Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PR
OG
E
Olliim
O
mppiiaa
ddii
ddii
OLIMPIADI
FISIC
FISIC
A
A
! "
#%$
!
&'
( ')
*+
,
+ '-. /
021 (3"4456
,,4 7
'
$ '*$
,# , 7
(
# , 8
#
&
-((. +"($ -
3''96:
/
02; (
' ''
&& :
,. 4
'
8*
!
< # && "
" "
# 7
#
#':#
%-=8
<>
'
/
02? 4 > 7
"
"=88% ,.
4 > 7
@ " "
'
/
A
, (
'
:
'=88' &.
(
'
( 4)+
/
B& (, +
'
(
8:
C+ /"&&(
'
: ?D>E+F
!
:/
02; (:
. /
02?
C:8' G ,+
(
, (/
02H '
)
!'(: C'
,
@
'',
@
: &
5/
I
JLKMNM>O(P:Q-RR(MNS+TQLR(U O(UMWVM"R(XNUY:ZUMWQ"[[[]\_^X>`aYMZ4X>KXab
; &(/(3'd
%'(5,
; ,
H E4H
53,B.. 5665
!!
"
#%$&(' )(*%+(&,*%* )(-.)0/,1(&,-2+ 3546)0/7,*%* )(* 7* 7,' &,-2+ 86)9+ /,)(* 710+:6;5<=(>
? @AB CDBE
KO(P%QR(S%T,U NV O(P%P.UP%WR(OXO(PYWQT6Q
?U5f6S%R0UgO(P%O a O(XT,U5f6O
GlU b6b U V O(P%P!m O(P%O(T6T6f6QXO
AF6GIH@J@
Z
h
no
{
y {
K CJ@LE
[ [ \\]_^0\5`
^[ i\j]^0\de6k
p [%^^]_^0\drq0e
u [%^^]_^0\v
| [ | u ]_^0\ de6v
^ [ j u ]^0\dy
^ [ i [ ]^0\dyv,
p [ [| ]_^0\v
i[ i [ ]_^0\drq,
| [[ ^
i[ \j]_^0\v6q
^ [ [| ^]^0\dyv6q
p [ i u ]_^0\5
u [ i ]_^0\dr`
i[ i ]_^0\de,e
p [| ^
^ [ \^ [ ]^0\
j[
MDF!B C N
acb(de
?
st
s O(Kxw dyv
} a de
lalde
st
GIO(Kxw dyv
b
a QP degde
a QP de
gde
? a QP de
aldyvgdr
aqrstrdeb(dyv
acb(dyv
~ U
Z(
a q a QP de
strdegde
?
Q b T,U5XT6O V S%O(P%O(T6T6f6S%R0U V O(PYWQT6Q
~ O(f a O0U5S%P%S%T,U N a U t XO(T6S%R0U V O(PYWQT6Q
GlU b6b U V O(Pyf6QT6QXO
z5{
{
n
?
Q b T,U5XT6O V S ~ P.U5XR s
_2,620.r,62r0r00
PR
OG
ETT
O
lIx6_.c
OLIMPIADI
&
I
)
,"/r
0
? H F E
=(
%69(3/ d9(/355
, r0yr0(0
; &(/5,d
2y! 0
I
yg!!
~ f6Q t O(T6T6QI@P%S a S.U V S
6_.c
53:B.. 5665
+
& : && (
@ACB5D5E FG#H
I GKJ1AKLME GON&BMP
[[[
,+ C'=8& (
': ,&
@+
G
& :
, :Q E(F /, 7
'+
$ #&'
'=8& - :
@
'
ICRS9TR+UWVU9SYXZ.U
[ [ [\1] K^I,,g,%2( ] 5_
=
/ ''
&
7+ +
! (
G &
':
=/
F!XWXm U5WT6QKnR(S%XrU&orO(f b QP%P%O(YU5f6OWXlU5WT6QR0U5f6f6Q V U[ u \\ st YS%O(XOU V QrO(f,U5T6QgWXIT6Qf6RqpS%Q
S V f,U5WP%S%R(Q2Qf a U5T6Q V U V WOgR(S%P%S%X V f6SU b T,U5XT6WCryQ V S V S%YO(f b U b O((S%QXOR(Q a WXS%R0U5XT6SR(QX_WX_T6WrQIOgf6S%O a S%T6SyR(QX
QP%S%Q(s AWP%P%Q b T,U5XT6WCryQIU b O((S%QXO a S%XQf6OWX V S b rQ b S%T6S%YQgO b O(f6R(S%T,UWXrU2Qf60U V S[ \\ D9s
0 ?U5P%R(QP.U5f6OS%Pyf,U5rQf6T6Q V O(S V S.U a O(T6f6S V O(S V WOR(S%P%S%X V f6Ss
t
Y? pOS%X2Qf a U5(S%QXO
P!m U b !U5P%T6Q V O(P%P.U b T6f,U
MX a QT6QR(S%R(P%S b T,UrO(f6R(Qf6f6OgWXrUR(Wf6YU V S ^0j\ a V Sf,U tt S%QU5P%P.UYO(P%QR(S%T,U NV S p \ sa?u p&s
b OgXOgWQ N f6S%R0U0YU5f6OR(S%f6R0US%PR(QOqnR(S%O(XT6O V S U5T6T6f6S%T6Q b T,U5T6S%R(QT6f,UP.U t Q aa U V (O P%P.Ugf6WQT,UO
V UOv
; &(/Cw,d
%'(5,
; ,
H E4H
53,B.. 5665
MXlP%S%WS V QYS%O(XOgrQf6T,U5T6QIU5P%P!m O(rQP%P%S%(S%QXOU b6b Qf6rO(X V Q V UWXl2Qf6XO(P%P%QWXrUrQT6O(X0U
R(Q b T,U5XT6OOsF!Pyf6O(R(S%S%O(XT6ORqpOP%QgR(QXT6S%O(XObprUR0U5rU5R(S%T,U N T6O(f a S%R0UT6f,U b R(Wf,U5S%P%OOs
CrO(XrUIf6S a U V O(P%P!m O(rQP%P%S%(S%QXOP.UT6O a rO(f,U5T6Wf,U V O(P
P%S%WS V QR(f6O b R(O V S U5P a S%XWT6QOXO(S b WR(R(O b6b S%YS \
a S%XWT6SrT6WT6T6QS%PyP%S%WS V QYU5rQf6S%(0U&s
0 O(T6O(f a S%XrU5f6OS%Pyf,U5rQf6T6Qg2f,UgS%PyR0U5P%Qf6O b rO(R(S rR(QIZ V O(PP%S%WS V QOS%PyR0U5P%Qf6OP.U5T6O(XT6O V SO(rQP%P%S%(S%QXOOs
?U5f6P%QON a S%QrOOf6S%O b R(OUYO V O(f6O V S b T6S%XT,U a O(XT6O b QP%Q t P%SQ tt O(T6T6SRqpO
XQX b S.U5XQU V S b T,U5X0U
Wb rO(f6S%Qf6OU \ R a W b U5X V QrO(f6Q N WXrU5S%Q V SQR(RqpS.U5P%SR(QX V WOP%O(XT6S V S%YO(f t O(XT6SrW t WrU5P%So0WQ N YO V O(f6OXS%T6S V U a O(XT6O
U5XRqpOP%O b T6O(P%P%OOs
0 ?YpOrQT6O(f6O V S%QT6T6f6S%R(Q V O(YQXQU0YO(f6OP%OP%O(XT6So b OYO(X t QXQrQ b T6OU V S b T,U5X0UgT6f,U b R(Wf,U5S%P%O V U t P%SyQR(RqpS v
!
%2,,.6.6 (%2,,
( ] ,! ] 2 ] . ] 2 \ ] .6.6./_ ] !2(K^I%r,, r,(
,%2! 0! ] " #2 00. !r, $( ] ^I5.6& %
'
MX_R(QX V O(X b U5T6Qf6O V SR0U5rU5R(S%T,U N)(+* \ X } oyS%XS%(S.U5P a O(XT6O b R0U5f6S%R(Q(oYS%O(XOR0U5f6S%R0U5T6QIR(QX
WX V S b rQ b S%T6S%YQgRqpO2Qf6XS b R(OWXrUgR(Qf6f6O(XT6O, !- S%PrR(WS U5X V U a (O XT6QgXO(PyT6O a rQgON f,U5f6O b O(XT,U5T6QS%X t Wf,U&s
S b O t XrU5f6OS%P t f,U0rR(Q V O(P%P!m U5X V U a O(XT6Q V O(P%P.U V s V s 7s5 !- U5SR0U5S V O(PR(QX V O(X b U5T6Qf6OOo b rO(R(S rR0U5X V Q b WSf6S b rO(T6T6S%YS
0
MXgR(S%P%S%X V f6Q V SYO(T6f6Q t f,U V WrU5T6Q(o5S%PR(WS V S.U a O(T6f6QS%XT6O(f6XQON0/1* ([%^0\ R a oON T,U5f,U5T6QS%XgR aq
P.U b R0U5P.U&o5P%O
R(WS b W VV S%YS b S%QXSO(WS%YU5P t QXQU j R aq R(S.U b R(WXrU&oS%XS%(S.US%XgR(Qf6f6S b rQX V O(X0U V O(P2QX V Q V O(Pf6O(R(S%S%O(XT6OOs
AWP2QX V Q V O(PR(S%P%S%X V f6QYWQT6QYS%O(XO b S b T6O a U5T6QWXcQ tt O(T6T6Q(oU5XRqpm O b6b Q V S2Qf a UlR(S%P%S%X V f6S%R0U&o V SU5P%T6O((0U
{ * u R a O V O(X b S%T,U N a O V S.U2{ * \[ | t R aldrq s
AWR(R(O b6b S%YU a O(XT6O_YS%O(XOlP%O(XT,U a O(XT6OlYO(f b U5T,U V O(P%P!m U5R(WrUXO(PR(S%P%S%X V f6Q_rXQxU5P a Q a O(XT6QlS%XcR(WSP!m Q tt O(T6T6Q
U5rQ tt S.U5T6Q b WPy2QX V QgR(Q a S%XR(S.UU t U5P%P%O tt S.U5f6OOof6S a U5XO(X V QS%XIrQ b S%(S%QXOYO(f6T6S%R0U5P%OOs
0 ?YpOYU5P%Qf6O b SP%O tt O b WP%P.U b R0U5P.U t f,U V WrU5T,UOv
; &(/9:d
%'(5,
; ,
H E4H
53,B.. 5665
F!XIWXQ b R0U5P V U5rU t XQU t U b P!m U5R(WrUO(XT6f,UU5P%P.UT6O a rO(f,U5T6Wf,U V S ^0i 0?cO V O b R(OU5P%P.UT6O a
rO(f,U5T6Wf,U V S[ u 0?sF!XlWX_R(O(f6T6QIT6O a rQ b QXQf6O(P%O(YU5T6S ^0\[ j P%S%T6f6S V SU5R(WrU&orrO(ff6S b R0U5P V U5f6OgS WrU5P%S b QXQ b T,U5T6S
f6WR(S.U5T6S j P%S%T6f6S V S t U b s
F!PrQT6O(f6OR0U5P%Qf6S rR(Q V O(P t U b oR(S%QON P.UWrU5XT6S%T,U N_V SgO(XO(f t S.UxT6O(f a S%R0Uf6Q V QT6T,UxrO(f_WXS%T,U N_V SgYQP%W a OOoON
( * [ [ g]^0\raldrq [
0 ?U5P%R(QP.U5f6OS%Pyf6O(X V S a O(XT6Q V O(P%P%Q b R0U5P V U5rU t XQ(s
MXrUP.U a rU V S%XrU
rQ b T,U ^a O(T6f6Q b Qf,UUWXT,U0YQP%Qf6S%O b R(OUS%P%P%W a S%XrU0f6O b WCnR(S%O(XT6O a O(XT6O
S%PyWXT6Q V O(PT,U0YQP%QrQ b T6Qf6Qf6S%Q b QT6T6Q V SyO b6b U WO b T,UgYS%O(XO b Q b T6S%T6WS%T,U V UgWXP.U a rU V U5f6S%QrQ b T6Q ^[ ga S%W N
S%XIU5P%T6Q V O(P%P.UgP.U a rU V S%XrU&s
0 WrU5XT6OP.U a rU V S%XOW t WrU5P%SU5P%P.Uf6S a U V O(YOU0YO(f6OS%PP.U a rU V U5f6S%QgrO(f6RqpO XO(P%P%Q b T6O b6b Q_WXT6QIS%P T,U0YQP%Q b S.U
S%P%P%W a S%XrU0T6QU5P a O(XQWrU5XT6Qgf6S a UOv
#! ,2
2 6r
.
2M^5 ] ^I ] !2 05r2M^5r06.062 ] .^I5!2 , ] .(.5,6620%2
02 $(! 0! ] " gr0! 5. %
ASrYWQP%O V O(T6O(f a S%XrU5f6OP.Uf6O b S b T6O(X0UgS%XT6O(f6XrU V SrWX t O(XO(f,U5T6Qf6Of6O0U5P%O V Sqs OOs a syCYO(X V Q
U V S b rQ b S%(S%QXO j rP%SR(QX V WT6T6Qf6S W t WrU5P%SoP.UgR(WS f6O b S b T6O(X0U ON XQT,U&o b S Q b6b O(f6YURqpOP.UgrQT6O(X0U V S b6b S%rU5T,U ] ,
% rW U5X V QgO b6b S b QXQ V S b rQ b T6SS%XrU5f,U5P%P%O(P%QON [YQP%T6O a U tt S%Qf6O V SyWrU5X V Q b QXQ V S b rQ b T6SS%X b O(f6S%OOs
0 O(T6O(f a S%XrU5f6OS%PyYU5P%Qf6O V O(Pf,U5rQf6T6Q u s
m
; &(/d:d
2y! 0
I
yg!!
~ f6Q t O(T6T6QI@P%S a S.U V S
6_.c
53:B.. 5665
E
0
7
,
! ' 7
+7 /
0 ,
'' E E%E4H =8&
!,
&
@-
G
& :
, g H?"H E(F /
0 - 77
:=8& : <"&
. ,
! !% (@-
'
# &
@%
G
&
#
Q E (F /
02H
, (
':+. ,
, : 7
@
$, (
V G5J1B
I GKJ1AKLME GON&BMP
[[[
02H
! '
:
3/@5/@ [[[
+ =8
: :' 7
!
(/
0 F ' 7
. C&
&& # ''(56
/
=
/ ''
&
7+ +
! (
G &
':
=/
_2,620.r,62r0r00
PR
OG
ETT
O
lIx6_.c
OLIMPIADI
&
I
)
,"/r
0
? H F E
=(
%69(3/ d9(/355
, r0yr0(0
; &(/(3'(w
53,B.. 5665
h 1d(3<4K1/' 1d
3
MXrU a U5R(RqpS%XrUgT6O(f a S%R0UgO b O t WOR(S%R(P%S V SAT6S%f6P%S%X t f6O(YO(f b S%S%P%SorQ5YYO(f6QR(S%R(P%Sy2Qf a U5T6S V U V WOgT6f,U b 2Qf a U5(S%QXSyS b Q
T6O(f a OO V WOS b QR(Qf6O P.U b Q b T,U5X0UgT6O(f a Q a O(T6f6S%R0UON R(Q b T6S%T6WS%T,U V U jga QP%S V S t U b rO(f!2O(T6T6Q(s
JyOT6f,U b 2Qf a U5(S%QXSyS b QT6O(f a OU0YYO(X t QXQU5P%P%OT6O a rO(f,U5T6Wf6O V S V WO b Qf t O(XT6S O b T6O(f6XO V SR0U5P%Qf6O
* u \\
O v * [ u \ s Wf,U5XT6OWXlR(S%R(P%Q(o V U5P%P.U b Qf t O(XT6OUT6O a rO(f,U5T6Wf,U a U tt S%Qf6OYS%O(XOU b6b Qf6S%T,UgWXrUWre U5XT6S%T,U NV S
R0U5P%Qf6OrU5f6SU ( [ \ s s
GIQ b T6f,U5f6ORqpOS%P R0U5P%Qf6OU b6b Qf6S%T6Q V Wf,U5XT6OgP.Ug!U b O V S f6S b R0U5P V U a O(XT6QON W t WrU5P%OgUWO(P%P%QR(O V WT6Q V Wf,U5XT6OS%P
f,UMryf6O VV U a O(XT6Q(s
~ QS%RqpO oR(Q a O b SONV O(T6T6Q(o
S%P
R0U5P%Qf6OlU b6b Qf6S%T6Q V Wf,U5XT6OIP.UI!U b O V Sf6S b R0U5P V U a O(XT6QlON W t WrU5P%OIUlWO(P%P%Q_R(O V WT6Q
V Wf,U5XT6] O_S%Pf,UMryf6O VV U a O(XT6Q(oT6f,UP%O b T6O b6b OT6O a rO(f,U5T6Wf6OOoP!m OqryO(T6T6S%YQ b R0U a S%Q V SR0U5P%Qf6O_T6f,UP.U a U5R(RqpS%XrU_O
02, U0YYS%O(XO b QP%Q V Wf,U5XT6OP%OT6f,U b 2Qf a U5(S%QXSS b QT6O(f a OR(QXP%Of6S b rO(T6T6S%YO b Qf t O(XT6S V SrR0U5P%Qf6O XO b O t WORqpOOo
V U5P
WXT6Q V S
YS b T,U V O(Pf6O(X V S a O(XT6Q(oWXrU a U5R(RqpS%XrUIT6O(f a S%R0U V SAT6S%f6P%S%X t ONV O(PT6WT6T6QU b6b S a S%P.U5S%P%OgUIWXrU V S
?U5f6XQTMoRqpO b R0U a S.UR0U5P%Qf6OR(QXIP%O b T6O b6b O V WO b Qf t O(XT6Ss
QrQU0YO(fR0U5P%R(QP.U5T6QgS%Pyf6O(X V S a O(XT6Q V O(P%P.U a U5R(RqpS%XrU V S AT6S%f6P%S%X t oT6f6Q5YU5f6OS%PyP.U0YQf6QO b O t WS%T6QS%XWXIR(S%R(P%Q(s
?U5P%R(QP.U5f6OS%Pyf,U5rQf6T6QT6f,UgYU5P%Qf6OS%XS%(S.U5P%OOrXrU5P%O V O(PYQP%W a O V Wf,U5XT6OQ t XSyT6f,U b 2Qf a U5(S%QXOS b QT6O(f a S%R0U&s
?U5P%R(QP.U5f6OS%Pf,U5rQf6T6QT6f,UYU5P%Qf6OS%XS%(S.U5P%OO
rXrU5P%O V O(P%P.Uf6O b6b S%QXO V Wf,U5XT6O
R(S.U b R(WXrUT6f,U b 2Qf a U5(S%QXOS b QR(Qf,U&s
S b O t XrU5f6OR(QXU5R(R(Wf,U5T6O((0UgS%PR(S%R(P%QT6O(f a Q V S%XrU a S%R(QXO(PrS.U5XQ ( T6O(XO(X V QgR(QXT6Q V O(P%P%Of6O(P.U5(S%QXST6f6Q5YU5T6O
T6f,UgSyYQP%W a SOP%Of6O b6b S%QXSs
; &(/5,(w
53,B.. 5665
G Q b T6f,U5f6ORqpOgP!m O(WS%P%S%f6S%Q V O(P b S b T6O a UON rQ b6b S%S%P%O b OS%PR(QOqnR(S%O(XT6O V m U5T6T6f6S%T6Q b T,U5T6S%R(QT6f,UP%QR(R(QOS.U5XQON
I
a U tt S%Qf6O V SyWXIR(O(f6T6QYU5P%Qf6O{O V O(T6O(f a S%XrU5f6OT,U5P%OYU5P%Qf6OOs
Jm O(WS%P%S%f6S%QION rQ b6b S%S%P%OU5XRqpOR(QXWXf,U5rQf6T6Q V S a U b6b O a U tt S%Qf6O V SWO(P%P%Q V U5T6Q(o a UrXQU V WXR(O(f6T6Q
P%S a S%T6OOoQP%T6f6OS%P WrU5P%OS V WOgR(Qf6S XQX_rQ b6b QXQf6S a U5XO(f6O2O(f a SS%XIWO(P%P.UrQ b S%(S%QXOOorWrU5P%WXWO b S.US%PYU5P%Qf6O
V O(PR(QOqnR(S%O(XT6O V m U5T6T6f6S%T6Q b T,U5T6S%R(Q(s
WrU5XT6QWQ N YU5P%O(f6OgU5P a U b6b S a QS%Pf,U5rQf6T6QIn u T6f,UP%O V WO a U b6b OrO(f6RqpO
S%P b S b T6O a Ugf6O b T6SS%XIO(WS%P%S%f6S%Q
XO(P%P.UrQ b S%(S%QXO V U5T,UOv
AWR(R(O b6b S%YU a O(XT6O b S a O(T6T6OS%XQ b R(S%P%P.U5(S%QXOgS%PR(Qf6rQ b Q b rO b Q(oR(QXWXm U a S%O((0
U U5X t QP%Q a U b6b S a Qf6S b rO(T6T6Q
U5P%P.UYO(f6T6S%R0U5P%O0 a O(XT6f6OS%PP%QR(R(Qf6S a U5XO2O(f a Q b WPS.U5XQ(s
LS%rO(T6O(X V QP.Ugf6Q5YUgR(QXlU a S%O(((O V SQ b R(S%P%P.U5(S%QXO
f6Q t f6O b6b S%YU a O(XT6OR(f6O b R(O(XT6So b S
Q b6b O(f6YUlRqpOrO(
f * [ \ XO(P%P!m S b T,U5XT6OS%XR(WS
S%P
R(Qf6rQ_RqpOQ b R(S%P%P.UrU b6b UlXO(P
WXT6QS%W N rU b6b Q(oS%PyP%QR(R(QS%XS%(S.UgU a WQ5YO(f b S b WPS.U5XQ(s
GIQ b T6f,U5f6ORqpOON rQ b6b S%S%P%OU V O b6b Q V O(T6O(f a S%XrU5f6OS%PyYU5P%Qf6O V O(PR(QOqnR(S%O(XT6O V m U5T6T6f6S%T6Q b T,U5T6S%R(Q b O a f6OXO(PyR0U b Q
n * uj 5s
; &(/Cw,(w