BJT Ac Analysis Boylestad

Chapter 5: BJT AC Analysis
BJT Transistor Modeling

A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC characteristics of the transistor. A model uses circuit elements that approximate the behavior of the transistor. There are two models commonly used in small signal AC analysis of a transistor: re model Hybrid equivalent model
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The re Transistor Model

BJTs are basically current-controlled devices; therefore the re model currentuses a diode and a current source to duplicate the behavior of the transistor. One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to the DC level. This model is designed for specific circuit conditions.
CommonCommon-Base Configuration
I c ! EI e
re ! 26 mV Ie
Input impedance:
Z i ! re
Output impedance: Z o $ g; Voltage gain:
AV ! ER L R L $ re re
Current gain:
A i ! E $ 1
CommonCommon-Emitter Configuration
The diode re model can be replaced by the resistor re.
I e ! F 1 I b $ F I b
26 mV re ! Ie
more
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
CommonCommon-Emitter Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i ! F re
Output impedance:
Z o ! ro $ g;
Voltage gain:
AV ! RL re
Current gain: A i ! F ro ! g
CommonCommon-Collector Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i ! ( F 1 re
Output impedance:
Z o ! re || RE
Voltage gain:
AV ! RE R E re
Current gain:
Ai ! F 1
The Hybrid Equivalent Model

The following hybrid parameters are developed and used for modeling the transistor. These parameters can be found on the specification sheet for a transistor. hi = input resistance hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo) $ 0 hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii) ho = output conductance
Simplified General h-Parameter Model h-
hi = input resistance hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
re vs. h-Parameter Model hCommonCommon-Emitter
h ie ! F re h fe ! F ac
CommonCommon-Base
h ib ! re h fb ! E $ 1
The Hybrid T Model

The hybrid T model is most useful for analysis of highfrequency transistor applications. At lower frequencies the hybrid T model closely approximate the re parameters, and can be replaced by them.
CommonCommon-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration Fixed The input is applied to the base The output is from the collector High input impedance Low output impedance High voltage and current gain Phase shift between input and output is 180r
CommonCommon-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration Fixed-
AC equivalent
re model
CommonCommon-Emitter Fixed-Bias Calculations FixedInput impedance:

Z i ! R B || F re Z i $ F re R E u 10F re
Output impedance:
Z o ! R C || rO Z o $ R C ro u 10R C
Voltage gain:
Av ! Vo (R || r ) ! C o Vi re RC ro u 10R C re
Current gain:
Io F R B ro Ai ! ! I i (ro R C )(R B F re ) A i $ F ro u 10R C , R B u 10F re
Av !
Current gain from voltage gain:

Ai ! A v Zi RC
CommonCommon-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias Voltage-
re model requires you to determine F, re, and ro.
CommonCommon-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias VoltageInput impedance: Calculations

R d R 1 || R 2 ! Z i ! R d F re ||
Output impedance:
Z o ! R C || ro Z o $ R C ro u 10R C
Current gain:
FRd I ro Ai ! o ! I i (ro R C )(R d F re ) I FRd Ai ! o $ r u 10R C Ii R d F re o I A i ! o $ F ro u 10R C , R d10F re u Ii
Voltage gain:
Av ! Av ! Vo R C || ro ! Vi re Vo R $ C ro u 10R C Vi re
Current gain from voltage gain: Z Ai ! A v i RC

CommonCommon-Emitter Emitter-Bias EmitterConfiguration
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance: Z i ! R B || Z b
Z b ! F re (F 1)R E Z b $ F(re R E ) Z b $ FR E
Output impedance: Zo ! R C
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Av ! Av ! Av ! FR C Vo ! Vi Zb Vo RC ! Vi re R E Z b ! F (re R E ) Vo R $ C Z b $ FR E Vi RE
Current gain:
I FR B Ai ! o ! Ii R B Zb
Current gain from voltage gain:

Ai ! A v Zi RC
EmitterEmitter-Follower Configuration
This is also known as the common-collector configuration. The input is applied to the base and the output is taken from the emitter. There is no phase shift between input and output.
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i ! R B || Z b Z b ! F re (F 1)R E Z b $ F(re R E ) Z b $ FR E
Output impedance:
Z o ! R E || re Z o $ re R E "" re
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Vo RE ! Vi R E re V A v ! o $ 1 R E "" re , R E re $ R E Vi Av !
Current gain:
Ai $ FR B R B Zb
Current gain from voltage gain: Z Ai ! A v i RE
The input is applied to the emitter. The output is taken from the collector. Low input impedance. High output impedance. Current gain less than unity. Very high voltage gain. No phase shift between input and output.
Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i ! R E || re
Output impedance:
Zo ! R C
Voltage gain:
Av ! Vo ER C R C ! $ Vi re re
Current gain:
I A i ! o ! E $ 1 Ii
CommonCommon-Emitter Collector Feedback Configuration
This is a variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration Input is applied to the base Output is taken from the collector There is a 180r phase shift between input and output
Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi ! re 1 RC F RF
Output impedance:
Z o $ R C || R F
Voltage gain:
Av ! Vo R ! C Vi re
Current gain:
I FR F Ai ! o ! Ii R F FR C I R Ai ! o $ F Ii RC
Collector DC Feedback Configuration

This is a variation of the common-emitter, fixed-bias configuration The input is applied to the base The output is taken from the collector There is a 180r phase shift between input and output
Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi ! re 1 RC F RF
Output impedance:
Z o $ R C || R F
Voltage gain:
Av ! Vo R ! C Vi re
Current gain:
I FR F Ai ! o ! Ii R F FR C I R Ai ! o $ F RC I
i
TwoTwo-Port Systems Approach

This approach: Reduces a circuit to a two-port system Provides a Thvenin look at the output terminals Makes it easier to determine the effects of a changing load With Vi set to 0 V:
Z Th ! Z o ! R o
The voltage across the open terminals is:

E Th ! A vNL Vi
where AvNL is the no-load voltage gain.
Effect of Load Impedance on Gain
This model can be applied to any current- or voltagecontrolled amplifier. Adding a load reduces the gain of the amplifier:
Vo RL Av ! ! A vNL Vi R L Ro
Ai ! A v
Zi RL
Effect of Source Impedance on Gain

The fraction of applied signal that reaches the input of the amplifier is: R i Vs Vi ! Ri Rs
The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the overall gain:
A vs ! Vo Ri ! A vNL Vs R i R s
Combined Effects of RS and RL on Voltage Gain

Effects of RL:
Vo R L A vNL ! Vi RL Ro R Ai ! A v i RL Av !
Effects of RL and RS:

Vo Ri RL A vNL A vs ! ! Vs R i R s R L R o Rs Ri A is ! A vs RL
Cascaded Systems
The output of one amplifier is the input to the next amplifier The overall voltage gain is determined by the product of gains of the individual stages The DC bias circuits are isolated from each other by the coupling capacitors The DC calculations are independent of the cascading The AC calculations for gain and impedance are interdependent
R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers

Input impedance, first stage:
Z i ! R 1 || R 2 || F re
Output impedance, second stage: Zo ! RC
Voltage gain:
A v1 ! A V2 ! R C || R 1 || R 2 || F re re RC re
A v ! A v1 A v 2
Cascode Connection
This example is a CECB combination. This arrangement provides high input impedance but a low voltage gain. The low voltage gain of the input stage reduces the Miller input capacitance, making this combination suitable for highfrequency applications.
Darlington Connection
The Darlington circuit provides a very high current gainthe product of the individual current gains: FD = F1F2 The practical significance is that the circuit provides a very high input impedance.
DC Bias of Darlington Circuits

Base current: V VBE I B ! CC R B F DR E Emitter current: I E ! (F D 1)I B $ F D I B Emitter voltage: VE ! I E R E Base voltage: VB ! VE VBE
Feedback Pair
This is a two-transistor circuit that operates like a Darlington pair, but it is not a Darlington pair. It has similar characteristics: High current gain Voltage gain near unity Low output impedance High input impedance The difference is that a Darlington uses a pair of like transistors, whereas the feedback-pair configuration uses complementary transistors.
Current Mirror Circuits

Current mirror circuits provide constant current in integrated circuits.
Current Source Circuits

Constant-current sources can be built using FETs, BJTs, and combinations of these devices.
IE $ IC
I $ IE ! VZ VBE RE
more
Current Source Circuits
VGS = 0V ID = IDSS = 10 mA
FixedFixed-Bias Configuration
Input impedance: Z i ! R B || h ie Output impedance:
Z o ! R C || 1 / h oe
Voltage gain:
Av ! Vo h R || 1 / h o e ! fe C Vi h ie
Current gain:
I A i ! o $ h fe Ii
Z i ! R B || h ie
VoltageVoltage-Divider Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i ! R d h ie ||
Output impedance:
Zo $ R C
Voltage gain gain:

h R || 1/h oe A v ! fe C h ie
Current gain:
Ai ! h fe R d R d h ie
EmitterEmitter-Follower Configuration
Input impedance: Z b ! h fe R E Z i ! R o || Z b Output impedance:
h Z o $ R E || ie h fe
Z b ! h fe R E Z i ! R o || Z b
Voltage gain:
Av ! Vo RE ! Vi R E h ie / h fe
Current gain:
Ai ! h fe R B R B Zb Zi RE
Ai ! A v
Input impedance:
Z i ! R E || h ib
Output impedance:
Zo ! R C
Voltage gain:
Av ! Vo h R ! fb C Vi h ib
Current gain: Io Ai ! ! h fb $ 1 Ii
Troubleshooting
Check the DC bias voltages If not correct, check power supply, resistors, transistor. Also check the coupling capacitor between amplifier stages. Check the AC voltages If not correct check transistor, capacitors and the loading effect of the next stage.

BJT Ac Analysis Boylestad

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Chapter 5: BJT AC Analysis

BJT Transistor Modeling

The re Transistor Model

The Hybrid Equivalent Model

Simplified General h-Parameter Model h-

hi = input resistance hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)

re vs. h-Parameter Model hCommonCommon-Emitter

The Hybrid T Model

CommonCommon-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration Fixed-

CommonCommon-Emitter Fixed-Bias Calculations FixedInput impedance:

Current gain from voltage gain:

CommonCommon-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias Voltage-

re model requires you to determine F, re, and ro.

CommonCommon-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias VoltageInput impedance: Calculations

Current gain from voltage gain: Z Ai ! A v i RC

CommonCommon-Emitter Emitter-Bias EmitterConfiguration

Current gain from voltage gain:

Current gain from voltage gain: Z Ai ! A v i RE

CommonCommon-Emitter Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector DC Feedback Configuration

TwoTwo-Port Systems Approach

The voltage across the open terminals is:

where AvNL is the no-load voltage gain.

Effect of Load Impedance on Gain

Effect of Source Impedance on Gain

Combined Effects of RS and RL on Voltage Gain

Effects of RL and RS:

R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers

Output impedance, second stage: Zo ! RC

DC Bias of Darlington Circuits

Current Mirror Circuits

Current Source Circuits

Current Source Circuits

Voltage gain gain:

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Current gain from voltage gain: Z Ai ! A v i RC

Current gain from voltage gain: Z Ai ! A v i RE