Chapter 25, Section

World History: Connection to Today

Chapter 25

The New Imperialism

(18001914)

Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 25, Section

World History: Connection to Today

Chapter 25: The New Imperialism (18001914)

Section 1: A Western-Dominated World

Section 2: The Partition of Africa Section 3: European Challenges to the Muslim World Section 4: The British Take Over India Section 5: China and the New Imperialism

Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 25, Section 1

A Western-Dominated World

What were the causes of the new imperialism?

Why was western imperialism so successful? How did governments rule their empires?

Chapter 25, Section 1

The New Imperialism

Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. Between 1500 and 1800, European states won empires around the world. However, Europe had little influence on the lives of the people of these conquered lands. By the 1800s, Europe had gained considerable power. Encouraged by their new economic and military strength, Europeans embarked on a path of aggressive expansion that todays historians call the new imperialism.

Causes of Imperialism

Chapter 25, Section 1

ECONOMIC INTERESTS Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources. Manufacturers hoped for new markets for factory goods. Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europes growing population. HUMANITARIAN GOALS

POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world. Western leaders were motivated by nationalism.

SOCIAL DARWINISM Many westerners viewed European races as superior to all others. They saw imperial conquest as natures way of improving the human species.

Many westerners felt concern for their little brothers overseas. Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization.

The Successes of Imperialism

Chapter 25, Section 1

In just a few decades, imperialist nations gained control over much of the world. Western imperialism succeeded for a number of reasons: While European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several older civilizations were in decline.
Europeans had the advantages of strong economies, wellorganized governments, and powerful armies and navies. Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge.

Forms of Imperial Rule

Chapter 25, Section 1

The new imperialism took several forms.

COLONIES
The French practiced direct rule, sending officials to administer their colonies.

PROTECTORATES
In a protectorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisers.

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
A sphere of influence is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. The United States claimed Latin America as its sphere of influence.

The British practiced on indirect rule, using local rulers A protectorate cost less to run than a colony and usually did to govern their colonies. not require a large military presence.

Section 1 Assessment

Chapter 25, Section 1

The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of a) colonization. b) imperialism. c) Social Darwinism. d) nationalism.

The United States claimed Latin America as a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence. c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Section 1 Assessment

Chapter 25, Section 1

The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of a) colonization. b) imperialism. c) Social Darwinism. d) nationalism.

The United States claimed Latin America as a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence. c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

The Partition of Africa

Chapter 25, Section 2

What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s? How did European contact with Africa increase? How did Leopold II start a scramble for colonies?

How did Africans resist imperialism?

Chapter 25, Section 2

Africa in the Early 1800s

To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began.

NORTH AFRICA
Since long before 1800, the region had close ties to the Muslim world. In the early 1800s, much of the region remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire.

WEST AFRICA
On the grasslands, Islamic leaders preached jihad, a holy struggle, to revive and purify Islam. In the forest regions, the Asante controlled smaller states. These smaller tributary states were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat their Asante rulers.

SOUTH AFRICA
Zulu aggression caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of the region.

EAST AFRICA
Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable slave trade was carried on.

European Contacts Increased

From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa. Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s.

Chapter 25, Section 2

EXPLORERS
Explorers were fascinated by African geography but had little understanding of the people they met.

MISSIONARIES
Catholic and Protestant missionaries sought to win people to Christianity. Most took a paternalistic view of Africans. They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in favor of western civilization.

Chapter 25, Section 2

A Scramble for Colonies

King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.

King Leopolds activities in the Congo set off a scramble among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France, and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.

At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves.

European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

Imperialism in Africa to 1914

Chapter 25, Section 2

Chapter 25, Section 2

African Resistance

Europeans met armed resistance across the continent. Algerians battled the French for years. The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa battled the British.

East Africans fought wars against the Germans.

In Ethiopia, King Menelik II modernized his country. When Italy invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.

Section 2 Assessment
European missionaries urged Africans to a) reject their own traditions. b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim world. c) seek independence. d) attend the Berlin Conference.

Chapter 25, Section 2

Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence? a) Congo b) Algeria c) Egypt d) Ethiopia

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Section 2 Assessment
European missionaries urged Africans to a) reject their own traditions. b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim world. c) seek independence. d) attend the Berlin Conference.

Chapter 25, Section 2

Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence? a) Congo b) Algeria c) Egypt d) Ethiopia

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 25, Section 3

European Challenges to the Muslim World

What were sources of stress in the Muslim world? What problems did the Ottoman empire face? How did Egypt seek to modernize? Why were European powers interested in Iran?

Chapter 25, Section 3

What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World?

By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline. In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across the Muslim world. Most stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior. The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism.

The Ottoman Empire

Chapter 25, Section 3

By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.

Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power. As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by foreign cultures. A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.

The Modernization of Egypt

Called the father of modern Egypt, Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power. During his reign, Muhammad Ali: improved tax collection reorganized the landholding system backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade brought in western military experts to modernize the army conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

Chapter 25, Section 3

Iran and the European Powers

Chapter 25, Section 3

Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia.

Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.

For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south. The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region. Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.

Section 3 Assessment

Chapter 25, Section 3

The Suez Canal linked a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. c) the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? a) Britain and France b) France and the United States c) Britain and Russia d) Russia and Germany

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Section 3 Assessment

Chapter 25, Section 3

The Suez Canal linked a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. c) the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? a) Britain and France b) France and the United States c) Britain and Russia d) Russia and Germany

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

The British Take Over India

Chapter 25, Section 4

What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion? How did British rule affect India?

How did Indians view western culture?

What were the origins of Indian nationalism?

Chapter 25, Section 4

The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects

CAUSES
The British East India Company: required sepoys, or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, including overseas, which violated Hindu religious law passed a law allowing Hindu widows to marry, which undermined Hindu beliefs ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles, which violated both Hindu and Muslim religious law

EFFECTS
The sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. The British took terrible revenge, slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians. Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust. The British put India directly under British rule, sent more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the occupying forces.

British Colonial Rule

Chapter 25, Section 4

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.

The British built roads and an impressive railroad network. The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining Indias once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. Britain transformed Indian agriculture. Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines. The British revised the Indian legal system. British rule brought peace and order to the countryside. Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.

Imperialism in India to 1858

Chapter 25, Section 4

Different Views on Culture

Chapter 25, Section 4

During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each others culture.

INDIAN ATTITUDES
Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress. Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own Hindu or Muslim cultures.

BRITISH ATTITUDES
Most British knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with contempt. A few British admired Indian theology and philosophy and respected Indias ancient heritage.

Indian Nationalism
The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would bolster British rule. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state.

Chapter 25, Section 4

Section 4 Assessment
In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following except a) place India directly under British rule. b) send more troops to India. c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule. d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence. Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress? a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state. b) Its members favored continued British rule. c) Its members supported western-style modernization. d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British.

Chapter 25, Section 4

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Section 4 Assessment
In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following except a) place India directly under British rule. b) send more troops to India. c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule. d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence. Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress? a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state. b) Its members favored continued British rule. c) Its members supported western-style modernization. d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British.

Chapter 25, Section 4

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

China and the New Imperialism

Chapter 25, Section 5

What trade rights did westerners seek in China? What internal problems did Chinese reformers try to resolve? How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?

The Trade Issue

Chapter 25, Section 5

Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them. In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a series of unequal treaties that forced China to make concessions to western powers. China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. The British gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality.

Internal Problems

Chapter 25, Section 5

By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.

Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for Chinas peasants. An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants burden. The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals. Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

Reform Efforts

Chapter 25, Section 5

In the 1860s, reformers launched the self-strengthening movement in an effort to westernize and modernize China. The movement made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it. After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform. Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the emperor was imprisoned.

Imperialism in China to 1914

Chapter 25, Section 5

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China. In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers. Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms. Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic. When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.

Chapter 25, Section 5

In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.

Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.

Section 5 Assessment
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West. c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade. d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

Chapter 25, Section 5

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Section 5 Assessment
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West. c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade. d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

Chapter 25, Section 5

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.