DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL jodhpur

MATHS PROJECT WORk On Circles

SUBMITTED TO : Mrs. KANIKA Vyas SUBMITTED BY : Shreyansh Mohnot
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CLASs: X A

Index

Acknowledgement
I extend my gratitude and deep sense of appreciation to my principal Mr. B.S.Yadav who provided his whole hearted support to us in the completion of my project. I am highly thankful to the whole maths department and to Kanika Mam who guided me in the completion and compiling of my project. I also extend my most sincere gratitude to my Parents who spared
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their most valuable time and assisted me in an inimitable manner. Last but not the least I also acknowledge my sincere efforts which I put in to complete my project successfully.

Introduction to Circles

A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius.

Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior. However, in strict technical usage, "circle"
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refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its length). A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

Further terminology
The diameter of a circle is the length of a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which passes through the centre of the circle. This is the largest distance between any two points on the circle. The diameter of a circle is twice its radius.

The term " radius" can also refer to a line segment from the centre of a circle to its perimeter, and similarly the term "diameter" can refer to a line segment between two points on the perimeter which passes through the centre. In this sense, the midpoint of a diameter is the centre and so it is composed of two radii. A chord of a circle is a line segment whose two endpoints lie on the circle. The diameter, passing through the circle's centre, is the largest chord in a circle. A tangent to a circle is a straight line that touches the circle at a single point. A secant is an extended chord: a straight line cutting the circle at two points. An arc of a circle is any connected part of the circle's circumference. A sector is a region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the radii, and a segment is a region bounded by a chord and an arc lying between the chord's endpoints. Length of circumference

The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is (pi), a constant that takes the same value (approximately 3.1416) for all circles. Thus the length of the circumference (c) is related to the radius (r) by or equivalently to the diameter (d) by Area enclosed

Area of the circle = area of the shaded square The area enclosed by a circle is multiplied by the radius squared:

The circle is the plane curve enclosing the maximum area for a given arc length. This relates the circle to a problem in the calculus of variations, namely the isoperimetric inequality. Properties

The circle is the shape with the largest area for a given length of perimeter. (See Isoperimetric inequality.) The circle is a highly symmetric shape: every line through the center forms a line of reflection symmetry and it has rotational symmetry around the center for every angle. Its symmetry group is the orthogonal group O(2,R). The group of rotations alone is the circle group T. All circles are similar.

A circle's circumference and radius are proportional. The area enclosed and the square of its radius are proportional.
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The constants of proportionality are 2 and , respectively.

The circle centered at the origin with radius 1 is called the unit circle.

Thought of as a great circle of the unit sphere, it becomes the Riemannian circle.

Through any three points, not all on the same line, there lies a unique circle. In Cartesian coordinates, it is possible to give explicit formulae for the coordinates of the center of the circle and the radius in terms of the coordinates of the three given points. See circumcircle. Chords are equidistant from the center of a circle if and only if they are equal in length. The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of a circle; equivalent statements stemming from the uniqueness of the perpendicular bisector: A perpendicular line from the center of a circle bisects the chord.

Chord

The line segment (circular segment) through the center bisecting a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

If a central angle and an inscribed angle of a circle are subtended by the same chord and on the same side of the chord, then the central angle is twice the inscribed angle. If two angles are inscribed on the same chord and on the same side of the chord, then they are equal. If two angles are inscribed on the same chord and on opposite sides of the chord, then they are supplemental. For a cyclic quadrilateral, the exterior angle is equal to the interior opposite angle.

An inscribed angle subtended by a diameter is a right angle. The diameter is the longest chord of the circle. The line drawn perpendicular to a radius through the end point of the radius is a tangent to the circle.
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Tangent

A line drawn perpendicular to a tangent through the point of contact with a circle passes through the center of the circle. Two tangents can always be drawn to a circle from any point outside the circle, and these tangents are equal in length.

Parts of Circles Centre It is in the centre of the circle and the distance from this point to any other point on the circumference is the same. Radius The distance from the centre to any point on the circle is called the radius. A diameter is twice the distance of a radius. Circumference The distance around a circle is its circumference. It is also the perimeter of the circle Arc An arc is a part of the circumference of a circle. The longer arc is called the major arc while the shorter one is called the minor arc. Chord A chord is a straight line joining two points on the circumference. The longest chord in a called a diameter. The diameter passed through the centre. Sector

A sector is a region enclosed by two radii and an arc. Refer to the figure given, ROS is called the angle subtened by the arc RS at the centre O. The larger sector is called the major sector while the smaller one, a minor sector. Segment A segment of a circle is the region enclosed by a chord and an arc of the circle. The larger segment is the major segment while the smaller one, the minor segment. Secant A secant is a straight line cutting at two distinct point Tangent If a straight line and a circle have only one point of contact, then that line is called a tangent. A tangent is always perpendicular to the to the radius drawn to the point of contact. This property is abbreviated as tan ^ rad.

Theorems of Circle
1. If 2 arcs of a circle are congruent, then corresponding chords are equal. 2. If 2 chords of a circle are equal then their corresponding arcs are congruent. 3. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. 4. The line joining the centre of a circle to the mid point of a chord is perpendicular to the chord. 5. There is only one and only circle passing through three non-collinear points. 6. Equal chords are equidistant from centre. 7. Chords of a circle which are equidistant from the centre are equal. 8. Equal chords of congruent circles are equidistant from the corresponding centers. 9. Chords f congruent circles which are equidistant from the corresponding centres are equal. 10. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre. 11. If angles subtended by 2 chords of a circle at the centre are equal, the chords are equal. 12. Equal chords of congruent circles subtend equal angles at the centre. 13. If the angles subtended by 2 chords of congruent circles at the corresponding centers are equal then the chords are equal.
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14. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle. 15. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. 16. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 17. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact. 18. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. 19. If 2 tangents are drawn from an external point then, they subtend equal angles at the centre. 20.If a chord is drawn through the point of contact of a tangent to a circle, then the angles which the chord makes with the given Tangent are equal to the angles formed in the corresponding alternate segment.

Proof of Theorems
Secant-secant theorem

The chord theorem states that if two chords, CD and EB, intersect at A, then CADA = EABA. If a tangent from an external point D meets the circle at C and a secant from the external point D meets the circle at G and E respectively, then DC2 = DGDE. (Tangent-secant theorem.) If two secants, DG and DE, also cut the circle at H and F respectively, then DHDG = DFDE. (Corollary of the tangent-secant theorem.)
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The angle between a tangent and chord is equal to the subtended angle on the opposite side of the chord. (Tangent chord property.) If the angle subtended by the chord at the center is 90 degrees then l = 2 r, where l is the length of the chord and r is the radius of the circle. If two secants are inscribed in the circle as shown at right, then the measurement of angle A is equal to one half the difference of the measurements of the enclosed arcs (DE and BC). This is the secant-secant theorem.

Alternate Segment Theorem

The alternate segment theorem states that an angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment. Thus, PTB = PQT. Proof: SPT = 90 (rt. in a semicircle) x + y = 90 ( sum of ) y + z = 90 ( tan rad.) x = z PTB = PST PST = PQT ( s in same segment) PTB = P

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Length of Arc & Area of Sector

Consider the sector OAQB in the figure on the right. BOA is 40. The length of arc AB which subtends this angle is 40 of 360 equal parts of the circumference. Thus, length of arc APB = 40/360 x circumference Also the area of sector OAQB = 37/360 x area of circle. In general, we have: Length of arc = 2 r 360 360

Area of sector = r2

Intersecting Chord Theorem

When two chords intersect each other inside a circle, the products of their segments are equal.

A.B = C.D

It is a little easier to see this in the diagram on the right. Each chord is cut into two segments at the point of where they intersect. One chord is cut into two line segments A and B. The other into the segments C and D. This theorem states that AB is always equal to CD no matter where the chords are.
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In the figure below, drag the orange dots around to reposition the chords. As long as they intersect inside the circle, you can see from the calculations that the theorem is always true. The two products are always the same.

Intersecting Secants Theorem

When two secant lines intersect each other outside a circle, the products of their segments are equal.

This theorem works like this: If you have a point outside a circle and draw two secant lines (PAB, PCD) from it, there is a relationship between the line segments formed. Refer to the figure above. If you multiply the length of PA by the length of PB, you will get the same result as when you do the same thing to the other secant line. More formally: When two secant lines AB and CD intersect outside the circle at a point P, then PA.PB = PC.PD It is important to get the line segments right. The four segments we are talking about here all start at P, and some overlap each other along part of their length; PA overlaps PB, and PC overlaps PD.

Concentric Circles
From Latin: com "together" + centrum "center."

Definition: Circles that have their centers at the same point

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Concentric circles are simply circles that all have the same center. They fit inside each other and are the same distance apart all the way around. In the figure above, resize either circle by dragging an orange dot and see that they both always have a common center point.

Central Angle Theorem

Theorem: The central angle subtended by two points on a circle is twice the inscribed angle subtended by those points.
The Central Angle Theorem states that the measure of inscribed angle (APB) is always half the measure of the central angle AOB. As you adjust the points above, convince yourself that this is true.

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Concyclic Circles

Four or more points , , , , ... which lie on a circle are said to be concyclic. Three points are trivially concyclic since three noncollinear points determine a circle (i.e., every triangle has a circumcircle). Ptolemy's theorem can be used to determine if four points are concyclic. The number of the concyclic is lattice points (Guy 1994). which can be picked with no four

A theorem states that if any four consecutive points of a polygon are not concyclic, then its area can be increased by making them concyclic. This fact arises in some proofs that the solution to the isoperimetric problem is the circle.

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Use of circle
Circle-shaped bottle cover Circle design on jewelry Coin An CD Bicycle wheels Circular wave of water

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www.google.com www.scribd.com www.wikipedia.com www.wolfram.com www.mathsopenref.com www.cut-the-knot.com www.library.thinkquest.com

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8. www.adhyapak.com 9. Online Teacher Consulted 10. Class X R. D. Sharma

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