h

,
where e and
0
m
are charge and rest mass of electrons, respectively.
9. A particle of rest mass m0 has a kinetic energy K. Show that its de Broglie
wavelength is given by
( )
2
0
c m 2 K K
hc
+

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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
TUTORIAL SHEET: 1(a)
(Module1: Wave Mechanics)
10. Show that the phase velocity of de-Broglie waves associated with a moving
particle having a rest mass
0
m
is given by

2
0
1 1
,
_

+ +
h
c m
c v
p

,
where the symbols have their usual meanings.
11. Discuss wave particle duality and describe briefly Davisson and Germer
experiment for qualitative verification of matter wave.
12. Define group velocity. Show that group velocity of a wave packet equals the
particle velocity.
13. Distinguish between phase and group velocity. Prove that product of phase
and group velocity is square of velocity of light.
14. Derive an expression for phase velocity of wave in terms of angular
frequency and propagation constant. Show that the phase velocity of wave
associated with a material particle is not equal to particle velocity.
15. An electron has de-Broglie wavelength of 1.0 pm. Calculate its kinetic
energy and the phase and group velocities of its de-Broglie waves. Given:
Plancks constant, sec 10 136 . 4
15


eV h , and rest energy of electron,
keV E 511
0

.
16. Explain Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Describe gamma ray microscope
experiment to establish Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
17. How does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle hint about the absence of
electron in an atomic nucleus?
18. Calculate the uncertainty in momentum of an electron confined in a one-
dimensional box of length
0
A 1
. Given: Js 10 626 . 6 h
34

.
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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
TUTORIAL SHEET: 1(b)
(Module 1: Wave Mechanics)
1.Differentiate between and II
2
. Discuss Born postulate regarding the
probabilistic interpretation of a wave function.
2.Write down the set of conditions which a solution of Schrdinger wave equation
satisfies to be called a wave function.
3.What do you mean by normalization and orthogonality of a wave function?
4. Show that if potential energy V(x) is changed everywhere by a constant, the
time independent wave equation is unchanged. What is the effect on the
energy Eigen values?
5. Show that
0
2
2
2

1
]
1

, where

the reduced mass and B is the binding

energy of the particles.
6. Show that
ikx
e x ) ( is an acceptable eigen function, where k is some finite
constant. Also normalize it over the region a x a .
7. Explain the meaning of expectation value of x. write down the Eigen operators
for position, linear momentum and total energy.
8. Show that time independent Schrdinger equation is an example of Eigen
value equation.
9. Derive the time independent Schrdinger equation from time dependent
equation for free particle.
10. For a free particle, show that Schrdinger wave equation leads to the de-
Broglie relation
p
h

.
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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
TUTORIAL SHEET: 1(b)
(Module 1: Wave Mechanics)
11. Write Schrdinger equation for a particle in a box and determine expression
for energy Eigen value and Eigen function. Does this predict that the particle
can possess zero energy?
12. Find the expectation values of the position <x> and that of momentum <px>
of a particle trapped in a one dimensional rigid box of length L.
13. The potential function of a particle moving along positive x-axis is given by
V(x) = 0 for x < 0
V(x) = V0 for x 0
Calculate the reflectance R and transmittance T at the potential discontinuity
and show that R+T=1.
14. An electron is bounded by a potential which closely approaches an infinite
square well of width m
10
10 5 . 2

. Calculate the lowest three permissible
quantum energies the electron can have.
15. A particle is moving in one dimensional box and its wave function is given by
L
x n
A x
n

sin ) ( . Find the expression for the normalized wave function.
16. Calculate the value of lowest energy of an electron moving in a one-
dimensional force free region of length 4
0
A
.
17. A particle of mass
6
10

kg is moving with a speed of s m/ 10

4
in a box of
length
0
3
A 10
. Assume this to be one dimensional square well problem,
calculate the value of n.
18. A beam of electron impinges on an infinitely wide energy barrier of height
0.03 eV, find the fraction of electrons reflected at the barrier if the energy of
the electrn is (a) 0.025 eV (b) 0.030 eV (c) 0.040 eV
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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
TUTORIAL SHEET: 2(a)
(Module 2: Atomic Physics)
1. What are the essential features of Vector Atom model? Also discuss the
quantum numbers associated with this model.
2. For an electron orbit with quantum number l = 2, state the possible values
of the components of total angular momentum along a specified direction.
3. Differentiate between L-S coupling (Russel-Saunders Coupling) and j-j
coupling schemes.
4. Find the possible value of J under L-S and j-j coupling scheme if the
quantum number of the two electrons in a two valence electron atom are
n1 = 5 l1 = 1 s1 =1/2
n2 = 6 l2 = 3 s2 = 1/2
5. Find the spectral terms for 3s 2d and 4p 4d configuration.
6. Applying the selection rule, show which of the following transitions are
allowed and not allowed
D5/2

P3/2; D3/2

P3/2 ; D3/2

P1/2 ; P3/2

S1/2 ; P1/2

S1/2
7. What is Paschen back effect? Show that in a strong magnetic field,
anomalous Zeeman pattern changes to normal Zeeman pattern.
8. Why does in normal Zeeman effect a singlet line always splitted into three
components only.
9. Illustrate Zeeman Effect with the example of Sodium D1 and D2 lines.
10. An element under spectroscopic examination is placed in a magnetic field
of flux density 0.3 Web/m
2
. Calculate the Zeeman shift of a spectral line of
wavelength 450 nm.
11. The Zeeman components of a 500 nm spectral line are 0.0116 nm apart
when the magnetic field is 1.0 T. Find the ratio (e/m) for the electron.
12. Calculate wavelength separation between the two component lines which
are observed in Normal Zeeman effect, where - the magnetic field used is
0.4 weber/m
2
, the specific charge- 1.76x10
11
Coulomb/kg and =6000
0
A
.
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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
TUTORIAL SHEET: 2(b)
(Module 2: Atomic Physics)
1. Distinguish between spontaneous and stimulated emission. Derive the
relation between the transition probabilities of spontaneous and stimulated
emission.
2. What are the characteristics of laser beams? Describe its important
applications.
3. Calculate the number of photons emitted per second by 5 mW laser
assuming that it emits light of wavelength 632.8 nm.
4. Explain (a) Atomic excitations (b) Transition process (c) Meta stable state
and (d) Optical pumping.
5. Find the intensity of laser beam of 15 mW power and having a diameter of
1.25 mm. Assume the intensity to be uniform across the beam.
6. Calculate the energy difference in eV between the energy levels of Ne-
atoms of a He-Ne laser, the transition between which results in the
emission of a light of wavelength 632.8nm.
7. What is population inversion? How it is achieved in Ruby Laser? Describe
the construction of Ruby Laser.
8. Explain the operation of a gas Laser with essential components. How
stimulated emission takes place with exchange of energy between Helium
and Neon atom?
9. What is the difference between the working principle of three level and
four level lasers? Give an example of each type.
10. How a four level Laser is superior to a three level Laser?
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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
TUTORIAL SHEET: 2(c)
(Module 2: Atomic Physics)
1. Distinguish between continuous X-radiation and characteristic X-radiation
spectra of the element.
2. An X ray tube operated at 100 kV emits a continuous X ray spectrum with
short wavelength limit min = 0.125
0
A
. Calculate the Plancks constant.
3. State Braggs Law. Describe how Braggs Law can be used in
determination of crystal structure?
4. Why the diffraction effect in crystal is not observed for visible light.
5. Electrons are accelerated by 344 volts and are reflected from a crystal.
The first reflection maxima occurs when glancing angle is 30
0
. Determine
the spacing of the crystal. (h = 6.62 x 10
-34
Js , e = 1.6 x 10
-19
C and m
= 9.1 x10
-31
Kg)
6. In Braggs reflection of X-rays, a reflection was found at 30
0
glancing angle
with lattice planes of spacing 0.187nm. If this is a second order reflection.
Calculate the wavelength of X-rays.
7. Explain the origin of characteristic X-radiation spectra of the element. How
Mosleys law can explained on the basis of Bohrs model.
8. What is the importance of Mosleys law? Give the important differences
between X-ray spectra and optical spectra of an element?
9. Deduce the wavelength of
K
line for an atom of Z = 92 by using Mosleys
Law. (R= 1.1 x 10
5
cm
-1
).
10. If the K radiation of Mo (Z= 42) has a wavelength of 0.71
0
A
, determine the
wavelength of the corresponding radiation of Cu (Z= 29).
11. The wavelength of L X ray lines of Silver and Platinum are 4.154
0
A
and
1.321
0
A
, respectively. An unknown substance emits of L X rays of
wavelength 0.966
0
A
. The atomic numbers of Silver and Platinum are 47
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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
and 78 respectively. Determine the atomic number of the unknown
substance.
TUTORIAL SHEET: 3(a)
(Module 3: Solid State Physics)
1. Discuss the basic assumptions of Sommerfelds theory for free electron
gas model of metals?
2. Define the Fermi energy of the electron. Obtain the expression for energy
of a three dimensional electron gas in a metal.
3. Prove that at absolute zero, the energy states below Fermi level are filled
with electrons while above this level, the energy states are empty.
4. Show that the average energy of an electron in an electron gas at
absolute zero temperature is 3/5 ) 0 (
F
, where ) 0 (
F
, is Fermi energy at
absolute zero.
5. Prove that Fermi level lies half way down between the conduction and
valence band in intrinsic semiconductor.
6. Find the Fermi energy of electrons in copper on the assumption that each
copper atom contributes one free electron to the electron gas. The density
of copper is 8.94 10
3
kg/m
3
and its atomic mass is 63.5 u.
7. Calculate the Fermi energy at 0 K for the electrons in a metal having
electron density 8.4x10
28
m
-3
.
8. On the basis of Kronig Penney model, show that the energy spectrum of
electron in a linear crystalline lattice consists of alternate regions of
allowed energy and forbidden energy.
9. Discuss the differences among the band structures of metals, insulators
and semiconductors. How does the band structure model enable you to
better understand the electrical properties of these materials?
10. Explain how the energy bands of metals, semiconductors and insulators
account for the following general optical properties: (a) Metals are opaque
to visible light, (b) Semiconductors are opaque to visible light but
transparent to infrared, (c) Insulator such as diamond is transparent to
visible light.
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Amity School of Engineering and Technology (NOIDA)
Applied Physics II: Modern Physics
11. Discuss the position of Fermi energy and conduction mechanism in N and
P-type extrinsic semiconductors.
TUTORIAL SHEET: 3(b)
(Module 3: Solid State Physics)
1. What do you mean by superconductivity? Give the elementary properties
of superconductors.
2. Discuss the effect of magnetic field on a superconductor. How a
superconductor is different from a normal conductor.
3. Discuss the effect of the magnetic field on the superconducting state of
type I and type II superconductors.
4. What are the elements of the BCS theory? Explain the formation of
Cooper pairs.
5. Explain the phenomena of Meissner effect and zero resistivity with the
help of BCS theory.
6. The metals like gold, silver, copper etc. do not show the superconducting
properties, why?
7. Describe the V-I characteristics of p-n junction diode. What do you
understand by drift and diffusion current in the case of a semiconductor?
8. Explain the working and characteristics of a photodiode by using I-V
curve.
9. Describe the phenomena of carrier generation and recombination in a
semiconductor.
10. Define the phenomenon of photoconduction in a semiconductor. Deduce
the relation between the wavelength of photon required for intrinsic
excitation and forbidden energy gap of semiconductor.
11. Establish the relation between load current and load voltage of a solar cell.
Describe the applications of solar cell in brief.
12. What is Nanotechnology.? Discuss the application of Nano technology.
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