The Solid State

Class XII Chapter 1:

CHEMISTRY The Solid State

CHEMISTRY

Key features of Drill Exercises:

It is a document that focuses on extensive and exhaustive practice of Questions as per latest CBSE Board Curriculum. Drill Exercises are Class wise/ Subject wise/ Chapter wise format. It contains four sections, namely: (A) Practice Questions: Questions covering all the categories along with their difficulty level; viz. Very Short Answer (V.S.A.) Type, Short Answer (S.A.) Type, Long Answer (L.A.) Type. (B) Previous Year Questions: Questions asked in the previous years of CBSE Examination on this chapter. (C) Must Do Questions: Questions from topics/ sub-topics regularly asked in the Board Examination. (D) HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills): Questions to assess the students understanding, analytical ability and interpretation.

NOTE: Detailed answers to all the questions are also provided for the students self assessment.

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DRILL EXERCISES
A. Practice Questions

The questions in this section indicate weightage and their difficulty level. Answers will be provided at the end of each section given below:

1 Mark: Very Short Answer Type

Difficulty level: Easy and Average

Q1. Q2. Q3. Q4. Q5.

What is the cause of rigidity of solids? Give the three examples of amorphous solids. What are the pseudo solids? Which kind of attractive forces are found in solid ?

Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids: Naphthalene, PVC, Teflon, fiber glass, Cellophane, silver, polyurethane.

Q6.

Electrical resistance of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions. Comment on the nature of solid.

Q7.

Classify the following into molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent crystals: Brass, Ice, Diamond, and NaCl.

Q8. Q9.

Are metallic crystalline solids electrical conductor or insulator? Give the reason. Ionic solids are electrical insulator in solid state. State whether true or false.

Q10. Solid A is very hard insulator in solid as well as in molten state and have extremely high melting point. What type of solid is it?

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Q11. Define a unit cell. Q12. What is the significance of a lattice point? Q13. How many atoms are present per unit cell in a bcc? Q14. What is total number of atoms per unit cell in an hcp structure? Q15. Define a void. Q16. What is the coordination number of an octahedral void? Q17. Which type of crystalline structure shows lowest packing efficiency? Q18. Name one solid in which both Frankel and Schottky defects occur. Q19. What are F-centers? Q20. What is doping? Q21. Why does ZnO appear yellow on heating? Q22. Which type of point defect lowers the density of ionic crystals? Q23. What is the effect of temperature on the conductivity of semiconductor? Q24. Why does the glass object turn milky in appearance with time? Q25. What type of substances would make better permanent magnet, Ferromagnetic or Ferrimagnetic?

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Answers

A1.

Inability of the molecules to move about their position due to strong intermolecular attraction forces.

A2. A3.

Rubber, glass, plastic. Some amorphous solids have a tendency to flow, though very slowly are called pseudo solids.

A4. A5.

Dipole- dipole interaction and H-bonding. Amorphous: PVC, polyurethane, cellophane, fiberglass. Crystalline: Naphthalene, Teflon, silver.

A6. A7. A8. A9.

Amorphous Brass metallic, diamond- covalent, Ice, molecular, NaCl- ionic.

Electrical conductor, due to the presence of free electron. True.

A10. Covalent solid A11. The smallest portion of a crystal lattice which, when repeated in different directions, generate the entire lattice. A12. A lattice point represents a constituent particle in a crystal lattice and when lattice points are joined by straight lines, they bring out the geometry of lattice. A13. Two A14. Six A15. Void is an unoccupied space present among the touching spheres.
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A16. Six A17. Simple cubic lattice (52.4%) A18. Silver bromide (AgBr) A19. The free electrons trapped in the anions vacancies are called F- centres. A20. It is a process of adding impurities in a crystal lattice. A21. On heating, free electrons occupy spaces created by loss of oxygen from ZnO and turn yellow. A22. Schottky defect A23. The conductivity of semiconductor increases with increase in temperature. A24. Due to the crystallization of glass. A25. Ferromagnetic

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1 Mark: Very Short Answer Type

Difficulty level: Difficult

Q1.

What is the side of the unit edge if the radius of the atom of an element is 80 pm and it crystallizes in hcp?

Q2.

What is the two dimensions coordination number of a molecule in square closed packed layer?

Q3.

What type of defect can arise when a solid is heated? Which physical property is affected by it and in what way?

Q4.

How many effected crystal?

ions are located at centers of faces of unit cell in a NaCl

Q5.

A unit cell of solid has cations What is the formula of solid?

at the corners and anions

in the centre.

Q6. Q7.

Why are the solids containing F-centres paramagnetic? What happens when ferrimagnetic substance is heated at high temperature and why?

Q8.

What other element may be added to germanium to make electrons available for conduction of current?

Q9.

AgI crystallizes in ccp zinc sulphide structure. What fraction of tetrahedral sites is occupied by ions? so as to produce cation vacancies. in potassium vapours, the crystal start exhibit violet

Q10. Name a salt that can add to Q11. On heating, crystals of colour, why?

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Q12. In an alloy of gold and cadmium, gold crystallizes in cubic structure occupying the corners and cadmium fits into face centred void. Write the composition of alloy. Q13. Classify each of the following as being either a p-type or n-type semiconductor: (a) Ge doped with In (b) Al doped with Ge

Q14. A group 14 element is to be converted into p-type semiconductor by doping it with a suitable impurity. To which group should this impurity belong?

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Answers: A1. A2. A3. = Four Vacancy defect, the density of solid becomes decrease since some of the lattice sites are unoccupied. A4. A5. A6. A7. 6 AB Because the electrons occupying vacant sites are unpaired. Ferrimagnetic becomes paramagnetic; this is due to randomization of spins at high temperature. A8. A9. A10. A11. Because there are excess of site of the anions are forming , which attract and electrons are trapped at Arsenic 50% =3 = = 226.3 pm

centres. It absorbs colour from visible region

and radiates complementary colour. A12. A13. (a) p-type (b) n-type

A14. Impurity should belong to group14.

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2 Marks: Short Answer Type

Difficulty level: Easy and Average

Q1. Q2.

Distinguish between amorphous and crystalline solids. Classify the following eight solids in different categories based on the nature of intermolecular forces operating in them: Potassium chloride, zinc sulphate, tin, urea, solid sulphur dioxide, tungsten, graphite, silicon carbide.

Q3.

What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions quartz could be converted into glass?

Q4.

Account for following: (a) Ionic solids conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state. (b) Silicon act as an insulator but silicon doped with phosphorous act as semiconductor.

Q5.

A compound formed by elements A and B has a cubic structure in which A atoms are at corners of the cube and B atoms are face centres. Derive the formula of the compound.

Q6.

If three elements A, B and C crystallize in a cubic lattice. A, B and C atoms are present at the corners, centre and centre of faces of cube respectively. What is the formula of the compound?

Q7.

State the difference between Schottky and Frenkel defects. Which of these two changes of the density of the solid?

Q8.

Distinguish between (a) Hexagonal and monoclinic unit cell (b) Face- centred and end centred unit cell

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Answers:

A1. Properties Amorphous solids Crystalline solids Definite characteristic 1 Geometry Irregular shape e.g., glass geometrical shape e.g., diamond 2 Anisotropy Rigidity and compressibility Isotropic in nature. Usually rigid and can not be compressed to any appreciable extent. When cut with a sharp edge 4 Cleavage tool, they cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces Melt over a wide range of temperature Not definite When cut with a sharp edge tool, they split into two pieces and newly generates surfaces are plain and smooth. Melt at a sharp and characteristics temperature Definite Rigid and Incompressible Anisotropic in nature.

5 6

Melting point Heat of fusion

A2.

Ionic solids-: potassium chloride, zinc sulphate Covalent solids-: graphite, silicon carbide Molecular solids-: urea, solids sulphur dioxide Metallic solids-: tin, tungsten
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A3.

Glass is an amorphous solid in which the constituent particles (

, tetrahedral)

arranged in short range order while quartz is a crystalline solid in which the constituent particles ( , tetrahedral) arranged in short rang order as well as

long rang order. On melting quartz and then cooling it rapidly converted into glass. A4. (a) Ionic solids are poor conductor of electricity because the ions are fixed and the applied electrified can not make them move. But they conduct electricity in molten state in which ions are free to move under the influence the electric field. (b) When Silicon is doped with Phosphorous, four out of outermost five electrons of Phosphorous, are used in the formation of covalent bonds with four neighboring Si atoms. The fifth electron can not be contained in lower band and is extra and becomes delocalized. These delocalized electrons can migrate in an electric field, and act as a charge carriers. Hence Silicon doped with Phosphorous act as a semiconductor. A5. Atoms are present at the 8 corners of the cube, No. of atoms of A in the unit cell = 1/8 8 = 1 B atoms are present at the face centres of the cube, No. of atoms of B in the unit cell = 1/2 6 = 3 Hence, the formula of compound is AB 3 . A6. No. of atoms A per unit cell = 1/8 8 = 1 No. of atoms B per unit cell =1 No. of atoms C per unit cell = 6 1/2 = 3 Hence, the formula is ABC 3 . (six faces are present in a cube)

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A7.

Schottky defect: It is due to equal number of cations and anions are missing from the lattice site. It is shown by ionic compounds in which cations and anions are of almost similar sizes and have high coordination number. It results in decrease in density of the crystal.e.g. ,

Frenkel defect: It is due to missing of ions from the lattice site and these occupy interstitial sites. It is shown by ionic compounds, in which there is large difference in size of ions and have low coordination number. It does not change the density of crystal.e.g. A8. , ,

(a) Hexagonal and monoclinic unit cell

System No. of space lattice Possible variation Axial distances Axial angles Examples

Monoclinic 2 Primitive, End- centered abc = = 90, 90 CaSO 4 .2H 2 O

Hexagonal 1 Primitive a=bc = = 90, =120 Graphite

(b) Face centered and End centered unit cell Unit cell Face -centred At the corners as well as at the centre of each face. 4 End centred At the corners and at the centre of two end faces 2

Position of lattice point

No. of atoms per unit cell

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2Marks: Short Answer Type

Difficulty level: Difficult

Q1.

In corundum, oxide ions are arranged in hexagonal close packing and aluminum ions occupy two third of the octahedral voids. What is the formula?

Q2.

In mineral, spinal having the formula cubic close packing, the octahedral voids.

, oxide ions are arranged in the ions occupy

ions occupy tetrahedral voids while

(a) What percentage of tetrahedral voids occupied by (b) What percentage of octahedral voids occupied by Q3.

ions? ions?

Metallic gold crystallizes in FCC lattice and has a density of 19.3 g cm3. Calculate the radius of gold atom. [At. mass of Au = 197 amu, N A = 6.023 1023]

Q4.

Chromium metal crystallizes with BCC lattice. The unit cell edge length is 287 pm. Calculate atomic radius, the number of atoms per unit cell and density of chromium. [ At. Mass of Cr = 52 g mol1 and = 6.023 ]

Q5.

An element occur in BCC lattice with cell edge of 300 pm. The density of the element is 5.2 g cm3. How many atoms of the elements does 100 g of the element contain?

Q6.

If NaCl is doped with 103 mol% of vacancies?

, what is concentration of cation

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Q7.

Examine the illustration of a position of the defective crystal given below and answer the following questions that follow:

(a) What are these types of vacancy defects called? (b) How is the density of a crystal affected by these defect? (c) Name one ionic compound which can show this type of defect in crystalline defect. (d) How is the stoichiometric of the compound affected?

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Answers: A1. Suppose oxide ions = 90, Then octahedral voids = 90 ions = Ratio : 90 = 60 = . , if there are four oxide ions, there will be one ions are ccp arrangement, there ion is =2:3

Hence, formula is A2. (a) According to formula ion and two

ions. But if the four

will be four octahedral voids and eight tetrahedral voids. Thus, one present in one of the eight tetrahedral voids. Percentage of tetrahedral voids occupied by Mg2+ = (b) Two 100 = 12.5%

ions are present in two octahedral voids out of four available. = 100 = 50%.

Percentage of octahedral voids occupied by A3. Given, = 4, = , =

= 67.78 1024 = 407.8pm

= A4. For bcc lattice, Atomic radius, =

= 144.2 pm

edge length =

287 = 124.27pm =2

No. of atoms per unit cell = 1 + 8 = 287pm, M = 52g mol1 , Density, d = =

N A = 6.023 1023 .
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A5.

Z = 2,

= 300 pm,

d = 5.2g cm3

d=

= 42.28

42.28 g of element contains 6.023 1023 atoms

100 g of element would contain = A6. Introduction of one replace two introduces one cation vacancy because one moles of

ions. Therefore, introduction of

per 100

moles of NaCl would introduce

mole cation vacancies. / 100 = = 6.023

Hence, No. of vacancies per mole of NaCl = vacancies. A7. (a) Frenkel defect (b) Not affected (c) ZnS (d) Not affected

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3 Marks: Short Answer Type

Difficulty level: Easy and Average

Q1.

Explain the following (a) Diamond has a very high melting point. (b) 13-15 compounds. (c) Schottky defect lowers the density of a solid.

Q2.

(a) Define the coordination number. (b) What is the coordination number of atoms (i) in a hexagonal packed structure? (ii) In a body centred cubic structure?

Q3.

Explain each of the following with example. (a) Ferromagnetism (b) p-type semiconductor (c) Forbidden zone

Q4.

Aluminum crystallizes in a FCC structure. Its atomic radius is (a) How many atoms are present per unit cell? (b) What is the edge length of the unit cell? (c) How many such unit cells are there in a piece of aluminum?

m.

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Answers:

A1.

(a) In diamond, carbon atoms are held by strongly covalent bonding and formed network structure. (b) A semiconductor formed by the combination of group 13 and group 15 elements, e.g. GaAs, InSb. (c) It is due to a missing positive ion as well as a negative ion in a crystal i.e., volume being the same, the density is lowered.

A2.

(a) The number of nearest neighbors with which a given sphere is in contact is known as coordination number. (b) (i) 12 (ii) 8

A3.

(a) Ferromagnetism: It is a permanent magnetism even in the absence of magnetic field. When they are placed in a magnetic field all the domains get oriented in the direction of magnetic field and produced a strong magnetic effect, e.g. Fe, Ni, Co. (b) p-type semiconductor: when a tetravalent crystal of Si or Ge is doped with trivalent impurity atoms of a group 13 elements, it creates holes and increases the electrical conductivity. The semiconductor obtained is called p-type semiconductor. Example: a pure Si crystal doped with an aluminum atoms form p-type semiconductor. (c) Forbidden zone: In case of insulators, the energy gap between the fully filled valence band and conduction band is so large that electrons can not be easily
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excited from valence band to the conduction band and hence, practically no conductivity is observed. The large gap is called forbidden zone.

A4.

For fcc structure, (a) four (b) Radius of atom =

Edge length = (c) Volume of unit cell = a3 = No. of unit cell in =

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3 Marks: Short Answer Type

Difficulty level: Difficult

Q1.

An element has a FCC structure with a cell edge of in , if of this element contains

. Calculate its density atoms.

Q2.

Calculate the value of Avogadro constant, if density of NaCl is have distance between and in NaCl is 281pm. (Molar mass of NaCl = )

and

Q3.

Li crystallizes in BCC structure. If the edge length of unit cell is 352 pm, calculate the followings: (a) Number of atoms per unit cell, (b) Radius of a Li atom, (c) The packing efficiency of the unit cell.

Q4.

(a) Iron (II) oxide has a cubic structure and each unit cell has edge density of oxide is in each unit cell. , calculate the numbers of (Molar mass of iron oxide = and

. If the

ions present )

(b) In the crystal of ZnS, zinc occupied tetrahedral voids. What is the coordination number of zinc?

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Answers:

A1.

Edge length = 200 pm = 2 108 cm Volume of unit cell = For fcc structure,
3

= 8 1024

=4

Total no. of atoms = no. of atoms per unit cell no. of units cells

No. of unit cells =

=6

Volume of element = no. of unit cell volume of unit cell = 6 = 4.8 cm3 Density = mass/ volume = 200 g/4.8cm3 = 41.67g cm3. A2. Avogadro number, N A = Where, =2 = 2 281 = 562 pm = 562 cm

d = 2.165 g cm1 , molecular mass of NaCl = 58.5 g mol1 For FCC structure of NaCl, NA = A3. For bcc, (a) Number of atoms per unit cell = 1/8 8 + 1 = 2 (b) = 352 pm, =4 = 6.089 1023

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Radius,

= 152.416 pm

(c) Packing efficiency of bcc,

Volume of spheres =

Volume occupied spheres =

x2=

4r =

V=

Packing efficiency =

% %= % = 68%

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A4.

(a) Number of atoms per unit cell, z =

= Each unit cell has four units of FeO.

= 4.18

Hence, four Fe2+ and four O2 ions are present in each unit cell. (b) Four

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B.

Previous Year Questions

1 Mark: Very Short Answer Type

Q1.

Find out the number of atoms per unit cell in a face centred cubic structure having only single atoms at its lattice point. [CBSE 2008]

Q2.

What is the coordination number of each of ions in a rock- salt type crystal structure? [CBSE 2008] [CBSE 2008]

Q3. Q4.

What type of substances exhibits antiferromagnetism?

Which point defect in crystals does not alter the density of relevant solid? [CBSE 2009, 10]

Q5. Q6.

Which point defect in its crystal units alters the density of a solid? Which point defect in its crystal units increases the density of solid?

[CBSE 2009]

[CBSE 2009] Q7. Write a feature which will distinguish a metallic solid from an ionic solid. [CBSE 2010] Q8. Which point defect in crystals of solid decreases the density of solid? [CBSE 2010]

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Answers A1. A2. A3. Four 6:6 The substances like MnO showing antiferromagnetism have domain structure similar to ferromagnetic substances, but their domains are oppositely oriented and cancel out each others magnetic moments, e.g. MnO. A4. A5. A6. A7. Frenkel defect Schottky defect Interstitial defect Mode of conduction, through electrons in solid metal and though ions in molten state or in solution in ionic solid/ metals are malleable and ductile whereas ionic solids are hard and brittle A8. Schottky defect

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3 Marks: Short Answer Type

Q1.

Assign reasons for the followings: (i) Phosphorus doped silicon is a semiconductor. (ii) Schottky defect lower the density of a solid.

[CBSE 2007]

(iii) Some of very old glass objects appear slightly milky instead of being transparent. Q2. What is semiconductor? Describes the two main types of semiconductors and explain mechanism of their conduction. Q3. Explain the following properties giving suitable examples. (i) Ferromagnetism (ii) Paramagnetism (iii) Ferrimagnetism Q4. Iron has a bcc unit cell with cell edge of 286.65 pm. the density of iron is 7.87 g cm-3. Use this information to calculate Avogadros number (Atomic mass of Fe = 56 g mol1) Q5. [CBSE 2009] [CBSE 2008] [CBSE 2008]

The well known mineral fluorite is chemically calcium fluoride. It is known that in one unit cell of this mineral there are 4 Ca2+ ions and ions are arranged in a fcc lattice. The ions and that Ca2+

ions fill all the tetrahedral holes in the

face centered cubic lattice of Ca2+ ions. The edge of the unit cell is 5.46 108 cm in length. The density of a solid is 3.18 g cm3. Use this information to calculate Avogadros number. (Molar mass of CaF 2 = 78.08 g mol1) [CBSE 2010]

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Q6.

The density of copper metal is 8.95 g cm3. If the radius of copper atom is 127.8 pm, is the copper unit cell a simple cubic, a body centered cubic or face centered structure? (Given: At. Mass of Cu = 63.54 g mol1 and N A = 6.02 1023 mol1) [CBSE 2010]

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Answers A1. (i) Due to presence of free electrons on doping phosphorus. (ii) Due to presence of holes or vacancies in the solid. (iii) Due to crystallisation in old glass objects. A2. Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a solid that has a conductivity intermediate between that of a conductor and an insulator. The conductivity varies from 106 to 104 ohm1m1. Due to absence of free electrons solids behave as insulators but at high temperature it can conduct electric current, because some covalent bonds break. They are two types: n type semiconductor and p type semiconductor. n-type semiconductor: it is obtained by doping Si (an element of group -15) and phosphorus (which has 5 valence electrons). Out of 5 valence electrons, only 4 valence electrons are involved in bond formation, 5th electron is not bound anywhere and can be easily promoted to the conduction band. The conduction is, thus, mainly caused by the movement of electrons. Therefore, due to the presence of the negative charge such type of semiconductor is called n-type semiconductor. p-type semiconductor: it is obtained by doping Si (an element of group -13) and gallium (which has 3 valence electrons), these 3 valence electrons form three bonds with neighbouring Si atoms. A vacancy is left which can be filled by transfer of a valence electron from a neighbouring Si atom. The movement of the one electron into the vacancy leaves behind a hole which carries a positive charge. The movement of positively charged hole is responsible for the conduction of charge. So, such type of semiconductor is called p-type semiconductor.

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A3.

(i) Ferromagnetism: It is permanent magnetism even in the absence of magnetic field. When they are placed in a magnetic field all the domains get oriented in the direction of magnetic field and produced a strong magnetic effect. e.g. Fe, Ni, Co (ii) Paramagnetism: It is weakly attracted by magnetic field due to the presence of unpaired electrons which are magnetized in magnetic field in the same direction.e.g.O 2, Cu+2, Fe+3. (iii) Ferrimagnetism: It is weakly attracted by magnetic field as compared to ferromagnetic. It is observed when magnetic moments of domains are aligned in parallel and anti parallel directions in unequal number, e.g. Fe 3 O 4 , Ferrites.

A4.

Given,

= 2 (for bcc)

= 56 g mol1 ,

= 7.87 g cm3 ,

= 286.65 pm

7.87 g cm-3 = = 6.04 1023 mol1

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A5.

Given,

= 4 (for fcc)

3.18 g cm3 = = 6.033 1023 mol1 A6.

=2 = =8 8.95 g cm3 = =4 Hence unit cell is fcc. = 4.723 1023 cm3

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C.

Must Do Questions

Q1. Q2.

What are the pseudo solids? Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids: Naphthalene, PVC, Teflon, fiber glass, Cellophane, silver, polyurethane.

Q3.

Solid A is very hard insulator in solid as well as in molten state and have extremely high melting point. What type of solid is it?

Q4. Q5. Q6. Q7. Q8.

Name one solid in which both Frankel and Schottky defects occur. What are F-centers? What is doping? Why does ZnO appear yellow on heating? State the difference between Schottky and Frenkel defects. Which of these two changes of the density of the solid?

Q9.

Distinguish between (a) Hexagonal and monoclinic unit cell (b) Face- centred and end centred unit cell

Q10. Chromium metal crystallizes with BCC lattice. The unit cell edge length is 287 pm. Calculate atomic radius, the number of atoms per unit cell and density of chromium. [at. mass of Cr = 52 g mol1 and N A = 6.023 1023]

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Q11. In mineral, spinel, having the formula MgAl 2 O 4 , oxide ions are arranged in the cubic close packing, Mg2+ ions occupy tetrahedral voids while Al3+ ions occupy the tetrahedral voids. (a) What percentage of tetrahedral voids occupied by Mg2+ ions? (b) What percentage of octahedral voids occupied by Al3+ ions? Q12. Iron (II) oxide has a cubic structure and each unit cell has edge 5 . If the density of oxide is 4 g cm3, calculate the numbers of Fe2+ and O2 ions present in each unit cell. (Molar mass of iron oxide = 72 g mol1, N A = 6.02 1023) Q13. Li crystallizes in BCC structure. If the edge length of unit cell is 352 pm, calculate the followings: (a) Number of atoms per unit cell, (b) Radius of a Li atom, (c) The packing efficiency of the unit cell.

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D. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

Q1. Q2.

Name a liquefied metal which expands on solidification. Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula Ni.98O1.00. What fractions of nickel exist as Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions?

Q3. Q4.

How many unit cells are present in a cube shaped ideal crystal of 1g of NaCl? Assign reasons for the following: (a) Sodium metal is soft whereas sodium chloride is hard. (b) Among NaCl and CsCl, CsCl is quite stable.

Q5. Q6. Q7.

What causes the conduction of electricity in semiconductor? At what temperature range, most of the metals become super conductors? The energy required to vaporize one mol of copper is smaller than that of energy required to vaporize one mol of diamond. Why?

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Answers:

A1.

Gallium (Ga) is a silvery white metal, liquefied at room temperature. It expands by 3.1% on solidification.

A2.

Ni.98O1.00 Let Ni2+ be and Ni3+ be 0.98

Total charge on compound is equal to zero. [2 (Ni2+) + 3 (Ni3+) 2 (O2)] = 0 2 + 3 (0.98 ) 2 = 0 = 0.94

0.94 100 = 96% Therefore Ni2+ % = 0.98

Ni3+ = (100 96) % = 4% A3. Mass of 1 unit cell = volume density = d =

= No. of unit cells in 1 gm = 1/Mass of 1 unit cell = 6.023 1023 / 58.5 4 = 2.57 1021

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A4.

(a) Sodium metal is metallic solid whereas sodium chloride is ionic solid. Metallic bonds are weaker than ionic bonds. (b) Higher coordination number of Cs is 8 in CsCl.

A5. A6. A7.

Electrons and holes cause the conduction of electricity in semiconductor. 2 to 5 K (at very low temperature). Copper is a metallic solid having metallic bonds while diamond is a covalent solid having covalent bonds. Metallic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds and thus less amount of energy is required to break metallic bonds than covalent bonds.

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