ONE FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 1.1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Real Number Inequalities Intervals Absolute Value Sign, Step Funetion ‘Triangle Inequality Graphing 1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 Definition Greatest Integer can be expressed as a decimal. A rational number is a repeating or terminating decimal. @<6 (is less than 6) if b—a is positive; a> b (ais greater than b) if a—b is positive @ bifa>bora=b. (a8) ={zlaa} (~00,8] (20, +00) = tal= (2, fez ple bl= {gre —lifz<0 sne=fo ite=0-v@)={? 1 ife>0 la+d| D: (—00, +00) Ds (—00, +00) > D: (—00, +00) R: (00, +00) R: [0,+00) R: (—00,5] Y y 8 5 | Seep tet “4 «| = 12. 14. G(z) = 27 42 1p > D: : (—00, +20) [2,+20) » » 3 5 4 5 “ ee CCAS err 2 4 “| “4 4 “6 4 4 1. 19. ea 21. g(x) = V9-27 > D: 2-120, > 20, > D:9-2730 [1, +00) ( ]U [2, +00) [-3,3] R: [0, +00) R: [0,+00) R: [0,3] y ty y 3 3 3 6 6 6 4 4 2 e Z z z Saaz pe 4 6 SET ES an 4 “| zg + a 44 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 18. F(z) = /9—z 20. o(z) = V4 - 2" 22. f(x) = V2? =1 > D:9-2>0 > D:4-27>0 > Di2?-130 (-20,9] (-2,2] (ee, -1]U[1, +00) R: [0, +00) R: (0,2] R: [0, +00) wy 8 2 6 ‘ ——_4 2] SSS a PT Tes 364 68 “4 “6 4 25. F(z) =|32-+2| > D: (—00,+00) >. D: (00, +00) R: [0, +00) R: [0, +00) 3 sf 5 ‘ 4 2 z : SORES CE Sapa a ee a “4 «i 6 3 4 24. H(z) =|5—2! > D: (co, +00) R: (0,+00) SST TesLl FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS 5 ifz<-2 3 z if2<3r<2 mw po={ee? ect ifo ee > D: (~00,+00) > f(2)=3242 2. Diz f#-2,3 R: {-4,-1,3} D: (-00, +00), Rey #5 - | & 4 4 BPh 4 2f. z £ SRE Pere — “4 “ 24 itz #3 its 7 itzs-2 siraa(y) tt on oe ig? rues > D: (~00, 400) > D: (00,400) R: (20,1) U1, +00) R: (09, 3] U (00,6) = (20, +20) =00,8) : | q ; 4 al z E z SER TS SOS s | W E * = fe <0 9-2? ifzZ-3 P-4 if2<3 36. a@={2 ifz=-3 * FE) {e-4 if3 D: (~00,-+00), Ri (~00,9] > Di (~00, +00) ) Note: G(3)=0 R: [-4, +90) U[5, +00) (00, -2]U (1, +00) =[-4,+00) , by s d s 6 4 +f 4| 4 2 2 x 3 Z SSSR ET ECT SSG2 PI es AAARER EES 2 4 4 ~ 4 a6 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY mth ife<-5 A. Wo= (ew if -z ifi D: (20,408) R: (integers) D: £2, R: [0,400) Note: F(-2) =4 | ol Fi 7 Seas ee “ \ “i 2 ifr<-4 a Visa if 4c 2<4 M4. G(2) = 238 zoo = if4se e+ > D: (—00,-+00) = Sy <2 Rz (~00,-2]U (0,4) U(—00,-2] Di 2 4-3, R: [0, +00) = (00, -2]U (0,4) Note: G(3) = 9 sal ee satbelns 4 | 4 4. Me) wwe (oe)-1 (@ue)—ve-1) ifz<0 > aft fs ={t | =f! =f tess 1 ifz>0 1 if2>1 0 ife>0 i) eet 2 iE Z| x Zi = a z= 4 J 4 3 Zi | 2 31.1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS 7 48. (2) 2Ufz) (b) (2 +1)U(e+1) (6) @+DU(e+ 1)—2U(z) fe<-t eof) ita<0 (0 ifz<-1 {i Pee | ‘ sf 6 4 ri 4 4 4 5 _ 2 . op ae. eat eee ereprr et “4 4 + * “| “| “ 4 4 49. (a) sgn 2 (b) zsgn 2 (c) 2-2 sgn z (4) 2—2sgn 2 iE ifz<0 (—z ife<0 if (z+2 ifz<0 > =40 ifr=0 =\0 ifz=0 =tt ee -{ itz—0 1 250 itz >0 = ifz>0 =lz! 4 2 PeCe SALE? SCT 4 “| “ 50. (a) sgn(2+1) (>) sgn(z~1) (6) sgn(z+1)—sen(z- 1) 1 ife<-1 1 ifz<1 ife<-lorz>1 wef eta =f ee fT Hecalersct 1 ifz>-1 i ifz>1 2 if-1 Using the point-slope formula for each segment give ‘ 2-242) f-2<2S-1 22-2 if-2<2 Katee) Helces0 yet oles so 91-12 ifo Using the pointslope formula for each segment give J 042(242) -2s2 M44 if -2 fy =e, fg=-tor fH lel fy =e! 54. Define the graph of the letter Z as the union of f,, fa, fy > Use relational operators to get segments, rather than lines. In Exercises 55-58, define the function piecewise and sketch the graph. m1 ifz<-1 -l-fiz if-l1 3] 3 6 2 z z z S64Db 2468 S64Tb 24 ee S442 P IEE “4 4] -4| | “ +6 =| + 5 Exercise 56 Exercise 57 Exercise 58 =43z-27 ifo3 In Exercises 59 and 60, sketch the graph of the function and determine its domain and range. Check by plotting. kL 59. h{z) =2—[s]. D: (—c0,-+00} R: [01) Exercise 59 Exercise 60 60. F(z) =2+ [Zz]. D: (—00, +00); R: [2k, 2k + 1), where & is any f: —8e ifr<0 Jeger. 61, Define two other functions whose graphs resemble two different letters of the alphabet. > U: f(2)=1-V1-24, V: fe) Sle! 1.2 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS AND TYPES OF FUNCTIONS 1.2.1 Definition Given the two functions f and g: (j) their sum, denoted by f +g, is the function defined by (F4+.0(2) = (2) + of2) their difference, denoted by f — 9, is the function defined by (f -9)(2) = F(z) - (2) (iii) their product, denoted by fg, is the function defined by (F-9\(z) = F(2)- 92) (iv) their quotient, denoted by f/g, is the function defined by (F/ az) = f(2)/a(2) In each case the domain of the resulting function consists of those values of z common to the domains of f and 9, with the additional requirement in case (iv) that the values of 2 for which g(z) <0 are excluded,1.2 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS AND TYPES OF FUNCTIONS 9 1.2.2 Definition Given two functions f and g, the composite function, denoted by f 99 and read f of gy is defined by (fog)(2) = f(gl2)) and the domain of fog is the set of all nurnbers + in the domain of g each that g(z} is in the domain of f- ‘The composition of functions is associative, that ia (fog) 24 = So(goh). Definition (i) A function is said to be an even function if for every = in the domain of #, F(—=)= f(z), (ii) A funetion is said to be an odd funetion if for every + in the domain of f, f(—*) = —f(x). das both parts (i) and (i) it is understood that —z is it the domain of f whenever 2 is: “Even powers of x are evem functions; odd powers and odd roots of rare odd functions ‘Combinations ¢ven + even = even, odd + odd = odd, even x even = even, odd x odd = even, even x odd = ‘Geenfeven = even, odd/odd = even, even odd = odd, odd even = odd, See Exercise 32. odd ives 1.2 Brercises 1-10, define the following functions and determine their domain D: fa) f+9 (b) F—a fe) 9 (A) S/o Ce) oft ‘> We adopt the common practice of omitting *(2]". Values not in the implicit damain are bolded. f=r-5, 71 (a) ft gaa? +26, D: (—o9,e0) (b) fg = 2? +2—4, D: (—o000) be) f-g= Yet 1) = Fe 2 +5, DF (8) fla = aH, Dew #31) off = Faye Des 2 fa Je pat 41@) foga Vere +1 Di [0,+08) (b) 9 = 22? =1, D: (0,400) ke) fog = ale? +1), Ds [0 408) (€) ffs “4 Ds [0 +00) (2) ot =, 1D: (0, +26) 42e=1 Seay eo biega1@fe=ttpd= tb Dee 01 220,1(09 sith ebecha got Deeg a101 faeg=4-2? (a) ftg= vette D: [0, +22) (b) f—g = E427, D: [0, +09) {e) F- = /@(4—22), D: [0, +20) (d) t= De [0,2)U (2.406) (@) a/f “ Ds (0,400) fave 21 (a) f eg = e422 — 1, Di (0)-+00) (b) fag = WEF? +1, D: [Os +00) fe) f-7 = V2(2" —1), B: (0, +99) (a) Wn B: [0,1) U(L, +09) (6) a6 = 253. b: (0,420) (00,00) fle) g=le—31 (2) fg =l2l+l2—3l Di (20,400) (b) fog =le|—lz— 3), D: (-08, +90) (2 Feamlele— 8h D: (ote) te) fa = p25, FS Le oT = Tae Dao fa st41, p= 32-2 (a) fg = 2743-1, Ds (—00, 400) (b) J—g = 2) — de +8, Dt (00, +00) fe) fg = (22+ Ge 2) = 328-22? + 82-2, De (cert) fin= Eth De 93 oat f= D: (20,460) b fa vera p= 22-4 (a) ft a= yeti te 4, Di [4 +e) (b) f-g= Verd-w 44, = 1: [4,21 (=2,2) U2, toe)10 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY depo? Leet ol e248 etd 2 ® fagpp sete) ftesgeproate-a esl FH so Diz¢-L2 ala phi =¥ O-e=shp beet bette} orn “erties Dist “415 yes za 2 Det -1,0,2 @oll=siateem eee . 10. f= 2. 9 =n (a) fee (ot oe In Brerives L1-L4y compute (fe g}() by two methods: (0) Pind fe) Set (}) Find (0a) Ke i. fla) = 308 — Az, gle) = 2-5 = 4 & (a) (a) = 26-9 =3, JO) =15 ‘pe 5)? — {22 3) = Alte” — 2x + Bh) — Be +20 = 122" —08r + 95 De (0, 420) (b) f= D:(0,-400) V2, (0, +50) (a) F a 2/2, Di: (0) +00) ‘f= dee 12 f(e) = Ve —6, g(x) = 2" - 32, = b (a) ofS) =5?—-5 = 10, (20) = Vi0" = 36 = 5 () fale) VET, Juen= (errs ies > (ay aQ)= i= a) wa h@=5 8) fale) =z erst aye ua. fiz)= 1 sz) = w f a plea a BETS: Hol-2)) = ap pg HBF HAD) + = SVE = In Baercises 15-24, find (a) Fog (0) gef (©) Fos (A) 909 and give their domains D. Wi fee) ne gle) #47 fb) o( F(z) = (2-247 = (9) a(g(z)) = 16 fiz) = 3-2, oz! (a) fg{2)) = 3— 26-32) = Be | ne, 400) (b} al f(z)) = 6 = 3(3 - 22) = 62 ~ 3, Ds (~29, 420), te) JU (= d— 28 - 22) ae Pee) atgle)) = 6-H6 —2) = Bx — 12, D: (oy -r00) 1. fle) =r—5, g(2)= 27-1 & (@) faz) = (7-5 =? (20, +20) fe) este 5)? 1 = a — 102 4.24, Dr (~00, 420) © He =10, Ds (20) 448) (@) (a(z))=(2?-1) - 2x7, D: (00, boo) 18, f(a) = oF » (e) hie EFI, Ds (28,420) (b) af(2)) = (v2) +2 = 2+ 1, Di [0,+e0) fe) srl) = foe = Y2, Ds (0.400) (a) poly) = (2? +1) + 1 at + 2a? +2, D: (2,490) 19. f(z)=¥F—2%, oleae? -2 P(e) f(a(2)) = ylz*—2)-2 = va" —4, D: (0, #00) (b) of f(z) = (2-27 -2 = 2-2-2 = 2-4, [2,408) (© fle) = fen 2H 2 Di a—224, (6400) @) pale =@P=2 = B= +42? +2, D: (2a 428)1.2 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS AND TYPES OF FUNCTIONS Lt 2, fle) 22-1, oz) =F aiken a) ae=(-1= 2 (6) (Ue) = F-18254, De (00,400) Ud) afl) = =F pe i aq bs eee (h) 9(s(a)) = apap Dee # St L Dine an fley=ha(z)= v2 : © (a) Fale) = de Ds (0,490) tb) ata) = Y= +p Ds (0,425) idea rp=s Db ae0 (0) alot) = Ve = YE 2:0, 420) m2. fe)= VE olt)= & (a) fate) = yf & De: (-00.0) (b) af (=) = (e) Fle) = Va = YE: D: [0.4208 2) ofa(e) = BB. f(z) siah g(z)=l2+2| & (a) figiz)) =||e+2!]=le +2) De (-29, #20) (b) gf f(2)) = [le 2| = 12142, De (—20, +00) (6) AUCe)) =Well= 124 Ds (98.400) (4) a(ote)) [24 2/42) =]=4 214 2, Ds (20,400) 2, f(r) = VET, af G1 & (0) fate) = Venta = VenTHT = VEE, B40) (by afc) = vet 1-1, V1 A, (28, VM UL V9, 400} © 1G) = feat ave = V8 (@) ofgtz)) = Ve= 1-1, Ds x= 1 > 1 [2 +98) a5. f(a) =e la) He = VE lek D: Hotes) 0) LP = [Zt = 2, Ds [0 +00) SIU v2.40) (9 sla) = V2 = VD: 1,4) (2) HE(-2)) = Y=, De (00,0) 2. fel=z hy) fe) = ph eee At (b) Le) = yop Be A @sve)=— Lezeesl mie yor (@) s(-2) =) pd T-T(t==) e In Erereises 27-98, express the function as f(g(#)) in two ways. p> Bxpress the function using of twice; break at the first or the serandd. mf square coot of the difference of feign st—dor faVa-4§, 8. (9-27)? =2 power of the sum of --- fax g= 94s or f= (0+ vs. (5) bP pomec of the reciprocal ofa faa, phy or f=(E) 9= 22 30. 0 BeOS et de cual 41. ={° Lite cn 2 edd (even Fedd} 42, alel= tteen (odd ) 0 either a(-2) —(e-)+(e42)=4 tc 2 4 evalcietate [leo eoa) ~2r if -2 << 2 is odd (2-2)—(242)=-4 ifa> 2fe ife<-1 =(e4+1)4 (2-1 4, Been fie" ee ite [-1,0)U(0)1] ixeven (2+ 1) —(—1)p. ite>1 le 45, fog gg f. See Exercises 16-24, (a) versus (b). In Hrercises 46-50, show that f and g are inverse functions by showing that /(g(z)) = 2 and g(f(x)) = 2. 4B. f= 22-3, 9 = Mr +3). fog = Kr +3) -3 = (x 4+8)-3=2, of =H(22-3) +2) = }22) 1 ied z - =W(e+l) r+ teeta Hfeg pen es fee a eat Sloe =e ee W. for cz0ig= Vz fog=(ya)=2, gfe 49. fore c0,9=—y% foo=(-\SP =, 90 f = Ve =-(-2)=2 80. f= (2-1), 9=14 9%. fog = [+ Y2)— IP = (8e =s, go fais el) = 140-1 =2 SL. Find formulas for sgn(U(z)) and U(sgn(z}) and sketch their graph. 0 fed if Ulz}< 5 never > vencuy={o ifUG)= = treo betes 1 if Ulr) =1 SI ifz>0 vomtn={ PR TEfa{} 220) ‘ $2. If f and g are odd functions, prove that f+ and f —g are add and f-g and fq are even. aI > f(-r) = =F), o(~2) = a(2). q d(-a) +9{-#, {-2) - of-2) =—S(e) (F 9N-2) = S-as(-2) = [-Fe)-af Gfa)mz) = F(-2)fol—s) = -402)/-a12) 5%. If fio any function and y ix eves, F(G{—H)) = Skala) s0 0 9 is even, WJ and g are both odd, F(al=2)) = J(—(ala)) =—fa(z)) wo fog is odd. If f is even and g is odd, f(a(—=)) = f{—a(2)) = f(a(2)) 20 fog is even SA. Pind formulas for (f o.9)(2). Sketch the graphs of f, 7, and f og. Uf +92) 9-2) a iO rate) SKS fe ase ’ : : asap tt 31.2 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS AND TYPES OF FUNCTIONS 13 155. Hind formulas for (go f){-2) and sketch its graph. 0 if fi2)=0 0 ifel > 9ff(2)) {ine it0< fla)sl -f iozr0} = (4,420) but dom G = (—20,—1]U (4, +00), 1.3 FUNCTIONS AS MATHEMATICAL MODELS: Variables should be described asing units: 2 feet is the length. vis Proportional to z Directly: y = kx. Inversely: y = kz. Jointly proportional to x and ‘Extremum of ar? + be + occurs when * = —b/2e; this can be obtained by completing the square. Maximum Product of a set of positive numbers of constant. sam is when factors are equal. See Ex, 28 ‘Minimum Sum ofa set of positive numbers of eoustant product is when terma are equal. See Ex. 22. Exercises 1.3 In each exercise, obtain a function as a mathematical model of the situation. Be sure to write a conclusion, ‘L.A payroll of p dollars is directly proportional to the number w of workers, and a crew of 12 workers enms $810. (a) Find p(w). (b} What is the payroll for a crew of 15 workers? b p= kw. 810 =K(12), £ = 67.5 (a) pw) = 67.54 (b) p15} = GT-5- 15 = 1012.50 2. A person's brain weight 6 Ib is directly proportional to his body weight w Ib, and a person weighing 160 Ib has a 4 Ib broin (a) b(w). (b} Pind tke brain. weight of » 176 Ib person be b= kus d= A{L50), b= oe (a) (te) = Sw (b) 6176) = e176 = 4.69 3. The period p se of a pendulum i directly proportional to the square root of the mumber 2 of feet in ils length, and au 8 ft pendulum has a 2 see period. (a) Find p(s). (b) Find the period of a ft pendulum. p pakye 2=kV8, V2 (8) plz} = /2F2 (b) nl2) = V1 = 1. The period is 1 sec, 4. The frequency {per see of @ vibration is directly proportional to the square root of the tension ¢ hig, and is 64 /sce. when the tension is 24 kg. (a) Find {(1). (b) Find the frequency under e Lensian of 6 ky, p fa kyi, 864 = by 24 = ine, = Tab (a) f(t) = 12/61 (b) F(6) = 72-6 = 182 te Oe £50 Ir £50 <2 < 200. (50) =2.2%50 052 if > 200 ($1) = 2.1 x51 = 107.10, C52) = 2.1 w 52 = 109.20, C(68) = 21 x53 = 111.90, C(200) = 2.1 x 200 = 420 (202) = 2.05% 202 = 414.10), C204) = 2.05 x 204 = 418.20, C(208) = 2.05 x 206 = 422.90 5. C(2) dollars ie the cost of shipping 2 tb. Cla 110, y(z) cents is the cost of mailing ounces. y = 9— 23-2]. y(1.6) 9 —23(—2) = 55 yl) =9 9 23(—3) = 78 yao = 28(-11) = 2621030 30 40 50 60 10 3 100 1 tO TT aa 4a es poll Exercise 5 Exercise 6 Exercise 7 Exercise 8 7. x(a) cents is the cost of an = minute call. vz) = 10—30[—z]. w(0.5) = 10 — 30[—0.5] = 10 —30(—1) = 40 1 30[-2] = 10 — 30-2) wW25) = 10 — 30[-2.5] = 10 — $0(—3) = 100 10— 30[-3] = 10 ~ 30-2) (35) = 10 — 80f-8.5] = 10 —80(—4) = 10— 30-5] = 10 — 30-3) 8, The adult admission price is $7, while the price for cildeen under 12 years is $4 and the price for seniore at least 60 yers ie $5. (a) Find « model of price as a function of age. (b) Sketch the graph of your function in (a). 4 if0 0, S=60/r 4 60/r + xr? (product = 3600n) is minimum when 60/r = x72, r? =60/x, 7 22.67 in 23. A. page with margins of 1.5 in. at the top asd Dottons sod 1 in. a the sides is to contain 24 in? of print. (a) Find the total area of the page, A(z} in?, when the width of the printed region is = in. (b) What is the domain D af A? (e) Approximaue to thy pesrest hundredth of gr inch the size ofthe smallest page. > (a) The length of the printed region is £8 in, A(z) =(z +2y(24+ 3) =30 + (32 +25) (preduct = 144) (b) De 5-0 (C) Aji = 54 when Bz = 48, 2 a4, 2 +25 442=5, 249024) 30, The smallest page is 6 in, wide and 9 in. Tong. AL A lot with walkways 22 fe ide at the frowt and hack and 15 ft nt the sides is to contain a 13,200 7 building. {2) Find the total area of the lot, A(z) 2, when the width of the front és = ft. (b) What is the domain D of ‘Af (c) Approximate to the nearest hundredth of a foot Uhe size ofthe smallest lot » do) The length of the building is “2° n, A(z) = (2 + 90y(49200 + 44) — 14520 + (442 + 996000/) (0) Di = >0 (e) Because the product ofthe variable term Ie 742,00, te smalls ot has area 2,868.4 62 sehen 442 = 396,000/2, 2 = /9000 = 94.57. The field is 124.87 ft by 189.24 fL 25, A box of tength 2 Gn. with square croc wetion has 100 in. as the um of its length and girth, (a) Find the ‘Yolume ¥ in® as a function of 2. (b) What is the domain D of V7 (c) Approximate to the nearest inch the dimensions of the largest box. (a) The width of the box is (100 — 2) in. V= (b) D: 20 < 2 < 100 (length > width) (¢) V, "The largest box is about 33 by 17 by 17 in. YA. The growth cae J bctri/in of m colony in jointly proportions! 40 the narber = af bacteria ged the number 1,000,000 —2 of capacity. f(z) = (1,000,000 — 2), f(1000) = 60 = 10008 999,000, & = za Saas satan: J= #(1.000,000—2)/16,650,000, 0-< x < 1,000,000. (£00,000) = 108,000 -90,000/16,658,000 5405 bacteria/min. f(z)= 540,000, 21. The growth rate f infected/day of an epidemic number 5,000—z of capacity. f(z) = ha(,000 ~ 2), $(100) ‘92(5,000 — 2)/490,000, 0 < 2 < 5,000. f(200) = 9 200 »4800/190,000 r 17.6 = 18 people/day. (m2? +5,0002) is maximum when 50 /—2 = 2500. 26. ‘The base of a pyramidal tent is 22 m square and a triangular side has height 2.5—z m. The height h of the tent satisfies A? +2? = (2.5—2)%, & via 25— 55. The volume is ¥ = 3 6.25 —S2, 0< 2 < 1.35. Vv(0.8) = 12-08) (2a BOB =} 16/208 = 1.28 m®, v8 = Bell — de) = Je yhe (elle yl — Je) Because the eum of the variable factors is 1, V is maximum whe nf, 2=1 100 — 2)? = -210100 ~ 2}(100 ~ 2) (sum = 200) GP)? 0250 when 100—2 = 22, 2 = MO. (2? +1,000,000x) is maximum when x = —1,000,000/— jelntly proportional to the number z of infected and the ‘INoke- 4900, # = 9/190,000.16 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 14 GRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION TO LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS “Phe formal definition of limit is given in the next sect 1.4.1 Definition Let f be a function that is defined at every number in some open interval containing a, ‘exept possibly at the number a itself. The dimit of ffs} ex x approaches o is L, written as fin He) = if the following statement is trxe: Given any ¢ > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that iO From the figure, 6 =.1 ; 2. f(z) =2=82, 05-1, L=5, = 08. > From the figure, 5 TS oh 3 and 25. f(z) i Bercise 1 e 2, -1=3-0.03, 2, =4 = 0.03. &,—1= 8 40.03, 22-4 = 0.03, Choose § = 0.03, |P(2)—1|=|(2—1) —3|=12— 41-26 when [2a] <1 = 0.03 = 5. 4 and 26. f(z) =242,0=3,L=5,¢=0.02 Bo 2y$2=5-002, 2-35 0.02. r.+2=5 +002, x; — $= 0.02. Choose 6 = 0.02. [f@)-1 pepe tele-ise 9.02 =¢ 5. fe)= & Intde Tand 27. f(z) = 52-3, 0 Sz, )~1= 001 5a = |(2—8)—2]=lde—S]=ae— 1) ce whenle-1/5 ke = Band 28. f(x) = 42 ~5, 0 =2, b= 3, ¢= 0.001 sé > da 5 = 3.001, 42 001, 2 —2 = =00028. 42,5 = 34.001, dz = 8=.001, 2) =2 = 0007: |@=—5)-3|=]4a—8]= 4x21 << when |z-21< = 0.00025 =F 9% f(z) =9—4,a=-1, L=7, += 0.02. f is decreasing, Bade = 74.02, 4 42, = 02, 2, 41 = 005. 9-4, = T= 02, —4 Ae, = —09, 2541 =.005. 6 = 005 10. s(2)=2452, a= 2, Lb =-8, > 2482,=-8— 00252, +10= 002.2; +2 = —0004. 2+ S2y=—8 +.002,52y +10 = 002.2, +2=.00t =é14 GRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION TO LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS 17 2, b=—4e= 001, & fe)=2-2ife #2 =Olony P= 84.01, 2-2 = 44.01, 2) +42 = 01 nL. He)= 24 a= & 2,-2=-4-01, 2,-2= 4-01, 4,42 12 soya 42} a=} L=2,e=0m > f(e)= S241 ite x} 32,41 = 2-01, 32, — 01) zy p= gpg Bg +1 2401, 3zy—-1= 01, yeah 6 1B and 29. f(z) =A MES gL a4 20080 fe) =2e—3ife et 22-3 = 94.03, 2x, 41 = =.08, 2p t= O15. 2s, 3S = A+ 03, Ae, 41 = 08, 2 $= 05. 6 = 15 +g | From the figure, # = min(2— /7/2, 972-2) = min(0.126,0.121) = 0.121 Bote Fok noalineat J, the Values of-d obtained Geom tnetualilies are tually’ sinaller ‘than those obtained directly. The factoring is really done first to determine what ‘bounds we need, Aand 31. f(z) =s7, o=3,L=9.¢=0.5 & OF 0 hay, ty > 0 27 = 9-05 = 8.5, a = 85 = 2915, 2-2, = 085, 2,° = 9-405 = 0.5, 25 = y/0 = 1.082, 2, 3 = 082. 8 = 082 Gl. Choose 6< 180 -1¢4-3-<¢1, S243 <7. Then le? —9l=[e43lle-3l 2 a) 44a, $4 = 1-08, (2) + To4.08, (2, +2)? = 1.08, 0) 42 = 108. |*44r4aiale4aliatiicaie+il Fits Ch fle decreasing 3z,2Ta, 2,5 (7— VP 4-3-3776 = 809, 1-2, = 191. Because Fa) 2 #Q)> (74+ W748 8.7)/6 = 1.524, a1 5.5%. 8 ‘36. Choose 6 <1 s0 -1<2-1<1 —8<32-3<3,-4<3r-4<2, [(a=?-72 +2) - 23] |e? = 7r44|=|32—4l2—il@. Substitution Li ‘Theorems 1-10 imply that the limit as z approaches a of any formula (that is, excluding functions defined in pieces) can be found by substitution, if substitution is ‘meaningful Fractions Note that we cannot use Limit Theorem 9 to find the limit of a fraction if the limit of the denomiaxtor is xer0. However, when the limit of both the numerator and denominator i aero at =a we may be able to apply one of the following methods: (i) If the oumerator and deneminater are both polynomials, we apply the factor theorem which states that if x =a is a zero of « polynomial, then #—a is & faster. ‘The commen factor z—a may then be canceled, This is illustrated im Exercise 32. (ii) If the denominator is polynomial and a term of the uuimerator is a radical, we may multiply by its conjugate, which is noi zero al a, and apply method {i} to the product, This is shown in Exercises 20 and 32. Ino doing, we use the following theorem, a consequence of Definition 1.6.1. ‘Thoorem A if im yz) =E and f(x) = g(x) for all = #0, then lim f(z) ‘We cannot use Limit Theorems 1-10 to find the limit, of.a fraction for which the limit of the denominator is zero and for which the limit of the numerator is not zeta, In Section 1.7 we have-a theorem for finding the limit of such a fraction. Buorcises 1.5, 3 ‘We wich to determine a § > 0 such that ifd 0, any choice of 6 > 0 will suffice; in particular take ¢ ‘Wee wish to determine a 6 > 0 such that i€0 0, any ekoiee of 6 > 0 will suffice; in particular take & = ¢. We wish to determine a 6 > 0 such. that O<|e—4| de—4l< athe) = |2r41)-9] <0 ‘We wish te deterr aé>0 such that iO<|x—L|<& then |(42+3}-7|<¢ e@0<|z-1l<6 then de-il lz—11< 4(de) = |(42 +3) -7[ <6.20. FUNCTIONS, LIMIES, AND CONTINUITY b We wish to determine a 6> 0 such that if 0 Fr44|c2(p) > |(2r+7)-1] cn T. We wish to determing 4 4 > 0 such thi Oe |e 42/8 then [(1+32)- e@itdcle+2/<6 then drt2icc @itO<|e+2|<é then |rt2}che Heuce, take $= fe; then O-<|2+2|< 6+ Slz-+2| < ae) = |(1+32)—(-8)|<6 Ve wish vo determine a4 > 0 such that ifo 242] < 80 >| +82)-(-3)| 0 such that jet—1 ce ito<|etifes then ES P—-2) Si 0<]e41/<8 then |e t1l0<[rtll 10. We wish to determine a é> 0 such that 2 W0 there is a 8 > 0 such that | f(z) —L| 0 there is a > 0 such that |[f(z) —L]—O|<¢ when 0 0 there isa 6 > 0 such that | f(z) —Ti|0 there is a 6> 0 such that | f(t-+a)—L]and m is a positive integer, or a< Qand m is an odd positive integer, lim YE = lima 9 15.16 Theorem If lim f(z) =, and kim f(z) = by then Ly = bye =f ein oo Supplementory Beercises £5 & ‘The key to ashort solution is to factor in the second line before completing the first fine. 1. lime" Jim & Choose é<¢lso-l Choose << leo-lery3el —Te2-ge-t Then |2?-9|=|2-3| 243) <]2+3) Choose 65 1x0 <1 cr=2cl > ~6< 62-12 <6 5 < 62-117. ‘Then [6z?~ 132+ 5~3|=[6r—1 [2-2] < 1'x—2[ <¢ when |2—2| < he. #= min(, he), & lim(42*— 1324 12) =3 b Choose §< Leo -l¢r-l eb —tede—4 ed 9 cdr) ‘Phen | 42? —192+12— 4] |4e— 9-1) <2 1] ce whew [2-1] < fe. F = min( Life). We wish to prove by mathematical induction that if im fylez) = Ly) lim fy(2) =Ly...and then Jin [f,(2) + Ja(2) £0004 Jq(2)] = by £1g teeth ® Proof: By LT.4, lim [f,(2)+42(2)] =14 Lp Therefore, Equation (1) holds when n= 2. Assume Equation (1) holds when m= ky that is Jim [f() # L@) 2-0 fal] = by th Salt) = ely 226 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND COMEMSUTEY, 12. 13, Ma 15. We wish to prove that Equation (1) tlds when n=l, From. be Jim {fa (#) Fafa) +--+ Su Fegal bt From Equation (2) and because by hypothesis lim /,.4,(2) = ly, the right-hand side of the above equation is (Ly Bly +e 1) £1 yg. Therefore, Equation (1) holds fora =k + |, and henee for overy integer n. + We are given lim f(s) = Land Jimo(s) = 0. Tn onder to prove thar lim [/(z}-9(2)] =0 we must show that, for any © 0 there exists a 6 > 0 such that if 0 <|z—al<é then |f(z)-9(z)|<° (a) Because Jim f(z) = L it follows trom Definition 2.1.1 that there is 6, > such that if0 0 such that if 0 <1 —al <4 then | f(z) |-<1 +1] Because Jim g(x) =0 it follows from Definition 2.1.1 that there is a 4, > 0 such that 0 Jim{ f(z) -L}= Oand dim [atz) ~M]= 0. Hence iF) =e) = Hn (Le) ~ Dla) fae) — MY + a “Elim (L7t2)— Late) + fim {ate} — MI} + 5 We are given Ii MPS o20+LM We wish to prove by mathematical induction that if Him f(x) = Ly, lim f(x) = bey When irr, £4462) - fal) eg E)) = llega a Proof: By £.T.6, lim [f,(2)- #{2]] = Ly» Ly- Therefore, Bquation (1) holds when n Assume Equation (1) holds when ‘bat is Him (fy (2)- fale)---> Fete) = by bao ty @ ‘We wish to prove that Equation (1) holds when u=k-+1. Fe ‘Mi (UF Ce) Fyfe dev Lg) Sygate) = Bem Ute) falz) ): diem, Fega (2)P From Equation (2) and because by hypothesis lim f,.,9(2) = bg.) the right-hand side of the above equation is (Ly “Lop Ly) “iggy. Therefore, Equation (1) holds for n= +1, and hence for every integer o. ga = for any ¢ > O there is a 6 > 0 such that :, We get the equivalent conclusion Suppose a <0 and so —a>0, By what was proved, lg Suppose @< 0 so ~a > 0, By what was proved, lin ye = Ye => for any ¢ > O there is ad > O such that | $= Wa] () and oneysided limits, discussed in the next. seeti ewan Oc fy—(-a) [ea Replacing g by ce 1] 0, however small, there exists a é > @ such that if0 0, however small, there exists a é > @ such that if0 (@) lim, fie)= im, (-3) =-3 (6) tim (2) ® (©) lim F{e) does not exist because Tim ffx) # tim, fz). = a a0 ase={z? BTS) > (a) lim fle)= lim 2=2 (b) im (2) = ie (6) lig fe) dows not exist because Tim f(e) # lim, £12). 2 t+4 tts 3 no={itt if—4 —2 then li (b) Because gfs) = 643 if ¢<=2, then (e) Because lim, s(s) # Him ale), by Theorem 1.6.9 lim, 2(8) does not exis eae ee ee i 8—2r fe <2 PEST { tee © (a) im, P(e) = tim, (8-2) =4 () lm Fle} = lim a? =4 (2) Him, P(e) = 4 by Theveem 168. Qe 4d =z 6. we=[ ist > (a) lim, A(z) = lim, (10-2)=10-3=7 aa eat (b) ling. A(z) = Ning (28 + 1)—2(8) +1 = 7 (6) fim Fla) = 7 by Theorem 1.6.3. arte ifr 0 1 ite S(z] wensi=[o ifz=0 1 ite>0 (6) Because agn x =1 if x >0, then Jaga 2|= 1 if'2>0, and lim 82) =e, jogo |= Him aot root (oy Boe sgn aS (e) Because lim, S{x) = lim S(z 1 se) , > O) | () — © Ji (a) dose nat ta becouse lim _ fr) # tim , #(2) af Nee (2) i Je) = tim VE =e =o te) 1 lim, 2) = “i, 2) a © i 1 J (=) docs nok exist because is Ree ie Fiz). ~ etl ife<-l We fe)={2?— if-1ce<1 <2 ifz>1 y * (a) (e+ I=-1+1=0 * oo nats (-iPa2 (©) “tim " £(2) does not exit because tim _ f(a) | lim, fle). = S(2)= lime? = 1 = 1 (e) iim, He) = clit Set) =2- i (0 Lim fhe) = 1 by Tiki a 1. F(t) {3 Hee vt ifose > fa) is, 10) = ji, vi=o (6) Him J(2)= 0 by Theotem 1.6.3 4 Yor itso male voce : » (ite =lim Ye=0 4 2 (b) tim o(2) = tim {/—e =0 Sea teas —S tim_g(2) =, them by Theorem 1.6.3 ln, oe) =O. a (e) Because fm, 9216 ONE-SIDED LIMITS 31 © (8) lim Ple)= tim ) “im Pes “im, vo (©) tim, ie) = 009 Teocem 1.63 = VFI weg G)=\Vi—F t-ia ifez0 “1-O=-1 ifr0 (@) Ma) = 0 > 0, ana lim, Ma) = 0. (6) Me) = 1 if 2< 0, and lim Ae) te) peaee xi n dz) # lim" Ke), ‘then ling: h(a) dows not exist, fim, [=1=2 () tim, [T= gia does not est cause Lim ble! la, [el lim fa} = [14] =1 (®) Jim [2-3] =[1-]=0 Ie fa ss tsi ata tims fe] # tien, [eh mt =f aaah lnk ife4—(n s0 G(e) =n +(3—n) =3. (2) Jip, Glo) = tims (ch Because tn, (2) = fim Gla) = 8, by Theorem 1.6.5 lim, (=) Sr+k ifise Jim f(x) exists E{z) exists 10) va ftt fred od only free) lim, eh im Ne) = Nim (82-42) = ~ ‘Therefore im (exist if and only if 20-4 = 14; bent Kaj= wens ifze-t Pek ifr>-1 lim, £2) exists Wand only if lim fle)= lim, #(=). li fe) = tim _ fe-9Sc3 Therefore lim Fe) existe Hf and only if #3 = 14 oe) = Jim, (62 +H) = 20+ tim , (@? +h) = 14k at itr<-2 He)shor+b W-2 such that |f(2)-L| << whea 0 <12—al<é 4 For every ¢ 20 there ir a 6, > 0 such the |He)—L) ce when Oc r—a<5 and there isn 6:50 such that | f(z) —L| 200 > (8) lim fe) = tim 2.27 = 2.2-21 (b) ae 21-50 = 108 fe), Bin fla) =, lim 2-1 (“iim s | 208= = 205.200 = 10 ret) 924-2). 40. F(z} cents is the cost of mailing + ounces. 1 32 sad so lim £(2) = lim,32 = 92 and im P(x) = 92 at sot © {aandb) If 0 <2 <1 then P(e) = 9-23 {cand d) If (6) tio gfe) = 10 - s0f-(1- fe) 7 42. G(z) dollats is the admission for age x years. G(x) = tH © (0) lim Gla) = Tig 4 =4 (e) “hig34 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY fle)= a243 ite! at ite et 48. fhe) = 5° and o(2)= 5 Oe Gres OT ee © (a) tm fle) = Yip (2449) = 1849 <4 ond ti, f=) = him, (e-+ 1) Ltt =? salt (b) Jim ote) = ficeae? west tc) F(z) +942) = (24292) #50 (@) Jim | [(e)-ofe)] = (1 + 3)09) =4 and tim [f(2}-o(2) = + 12) = 4 ‘Therefor, Lim n (12) gC] exits and in 4 rhl ife 0 there exists a 6 > 0 such that if0N L172 Definition Let f be o function that is defined at every number in some open interval containing; except possibly at the number a itself. As z approuches a, fe) decreases without bound, which is weitten lim, fe) = if for any number N < 0 there exists a 6 > 0 such that if0 0 and Sf Je) 0 theough positive values of f(z). lim 2 = +c0 (i) ite > and if /(e) +0 tueounh negative values of F(2), lim oe ole) (il) he <0 and if {(+) +0 theough positive values of f(z), fing i iv) if'e <0 and if f(z) +0 through negative values of ff, lim 22! = joe Tie} ‘The theocert is also valid if “r + a” is cepleced by “2— at” or “r+ a7” We can now usually find the limit of a fraction if ether the numerator or the denominator has limit zero. If the numerator has limit zero and the denominator has a limit thet is not cero, then by Limit Theorem 9 the limit of the fraction ix zera. If the denominator hhas limit zero and the numerator has a limit that is not aero, then one of Une cases of Limit ‘Theorem 12 is uoually satisfied and the limit of the fraction is -toc or —o0, depending on which case. If both the numerator and denominator have limit zere, then one af the methods of Section 1.5 often marks: (i) Fector the numerator and denominator and cancel the common factors (i) Rationalize either the numerator or denominator and proceed as it (i). We will learn additional methods as we proceed through the book, but it is important to realize that some limits simply don’t exist 12.8 Definition The line z= a is said to be a vertical eeymptote of the graph of the function f if at least one of the following statements is true, Eack statement is illustrated by the graph below it, (iim, Hz) = 00 (Ui, fle) =e iim F(@)= +00 tin) lim fa) = - T/\ Ba fons +0 im fos)= 7 Exercises 1.7 ‘is Exercises: 1-12, do the following: (a) Use a calculator to tabulate values of f{2) for the specified valuet of 2, ‘and from thece values make a statement regarding the apparent behavior of f(). (b] Support. your answer in part G2) by plotting the graph of f. {c) Confirm your anawer in part (a) analytically by computing the indicated limit. > Let. 0+ and 0" denote quantities that approach @ through positive and negative walues, respectively, Wf p and ¢ are positive and negative numbers, then Limit Theo-ers 12 can be restated ax below. Sec Solutions 9 and 10. @ p/o* = (iil) 4/04 = (a) The able “Gives the values of f(z) for the specified values of =, From the table, f(x) appears to be decreasing without bound as approaches 3 from the right. = 4 Ba a1 $01 3.001 3.0001 7 fte)= 45, 914-151 63.0 603 6003 — 60003 o-# ) sie 1, (4?) = 86 aad ia, (9—2") = 0, Purthermore, since 2+ 3*, shears Sant = 2? <0. Thus, 9-2? Ferran 0 through ‘eehltee vale. By Lint beeen 126), Sin A aato—* | Exercises 13-82, find the limit and support your answer by plotting the graph af the function, 42 £42 Sere Omens Mater ie -t-)_ x ang a Shay i. 242 es et stan Meeeg— ere ‘tin VE vet ot 3 lim, /F-Pe? = VF and lim, x = 0. Moreover, since x= 0*, x approaches 0 through positive values, Thus by sot ant = to =? jn Vitae! = V3 and lin =O through negative values, Therefore vie—3 = 0 through Positive values, ‘Therefore, lim, z tim ¥16= = Because both the numerator and denominator have limit 0, we cannot use Limit Theorem 12. We must factor. Because 2 + 47, then + <4 or, equivalently, 4-2 > 0. Thus, r=4=-(1-z)= -Va-2F ‘Therefor Jawa) cae == tim WEEE "tl fiae Ji-e Htin V a) aaa Because lim 142 = vB and | lim —y4 z= 0 and —y4—= approaches 0 through negative values, by a= ‘Limit Theorem 12{Hi) and Eq, (1) we have lim -38 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 2 a el -)= im, 2 0 itive walues. 2 lim A)= tn, 2h lim, (2-1) = and lim, #'= 6 shroagh positive valu zal Therefore, tim, ae 22, im, 4 = im in Sgae aye 28. lim (249) = 2 and len (524-4324) =0 through poiive values. Hence, tim =o sail 24. Jim (by) > iG = te0. BAL ee2 3 siege oie Toe Moreover, ln (¢~1) = 1 and lim (a~2)(6-+2) = 0. Heeasne #27, then 6 2-< 05 thus (6 —2}(6 +2) approaches 0 through negative S Taluea; Therefore; by Limit Thearecn 2248), ten m (aby -gy)=- _at=1)_} 5 3t Js Gea aaa) oe += 1) _(¢+4)(= 1) = 0 through positive values. Therefore, (32) =0 through positive valnes, lim_(2)—3=—1 and Ii = cay gat aT b Sinee 2 17, then <1. 1f0-< 2 1, then [27] lim [e7]-1=—1 Because 2 Because the numerator and denominator both have limit }, Limit ‘Theorem 12 does not. apply. We rationalize ‘the denosninator zm ete BYES =a Ohya mes “abe tim 2224 ve =) er ae Gee tim 2a 2+ Vea) tin A Vt =P (r= 3 =tim 2 + ve =F o Now tm (2+ y/4=—73) = 4 ond lrg (2-2) 0. Furthermore, 2~2 appronches 0 through negative vals ‘Thus, by Limit Theorem 12Gi) and Eg. (1) we eonelude that tk 5 _attr—6 _ (e-2We+3) _ S48 i Be) a er eae he ae—4) aa aim Ae) = him 1, fle) = =f. lim, fz) = ge = -20. Jim fel = yea 40 si c+ Sr — 2 wis 3. f(2)= ee ae Tim _f(z)= tim feat a lima fle)= j= 20. lim f(z) = arte ad eat at In Exercises 35-44, find the vertical asymptote(s) of the graph of the function, and sktetch the graph, 35. (2) Because tim. 2 ce or became fim, b= too, = Oe veel anymptte (b) Because lim Jy= +00, ¢= is a vertical asymptove (©) Because im y= 20 8 because ies, a pate is a vertical asymptote. ee shoo, = 0 is a vertical asymptote aaa pes 6 a “| “| Exercise 36(2) Exercise 85(¢) Exercise 85(d) (4) Because fim, 4 Exercise 85(b)49 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 36. (a) Because lim —l= +00 by Limit Theorem 12{i¥) or because lim, —L= oo by Limit ‘Theorem 12(ii7), a0" eat = is a vertical asymptote. (00) Because lim, 4) = 20 hy Limit Theorem 12(iii), = 0 isa vertical asymptote, fe) Because tim = too by Limit ‘Theorem 12{iv) or because im Woh= oo by Limit Theorem 12(iii), #20 is w:vertbeal eopraptote, Bxercise 36/3) Exercise 36(b) ‘Bxercine 36(c) Exercise 86(d) 37. Because tim 25 =—oo or because lim, 27 = poo, x = 4 is n vertical asymptote, eat ee : ear a3 deg 2-1 38, Beraure lim 35 se or because tim $7 = 8 = 400, 2 = —1 is 9 vertical asymptote. 89. Beceuse lim =A ao. (=) oi 5, then 2-5 Ties, fle) = ave (Ot because « —5 < Vif r <5, by Limit Theorem 12{iv) ied a Syste | ‘Thus, 2 = Exercise 37 Exercise 38 Exercise 39 . i = is a vertical asymptote, 4, Bocouse im, 579 Sis yp = Sis a vertical asyinplote. _ fa) = 420 oF becanse lim, f(e) = ~c0, == 5 i vertical asymptote ccacieeaipe lor, St) trace m3 3 is a vertical asymptote:L7 INFINITE LIMITS 41 Bt -aih > ie)= ee lm (2+ 6) =O and lim (2-1) = 7, Because 2 — 6°, then +6 < 0s thus (x 4 6)(2—1) approaches 0 rough aeyative values, Therafoe, by Limit ‘Theorem 1260) lim yt vertical asymptote, Nin (@-+6)= 7 andl lim (2—1)=0, Becanse 2 — 1%, then 2—1 > 0; thus (=-+6)'2—1) approaches @ shew sare Jottive valuse Hanes! BP Limit Theorem 126) lin, = too, Thus # = 1 isa vertical asymptote, 0. Thus 2 = —6is a Exercise 4, Brereise 4 Exercive 43 Exercige 4 “Hs Bherciocs 45 and 46, evaluate the limits from the graph of funetion f sketched in the ccocpssying Bese, (a) him fle) =0(b) lim f(z) =~ (@) ten, fle) = +00 (dling F(x) = 0 (0) Him f(2) = 4450 (lim fle) = 20 (8) ita =10 Bm, f(e) =—o0.G) ap Ae) tim too tb) ty) = 2 (6) tim , fea) = +25 (8) lim 2) 0 @) tm fla) = (0) Fim, (2) = 0 (a) tim_F(2) = —00 (h) im, 8) 20 (tin, Fle) = 0 Be ccied a7 aid a8) aheazh toe graph of « Atilon,jttetvlng jho-piven pope “AT. The domain of f is [—5,5]. f(-5) = 0: f(-3)=% f(-1 =O; f= lim f=) = Fou set! Tin, init = =O; Top f(s) = [24 Pile4 Sie + 1) PS czcmt > te oe er ffi =) W-ice The figure shows the graph af 49. lis fc, oe = shoo because r and n are positive. dati ia) = + i 8. fle) = ty and a= 95 (a) i gas = =e s0 lim f(z) does not exist. tim 2 20 Umo{=) does not exist. (b) f(z) + g{z) = 0 if x #2. {e) i yl fx) + 9(z)h = 042 PUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY (4) Because lim f(z) and lima(z) do not exist, the hypotheses of Limit Theorem 4 are not satisfied. 51. tim a. P= +00. lin, 72 does not exist because 1 (w/e)? <0 if 5. The limit as wae ‘afey? or ett (ole)? v= @ does not exist because neither I-sided limit exists, ‘17 SUPPLEMENT “Theorem B lim f(s)= +6 ond only if lim —/(2) Proof Let M lim fey = +50 44 for every N 0 there is a > 0 such that f(z) > N when 0 0 such that —f(z) 0 and N>o Wo 0 such that HO 0 and N O such that if-8<2<0then ben if0 —n + 0 -N (because rie an ode integer) 0 <2 <6 then (-2)"<-}, (because —2 > and —N > 0) @ if 0<-2< 6 then -2 <(a" (because x is positive) ‘The last statement holds if § = ay. fz i an even positive ipteger we must show that for any N'> 0 there is a > 0 ouch Uhad Ssaien oa ie eit < —2-<6 then Ly > N (becouse ris an even ingen) HO 5 2< 8 then (—2y" Op 9 if0<—2<6 then -=<(h)"" {because r is positive} ‘The last statemens holds if 6 = (L)*& Prove Theorem 1.7.4 ® We want to prove that if im fz) = 0 with f(z} — 1.7 SUPPLEMENT 43 0 throngh negative values of f(2), and Jim (2) = with =>, then lim i, 2. Now lim-—j(z)= 0 with =f(x) — 0 through postive values, and so, by ease () fnt2) oo. Hence by Theorem lim 06, OF livatently, lim=— = —co, Peeper Hove by There 8 as covalent ng} & Prove Theorem 1.7.4(iii). “ Wewant to prove that i lim, f(z) = 0 with fz) —0 throwgh positive walues of f=), mnd Jim a(x) =e with <0, then tim, a. 00, Now lim —a(e)=—e with ~2 0, end 20, by ease (), in 5 = 400. ‘Hence by Theorem B, in $5) & Prove Theorem 1.7.4(iv). y We want to prove that iflim f(z) =0-with f(z) — © 04 thea Bag $2) = ce, Now Lge f(2) = ith Because lin 9( if 0 0 there is a 6 > 0 such that H0N Because lim (} = +00, then for N+2je+1>0 there is a & > 0 such that if0-<1z—al <6 then fla) > N+2Bel+1 15 = min(S,,4,), by statement (1) we get if0N-+Rej+1—2e/—1 er if0 6 Hence part (1) is proved. then for any © > 0 there ix. d fin o(2) =, where e is any GQ) ife> 0, lam f(a) -9(z) = +00 By Theorem By fist f(2) =—0e, By Theotesn 17.7 ife> 0, Jim=f(c)-9(2) =—o0 Applying Theorem B again to the limit of the produ —29, or equivalently, lim ate) BEA) through negative values of f(z), end lim g(x) =< with =f(2] 0 through positive values, and tis 92) =e with -2> 0, and ao, by case (), “int. = 40, or equivalently, fim 82 = 2 Prove Theorem 1.7.6: If cis any constant and f) if lim f(x) = +00 and lim f(x) = « then lim [f(z) + g(#)] = 430 (9) Jim, (2) = 20 and Jim g(a) =e then lim [f(2) +af=)] = =o > 0 such that, eis ad, such that (Dy ‘To prove part (ii) we must show Gal for any N <0 there is a8 >0 such that i O<|2—a/< 5 then f(2)+9(z)<2N Because lim, f(z) = —o0, then for N—®el-1 <0 there is.a 6, 30 such that if 0, lim f(z) p(2) = —o0 (ii) ife< 0, = fiz) -s(z) = +00 » To prove part (f) we must show that for any N 0 such that iO 0 then for €=Je> 0 there ie a 6, > 0 such that HO if 0 — fe PTO cie—al be > 0 (2) Because lim f(x) =—o0 then for Neg there is a 4, > 0 such that #0 —2% > 043) Let 4 = min(é,,4,). It fellows from statements (2) and (3) that if 0.<12—a1<4 then —fl2)-9(z) > —28. ‘This is statemont (1) proving part (i) 10, Use Definition 1.7-1 10 prove that eke > Choose é< Leo that |z+3|<6= -1<248 <1 —Sd> N whenever 6 < ff Choose 6 = min(1,7/}. 1.8 CONTINUFLY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER. ‘There are many theorems having a hypothesis that inchudes the condition that « funetion continuous at & number 4. Hence we must be able to determine if a function is continuous is a break in the graph of f at the paint where 2 =a, then F a discontinuous at a. This situation is included in the following analytic defiuition, discontinuous at a. If ther 1.8.1 Definition The function f is said to be condinuous at the number if and only if the following thy conditions are satisfied. () Fla) exists (2) Jim. f() exists (iti) Jim 42) = 41a) If one or more of these three conditions fails to hold at a, the function f is said to discomtinuows at a. We note that we may have to comider onesided limits and use Theorem 1.6.3 te determine whether or not condition (ii) in Definition 1.8.1 is satisfied. ‘This is iMlustrated Se Exereise 7. If f is a funetion that. is discontinuous at the number a, but for which lie, fle fexivts and is the real number L, then elther f(a) #L or else f(a) does not exigt. Such 2 discon tinuity is called a removaile discontinuity because if we define f(a) = the new function i eontinuaus at a A removable discontinuity will not skow as a break when the graph is plotted on @ graphics caleulator unless the 4 ‘To prove part {ii) we must show that for any N > there is a § > 0 such that iO N (4) Because jim g(z) =< and ¢ <0 then for = te > 0 there is ad > 0 Sueh that i D = Je> 08) aN. Because lim /(z)=—e then for 2° <9 there is a & > 0 such that 0 2X0 (6) Let in(bs84). Tt follows from statements (5) and (6) that if 0<|2—s1< 6 then f(x)-g{z) > — ek N ‘This is statement (4) proving part (i) age is carefully chosen. If lim, _ f(z) ie nets real number, then f has an essential discontinuity at a, and the discontinuity cannot. be rexnowed. The following theorems concerning the continuity of a function follaw from Definities 1.8.1. Often they can be used to determine if e function is continuous at a number.1.8 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER. 45. 13:2 Theorem If f and g are two funetions that are continuous at the number a, then Gi) £+97 continuous at a (ii) f—g is continuous at a (iii) f-9 is-continuons at a Gv) ff is continuous at a, provided that g(a) #0 183 Theorem A polynomial function i contintions at every number 18.4 Theorem A rational function is continuous at every number in its domain. 1.8.5 Theorem If n is a positive imteger and f(x) =", thea (@) if nis odd, f is continuous at every number Gi) ifn iseven, J is continuous at every positive number ‘Theorem ‘The absolute-value funetion is continuous at every number. eB Exercises 1-14, sketch the graph of the function. By observing where there is a bron jn the graph, determine fsumber at which the function is diteantinuous; and show why Defsition 1.8.1 is Hot aatisfed al this mumber, eette—6_ (e+ 5)e—2)_ Hea) = oo = Ea -2ite ge 3. ‘There is a break in the graph at ~3, F(=3) does not exist. Hence condition (i) of Definition 18.1 fails ax —3. fey = tegen d OEY rapa ‘There is a break in the graph at 4 F(4) does nat exist, Hence condition (i) of Definition 1.8.1 fails at 4. Pte , F Steet tet-1 foie ep a =) ee af sx : toot ife=-3 “> There is a break in the graph at = 6 (8) = 35) tim, gz) = Gli) tien, gfx) 4 a —3). "Thus condition (iii) of Definition 1.8.1 fails at ~ 3, Hence, gis dlocontinuous at 3. Pose 4 Moi. f e-2 | feet 2 fend > Because z aye +8) _ i sits SA eer) deg then ana! tots ‘There ix a “hole” in the line at. the point (4,5) because G(x) # 2-411 if thus G is discontinuous at 4. We show how Definition 1.8.1 is not satisfied. Beesuse G(2)=lim (2 +1)=8 and G{4) =2 zea Aim, G(2) # Gl) and thus condition (iii) of Definition £.8.1 is not satisfied then10. Ma} = 8 soy (fee 1 =fF FUNCTION ) LIMITS, AND Ct a ‘There ig a break in the graph at 4 (A) does not exist. Thus, condition (i) of Definition 1.8.1 fails at 4. ‘Therefore, f is discontinuous at 4. H@ej=-1y ‘There is a break in the graph at ~: ‘A(—2) does not exist, ‘Thus, condition (3) of Definition 1.8.1 fails at 2. Therefore, f is discontinuous at ~ Wena ‘There is break in the ‘Therefore, Ff is discontinuons at 4. way= o =-2 ‘These is a hieak in the graph at s0 We use Definition 1.8.1 at a =—2 to show there is a discontinuity. Because o(—2) = 0, condition (i) is satisfied. However lim ,e(z) = #00 and_lim_g{z) = —o0 fe tex -2 s coudition (i) is not satisfied. Therefore, gis discontinuous at —2 1 fed fa) = fe itz=0 VE fcr ‘There is a break in the graph at 0. liza 2) mip —Dand tim, fe) = tm, Ys iterator tim Fe) does not exist. THIS conction GS) Definition 1.8.1 fails at 0. Hence f is diseontinuous at 0. rol ifsel f(z)=51 ife=1 <2 iferd ‘There is a break in the graph at 1 () $0) = 45 Gi) lim. fle) = Tim (2 =1) = 0 and Jim, 1 (a) = Sa 0. Thus Lim (=) =0. (ii) lim f(2) # £2) ee ‘condition {iii falls at 1, Henee f is discontinuous ut 1.18 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER 47 P44 fe? = sth=14 t=? b-? itace trea in the graph at 2 ie (P-4)=Oand | Thes condition (iii) of Definition 1.8.1 faits at 2. Beace ¢ is discontinuous at 2. +2 ifes-2 aj2—e Wf —2 There is a breok In the graph at 0. (0) does not exist. Henee condition (i) of Definition 1.8.1 fails at 0. “Therefore, f 38 discontinueus at 0. voi Et ‘> ‘There isa break in the graph at 0. (i) (0) = G5) lim o(s) = Nim —zJ2 ==! and Tim, 92) ti x/x = 1. Thus Jimg(z) does not exist. ie Definition 1.8.1 is not satistied at 0, and Tn Exercises 15-28, f is diseontiquous at a (2) Plot the graph of f and look for a break oh z= a. Does the discontinuity appear to he removable? If so, how should f be redefined to remove it? (b) Confirm analytically. NEF _ pine 2 Define f(2)= 2424Ws. f(a) ae (2 +3)(r41) ar 3 >» fies To make f continuous, we should define /(-3) = -341 = 8 aso Srtlited a. = VE +9 if 2 #9. Define f(9) = 0-45 1-2 > f(z) 19. J(2)= cc ee en ° Ie) era0 77 VET ASM eres) Ses tga | TAS Patino 1(5)- 2, je =0 _VvEth-Vi_ Jenb- V5 2 IL { 7a OS GEO=8 “ETE EAD a a if #0. To make f eontinuais, we should define | “a5 = 1 pas O° Ee BE a ya Mi-vert_ vi- an ee OS GEE=E “EE- iyas te” ifs £0, Define f(0) = Ped Ly? MET GF=4" (YEP I_a\(Vestay) ” verte tte > fe)= 2. 1) EH, pa» : Te its 46, Define £0) = Sota mM. fee HI os =p a > f(a) = ete (et1PFo1 ia “ery ARF (+1? ie +P see = 1 m tos BaP peep AU To male fecenaons, 1 1 wwe should define f(y) = O-GrPP sora 8 %. fle)= PES aa E49 S-4lz|_(e+9G+1el)_34ie) + Nels SS THel™ Gone eae = wee [re BH, it: #8. Define f(—3) = $431.8 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER 49 e+tl+ 4 dh Jetiles — Ga4sMertlid) sella [erilea (e+)-Meth+a] 2-3 > He) Beg -5. Define /(-5) = EELS PoSpe=s > tim Fl) = tim 543 3-5 6 = 450; Fasontial diseontinuity. 245 “e1-4 2 e-in Sepp tor mat crit Beeauve the denominator is “spproaching 0 and the numerator is nol, Hence the discontinuity is essentialy 5 29-40, determine the numbers at which the function is continuous gl “and etate the roazon. = b fiz) = 27(2 +3} sa polynomial. Hence, f is continuous for all eal number fi) az) A {z—5)?(x? 44) is a polynomial. Hence, f is continuous for all real numbers. $j ie a ational forction. Tence f is continuods on its domain: al real numbers except 3. aes B)= a5 ‘Because fis a rational function, by Theorem LS, fis continuous at every number in its demain. Therefore, Bis continuous at every number for which 2z +570 or equivalently, « #—j. Fs) 2) ap = 82 is rational function, Hence G Is continuoos of its domain: 6@)=523 = ee tional function. Henec G is continneds on ite domain: all real ‘Butabers except 2 and —4, The discontinuity at 2 is removable. He)= (3 oe tx #2 #2) is @ polynomial. Hence f is continuous at numbers other than 2. ell lg a rational fonction. Hence F is continuous on its domain: all real numbers except 2 and = a2? its = Tim Be-1 fim f(z) = fim. ‘Therefore, f is discontinuous at 2. {z+2) if'z0, by Theotem 1.8.5, f is continuous at every «#0. Furthermore, Sand lim, flz)= lim, (4-25) 0 thus Jina 7(=) dose met exist, e}= lim f(2)= Nim (2487 = in, f{z) = Tima (a*+2) = a) ot ae ‘Therefore, lim f=) dose not exist, so J is discontinuous at 0 He (HS DIETS fell # by Pe) ational nein, tenes ime) = im t/(e-+ 1) =f = 70) and tim, f(2) = ea, 1/(3—2) =}. Hence f In continuous at 1 m iinfiy feSbteas fap 12) = lig (1/2) = Sand Sin, fe) = continuous exept at —L and 3. Itz, fle) is a rational function, Hence J is continuous if = #0 oF 9. 249-2) x (8). Mence F is continuous at 3. = ae) (0 HESS Ife# 0, /iscontinuows by Theorem 1.85. lim_ Ae) = lim (2 + 92) = 0 and lim, A(z) = lim, (= = i umbers. ig Me) = liga + YS) = 8 andi, hfs) +) =. Hence fis continuous for all real m50 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY d2-Yeites aye ite ® The radicals are continuous by Theorem 1.8.5. 22 and 2 are polynomial and so are continuous. Hence if = # 1g is continuous by Theorem 1.8.2 (i) and ce Furthermore, limn_o(z) (az-Jaj)s2- =o(l) and a 1,9(2}= lim, eyE= ls i=1 Therefore g is continuous for all real numbers, — In Exercises 41-4: (a) Find ¢ and & that make f continuous everywhere. (b) Sketch the graph of f we pont? Bet Tim_ f(z) = lim_(e+7) = 19 = f(a); * = fim, f(2) = "lim, (ke—1) =4k—1 ett saat Hence J in enatinuous at 4 if and only if 40. ofz) = ‘Therefore’ is continuous at 1 iteiaealy ted lim_f(z) = fez k) =de+k; fm, Ae aot Solving c+k = 1 and de ft + 2c fre -2 a. re)= fier if9<2<1 jek le > For all values of ¢ and & the function f is continuous at all =, except possibly at x =—2 and 2 If {is continvons at —2, then If f is continuons at 1, then alin fe) = lim, fle) a8 Soba we get ¢= 3 and & lim (Gee + &) = lim, (82 — 28) pelt 3o+k =3—2k Solving these equations sinvultancously, we get e=3 and &= 4. Substituting these values for ¢ and & into Eo. (1), we have Ft ife<—2 +h Fla)=yor$ 2c <1 or, equivalently, fle) = EF so-$ fice Now, f(1)=1+§=§. Forthermore, jefe) = lim (+8) = Fendi, He) im, (82 ~$)=3 Thos lim f(2)= $= f(a). 7 tert, f is continuous at 1. Hence, { is continuous on {—20, +90).1.8 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER 51 Eseries 45-40, i (09-46) sow that ft the gre is discontinuous by showing how Definition 1.8.1 foils, (a) = =O ti, fle) # tim J(eh cental ) 2 1: Bile) = 8 # HOO) removable: define f(1) = ©: ig ste) docs nol exist; essential SB e=0: ‘im fe) = 8 4 f(O};remounble: define (0) =8 (b) += 2 lg Mls) # lim, Fz) event (c) 2=4: lim, f(x) does not esiat; essential Bxercisel S7EGT, sketch » graph of some function f satisfying the given properties. = J is continuous in (4,2), (~22) and (2-4): f ie discontinuous at —2 and 25 f(—2) = Ean (2) = +00, Tim f(a) = 0; sin fe) =% life) = {is continvows on (~00,~1), (1,1), and (1y-+0k tinuous ab —1 and ty F{—1)=0 and f(1) = 05 ‘ey “f(e) and Tina) both exist but neither i 0; neither Tip f(@) noe tm, (2) exis Exercises 49-52, state where the function is discontinuous by showing kow Definition 1.8.1 fi, ite NE S50 ‘Hkz) dollars is the cost of shipping + lb. f(e)=42lz ifs0<=< 200, 052 ite > 200 lig ffs) = 1004 105 = lin f(z). 2= 200: Nig, (2) = 420 #410 = lms f=) 1100" F(z) cents is the cost of mailing = se Fa) =6~ ~23[-2b ® Hn iany positive integer, Tim (2) thn, F(2) condition (i) not slid. (2) cents is the cost ofan & minute cal (= 0-s0l-2) > Ifnis any positive integer, lim o(=) + lit, o(2}; condition (ii) is not satisfied. and f(2) = > = 00: WO<2<12 6) ata nmin a age seu. te) =f WW im v(t) = liu dt? 20) = 4(2)2 + 20 = 30.= (2) and Tis, r(8) = Tim (ABH +4) = 80 (ai? 420)? WOCt? n,m(I6L+ 4 = =(36F HA. At ¢ minutes, A(t) m? is the area, A(t) = ar? = > Him r(t)= im x(a? +20)? = (88)? = (2) and tim, (t) = “SE. [fn isa positive integer, lity f(e) = Jim ==! tennant se) = lime” Ag oP pet 1) = 1414-41 =n. The discontinuity is removed by defining, (1) = 9.$2 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 2nr 36. Thefanction f i defined by f(2) = lim, — Sketch the graph of f. At what waluss af 2 i ? discontinuous? & Wecdivide the numerator and denominator by 1 to- obtain the li : F 2 feo 4 | t Furthermore; by seplichag:¢ with O'fa the Wefinition of f; sepa $0) =m S=0 —aH == and J(0)=0, J is diecomtinuous at 2 = 0. 5 Because lin (3) = fi srei={it Esp meti={l EsShuene=(" ESE Vim_ f(z) = tim_{-2)=Oand lim, f(2)= lim, 1 = 1; hence tim f(x) does not exist so fel Me Je ae fim a(2)= im 1 = Land lim a(2)-= lim, = 0; thus limg(2) does not exist. zo" a sot ‘Therefore, g i discontinuoas Ji 0. (f+ 9)(2} =|#| 00 fg is continuous everyswhere; 5A. Let f(2)=2 and o[2)= sgn. Then f is continuous at 0, 9 iv discontinuous at O and f(x)gts)=Vel bs continuous at Uh. 59, Let sai={t fe <4 aad ofa} particular, f-g is continuous at 0. 1 ife 0. Br Theorem 1.8.3, g is continuous for all x and g(z) > 0 for 3c 2c 3. pe by Theorem 1.9.2, f o@ is continuows for all x in (-: eh Because Ee, (Fogi(z) =0= (Foah-8) and lim (fo4)l2)=0 = (Fo 9\(8).F9 i continuous on [-3, 4. = (feats) = ve =16 , fog is continuous for 9(z) > 0. Bp Theorem 1.8.3, g is continuous for all and g(z) > 0 for x¢—4or e >A. ce by Theoret 1.9.2, f og is continuous for all 2 in (—s0,—4) U (4, +90}. lim (Fe9)(2) =0=(F 29)(-4) and lim, (Fea)(H) =0=(F oA, fp is continuous on (—20,—4]U[t. 00). ts) f(z) = & (fegi(z)= vib = Bebcorers 1.85(1), 729s continuous for e(2)'> 0. Sy Theorem 1.8.3, gis continuous for all z and g(z) >) for 4c <4. ig ‘Thepeem, 1.9.2, f'o.9 is continuous forall = ia (4,4), Becatc (foall2) =0= (Fog ~d) and im (f9)(z) =0= (Fog) 4}, Fog is continuous on [4,8 ) fle) = JF ox) = 27 +4 & (fags) = Vera Be Theorem 1.8.5(ii), fey is continuous for a2) > 0. Sy Theoret 1.8.3, gis continuous for all z and g(z) > 0 all 2. feece by Theorem 1.9.2, f 0g is continuous for all 2, that is, on HS. (=) f(e)= Y# ale) = 1 > (rea\e)= vig orem 1.8.5(ii), f og is continuaus for 9{z) > 0. orem 1.8.4, g is continuous except at 2 and giz) >0 for z > 2. ge by Theorem 1.9.2, fog is continuous in (2, +00). im, (fog)(z) does not exist, f og is continuous only on (2,400). 90, 00),54 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY (b) Fle) = bp ale) = YE & (Fenix) = By Theorem 1.8.4, J 2 is continuous for g(z) #2. By Theorem 1.8,5ffi), g is continuow foc 2:>0 and g{z) =2 for x = 4. Hence by Theorem 1.9.2, fey is continuous for all positive numbers except 4. Because im, Ue g)(z) =} =(f 2 9)(0), fog is continuons on (0,4) 1 (4, +00) Aand 20. (a) f(r) = YF g(t) = EFT > (fools) = Yet ‘By Theorem 1.8.5(i), fog is contionons for all g(x). By Theorem 1.4.5(ii), g is continuous for 2 > Hence by Theorem 1.8.2, fo g is continuons in (—1, +50). Because tim | (f9)(2) =0= (/os\=1), fog x continuous on [=1, +00), (0) fle) = VerI; ofe)= YE > (Fog\eh=fYret By Theorem 1.8,0(ii), fog is continuous fur gf) > —1 By Theorem 1.8.5(i), ¢ is continuous for all x and g(z) > =1 for z > =I. Hence by Theorem. 1.9.2, f og js eantinuous on (—1,-+00). Beemume lim, (fes}(s)=0=(Fo9N(-1) f° 9s continuous on [-0, +00), Sand at. 10) = VEE ofe)='1 > (fogzb= se V4 —2? is continuous for z in (-2,2); fz] — is continuous for x in (—e0,—1) U(1, +00). By Theorem 1.8.2(i¥), fog is continuous for = =1)U (1,3). Because a 4 (Fe aie) =0= (f ogM-2) and ie (2) =0= (Fog) gay Groote eset =u. Band 2. fle) = VES; of) =e » (eae) =e et =1 is continuous for 2 in (06,1) U (1, +00); y4—1=] is continuous for z in (—4,4). By Theorem 1.8.2(iv), f 9 g is continuous for x in (—4,~1) (1,4), Because (f 6 9)(—4) and (fo gif) do not exist, fog is continuous only on [—4,—1) U (1.4). In Exercises 7-16, find the domain of the funetion. Deterrmis % Ala) = Ey; the domain of fis all real numbers except —5. f is continuous on(8,7),(-8, +20}, [=10, =! B alz) = pEy (—00,0), [0,+20}, (0,2), (0,2), (2, +00), (2, 4-00) > The domain is the set of all real numbers, except 2. Because a rational funetion is continuous om ite and g is a rational function, g is continuous om any interval that does not inelude 2. Therefore, g is conti on (6:0 (0,2), a (2-0) And 9 enti on (tc) (0,2 and (2-0) % FQ =ah ifs santas oon (0,1),(=1,1),(—1,0), (2,400); f is discontinuous on (0, 1], (ec,—1]. 10. f(r) = be the domain of f is all real numbers except 2 and —2. F is continuous on (~2,2), (2,00) and discontinuons on (0,4), (co, ~2, [~4,4], (2,2) 1. 92} = VFF=S; the domain of g is {x | 2?—9 > 0} = (20,3) U[3, 400). aig continuous on (—o6,—3), (3,00); g le discontinuous an (—3,3). Recaise Hi se) =, lis WaF=9=0 = g{-2) and tim gle)= li vi=8 =0=4(3), wat a ib hoe contin cu (~00;--3) and (8-400). for each interval if it is-continuous om that int ): f is discontinuous on{—6, 4], (00,0), [=5, #00). real numbers except I and <141.9 CONTINUITY OF A COMPOSITE PUNCTION AND CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL 55, fk (-3), Gp. 0.2), 0.2), G21 » The greatest integer function is defined for every real number, so the domain ef f is the set of all real Seber. If n is any integer, then Fe]=a-1 if n-1S2 0} =(-2,2). 2 See faba Sonffrnous on (25), (2.7), and [-2,2) on oa Seago ( 13), [-1,3} [-1.8), (=1,3] gered Ssy-~ Gv) ty) domain of F is the sct of all real numbers except 3 and —1. Beeause F is a rational function, F is continu: en its domsin. Thus, F is continuous on (—1,3), and F is diseotitinwous on (—1,2], [—1,3), and (—1,3}. See Ex.1 18. See Ex.2 19. See Ex.3 20. See Bx4 21. See Ex.d 22 See Ex ifz<-2 {ie if -2<2<2 Continuous on (—o0,—2)U[-2,2]U(2, +20), See Ex.1.6.17 for fg. and limits: Bi uaas ‘the largest interval (or union of intervals) on which the funetion is eontinuous: (z+5. ifec=3 flej=,Vo-2? if-3 Because f ie continuous at 4, then f(-4) |, wo the graph contains the point (4,0), 3, atid the raph contains (0,3). Because fis contisuous at 4 and lim f(x) Because Tim_/() # lim_ f(x), there is a break 0 oe Because lim /(z)= 3, from the left the graph approsehes the point (0,3), but this point és not on the graph. the graph at the point where z= 0, Exercise 25 Exercise 26 __ Bxetcise 27 Exercise 28 In Exercises 29-34, prove thet the function obiained in Exerciser 1.5 is continuous om its domain 29. (a) Ex. 13. afr) = (220—2)2 = 1208 —z!,0<¢5< 120, is a polynomial. (b) Bx. 15. ofa) = 1240 - z)z = 1202 —Le?, 0 < z < 240, ie a polynomial, 80. (a) Bx. 14. af) = (0—a)e it —27, 0.5 S50, is a polynomial. (b} Bx. 16. afz) = 100 oe — 44, 0 <2 < 100, is a polynomial, SH. (a) Bx. 17. V(z) = (8—2r)(15—25)2 = 1202-462? +42", 0 <2 < 4, is'a polynomial, (bb) Bx. 19. V(z) = (12 = 2215 —22)r = 42° — 5427+ 1802, 0 <2 <6, isa polynominl. 32. (a) Exercise 18. V(x) = (12-22)Pz = 42*—4827 4 ddr, OS 2 <6. (b) Exercise 20, V(x) = (40 ~ 22)(50 —2r)s = 42°~ 1802? +2002, 0 <2 < 29, Both of these are polynomials, continuous at every sumber by Theorem 18:3, je 33. (a) Ex. 21. fr) = (20/4 4er), r > 0. 16.4 rational function, continuous on its domain by Th, 1.8.4, (b} Bx. 28, Aa) = (e+ 224 43) = 32 EME ABs 5 9, ig atso a retional function, ML (a) Ex. 22. fr) = 2120/2 + 2x74), +> 0, is a tational function, continuous on its domain by Th: 1.8.4 fb) Bx. 24, Az) = (2 + 30)(22200.4 aa), >, ig also g rational function. In Exercises 35-42, dues the intermnediate-valuc theorem hold for the function j, interval (a, ] and constant K? if, solve f(e) =k graphically and analytically to 4 decimals and sketeh the graph shoving the point (c,). 35. f(z) =2+2~ 24 [a,b] = [0,9]: b= & Tis between f(0) =2 and (3) = -3 and f is continuo on (0,4). Therefore, the intermediste-value theorem holds and there exists a number ¢ between 0 and such that fe) Oye = M1 V5); and {1 + 5) = 1.6180 te in (0,2), 2ye-Pa te?19 CONTINUITY OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTIOL 36. f(z) = —Vi100 =, [a,b] = [0,8] & Because fla) = f(0) = 10 and f(b} = f(8) = ~6, then f(a) & F(0), and bis between f(a) and f(b}. Furthermore, f is continuons on [0,8]. Thus, the hypothesis of the intermediate-value theorem is satisfied, and we eaa find a number c such that ND CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL $7 Because —6 is not beiwcen 0 and 8, ihe only suitable choice of ¢ is:6. The figure shows the graph of f and the line 8. 37. f(z) = ¥265— 2"; [a,b] & Bis between f(—4.5) =}/ 19% 2.18 and (3) = and f is continuous on [—4.5,3]. Therefore, ‘the intermediate-value theorem holds and there exists a number ¢ heroes 4.5 and 3 such that f{c) = a sand — is in (45,3). 38. fe) = + 52-6 [8 > Ais between f(-1) = —10 and f(2) =8 and f ie continuous on (—L,2]. Therefore, the intermediate-value theorem holds and there exists a number ¢ between —I and 2 auch that fc) Fbe-6 = 48+ be—10 = 0; ¢= 4-5 and }(—5+ 5/65) 1.5811 is in (—1,2). 38. fle) = hy [ab] = [3,1 & fis between f(—% and f(\)=$ but ¥ is discontinuous at —2, and —2 is in [—3, I] 73 and there may not be a number ¢ between ~3 and 1 3 such that fo-3 \ Z| peeH RBS eH c= 6. Wut Bin not in (-8.1) 3 4 f(2) = 5553 [ond] = [0.1} & > Hecause f is discontinuoue at 1 then f is not continuous on the elosed interval {0,1} ‘Thus the hypothesis of the intermediste-valuc theorem is not satisfied and the theorem dacs not hold. The figure shows the graph of the function on [0,1] and the | __ Tine y.= 2. Because the line does not intersect the curve, there is no number ¢ that satisfies, bie conclusion of the intermediate-value theorem, 5 —4if-2ee0<1 . fle + [ab] =[-2,4); &= Ae He) a ticecs SUH af 2 A & —Lis not beteren f(-2) =0 and f(9) = 8 and f is not ; * ‘continuous on [-2,3], Hence the intermediate-value thearem does not hold and there may not be a number ¢ 4 2 and 3 such that f{c) 7 3; and —/3 isin (-2,3). f-1205-2 . ye = teaeser HS=(41 » fiacontinuous at —2, and —2 is in [—4, 1). ‘Therefore the intermediate-value theorem does wot hold and there may not be a number c between ~# and 1 such that f(c)=4. The graph shows there is no such number.58 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY Tn Exercises 43-48, (a) apply the intermediate zero theorem to show that f has the indicated number of zerox between a and 6. (b) Approximate thein to 2 decimal places. 43. f(z)= a 6243. f(-3) = 6, f(-2) = 7; J(0)= 3, FA) #(2) £13) = 12. Thus there is a zero In each of the intervals: (—8,—2}, (0,1), (1,2). The teros are —2.609 = ~2.67, 6.524 ~ 0-52, 2.1451 2.13, 44 fe) = 284 Tx? 42-5; two sera = 10 & S(-8) = 486, f{—7) ==15; f(0) = -8, (1) =1 By the imtermediate-zero theorern, there is a zero in each of the intervals (-8,-7), (0,1). To two decimals, the seros ate ~7.04 and 0.96. 40. f(z) = 424 Se" +2" —5. f(-1) =: f(1) = 3, #2) = There is a sero in the interval (1,2). The zero is 1.168% 1.17 46. f(a) = 324— 2127 +362" 4 22-8 F(—1) = 50, M0) = 8, FEL) = 1 $2) SSS vero. There ie one in each interval: (—1,0}, (0,1), (2,3). They are 0.440 -0.4, 0.518 = 0.52 AT. f(a) = a8 As? +243, J(1)=1, £(2)=-9. To 3 decimals the root i 1.239. 48, Show thet the intermediate-value theorem guarantees thal s*4243=0 has a root between —2 and 2 and use your graphics calculator to approximate the toot to two devimad plnecs. & Let f(z) =ser4. A and f(2}= 13. Because 0 is between —7 and 13, there is a number ¢ between 2 and? with f(c) =O, Two 2 decimal places the root is — 1-21 49, m(u) = ie continuous an [Oe fi vfeyt \ 50, Let 2 Tis continuous at ¢ = lim f(x) = f(a) > for every ¢> 0 there isa é>O such that | f(x) —f(a)|ce when Ocjz—aj<8 = for every ¢ > 0 there is a 6 > O auch that |f(a—t)— f(a)]ce when O-< (4/28 > lim fle 0 = fa) a time) 2 i Lyte? 2” [imi 7TF. viewed as « one-sided limit it Jim fz) = 0. 52. Prove that if lim f(z) = L, then tim) f(s)|=IL © By the triangle inequality, | f(z} — 12 || flx)|-1L|] Therefore Jms@y= = for every <> O there is a> 0 such that | f(z)—L|0 there is a 6.> 0 such that || f(2)|—|LI|<¢ when 6 0 and f()-< 1. Let g be the function defined by s(2)=H(a)—2 Qy ‘Thea 9(0) = f(0) > @ and 9(1)= (1) 150. Because 9 is continuous on [0.1], and 0 ie between 9(0) and | (2), by the intermediate-value theoccm there exists a number « between) and 1 such that limagn # dees not existe Koso By Eg. (1), we have K(e)-c=0 feyee19 CONTINUITY OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL 59 BA, f(z) = [2-2], We seek the largest value of & for which J is continuous on the interval [3,3 +k). 103) 7]. Wr > 3, then f(r) <7 ifand only ifr? +< 8, that is < 10. ‘Thus the largest value of E satisfies 34+4= 10; &= Vi0-3. 55. Not equivalent: f continuous on the closed interval implies the existence of I-vided limits at the endpoints; f ‘eantinuous al every number in the closed interval implies the existence of 2-sided limita at the endpoints, 1.10 CONTINUITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THE SQUEEZE THEOREM 1.10.1 Squeeze Theorem Suppose thot the functions J, 9, and hare defined on some opea interval | eontalaing 3, except possibly ab a liself, and that f(z) <9(e} $ A(x) for all # tn I for which = # a. Also suppose that lim, _, f(z) and lim, Az) both exist and ate equal to L. Then Virtyog O{) also exists and is equal te I, ‘The squeeze theorem is used to prove the following results, jim sit Corallany: fig Bo = 1.10.2 Theorem fim = 1 si a eg =e 1.10.5 Thoore tim, =o = 8 ‘To verify Theorem 1.10.2 on a caleulator, you must switeh to radian made, Note alee that, angle measure ig baseel on ate length, which is nol defined until Chapter 6. The above theorems are used to prave: 1.10.6 Theorem The sine and cosine Functions are continuous al every seal number. 1.10.7 Theorem The tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are continuous on their domains. ‘Therefore, the tangent and secant functions are continuous at every real number, except Jet kx, where & is any integer. The cotangent and cosccant functions are continuous at Every real number except ix, where & ia any integer Ueful Identities 1—eos?s = sine cos 2 Brercises 1.10 oe % Jt) nde ~ 2 alo Gn oe : 13 4. fim The limit appears to be ; oan ‘To apply Theoroxs 1.10.2 we divide the numerator aud denominator by G2. asin 32 jim Se ae a [er ad tiny a Be 2) 2 se iw ak diny Sin or ~ fim “sin 6 EU ade 3 a tin 33 Furthermore, because both Sz and 62 approach 0 when # approaches 0, then by Theorem 1.10.2 jin 30 de Pc tim 2035 —1 and tim 20 82— fim nfs = 1 roa 8 geno Substituting these into Ea. (1) we have lim Made ny HE 8 tim =5-=f—_1_ =}. 4-3 =0 sean Sz 5° sin Sz 5 ae ga 1 7 tng Se (ith tree ae ante = (be) =60 FUNCTIONS, LIMIT (D CONTINUITY 8 tim sin? The limit to bes. Jim, si he limit appears to be &. pt ‘We apply Theorem 1.10.2. Because 22 0 when 20, we have Lees vine = fy el 20 fv : Dict Ses) =, 7 =i-050 & The limit appears to be 6. 5] ae Baa ae “as 18. lim —3°)__= i = =14(1)"=12 im l= eo sin’r _ I/j,8i0. lava Ms bag ge Seg = Kutt gen? = Hatta = fin —4_foin 22" oe Ba So) oe ‘sin 22" pita oh is, Cass) Because the cosine function is continuous at 0, tn teat sO ens" 22 cost By Theorem 1.10, " in 23 im, (85.22) 3) Substituting from Equations (2) and (3) inte Eq, (1), obtain tim dan®2 rod dt lim 1= 905 22 _ —cos dz | ‘ile do¢os 22.1 de hye Me ag an i ise in, 20 p so 2sin? in ds 2 we plea sat E pag TEP =I go TP PE eiies (e+3)e _ = wm radeon ae wee) gp = =3 20. ty ane > The limit appears t0 be 3 hp ‘Theorem 1.10.2, we have Spe = tim 82 — en 02. ty ty a Foye Saree a ae ete zl aint. 1 ain1.10 CONTINUITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THE SQUEEZE THEOREM 61 ton, tind in a sin 4U/at St = tim, = = tim SRAM = co by Limit ‘Theorem 12 weet Deiat He eat 80 Gain Sefaqpt = 7° PF Limit Theorem 8 mn 280/44 I =o and lim — 75 = =1 aes ae eae Gin WE OE Tasin 23. Leti=fa—z2. Thene=}r-t. lim a - ser Fae m4. lim, (Hint: Let x= 49-1.) » ‘The limit appears to be 1. Ie aye 1. Thus im ft : ; Fae a a oo es a 5. Let t2—m, Then arte. im Stes im Sint + 8) sin. lim, 222 = om, lim, Sat. eae eee 8. Lot (=a—a. Then e tim. lim BEE = an stim =o aisle. 27. Because sin r is continuous for all 2 and 29 is continuous for all @, the composition sin 29 ia continuons for all 9, and so is the product (Vg?/g}sin 22. BB. Let P(0) = pa BY 5 where 0 << 1, Prove that F is continuous on [0, fr). & Because sin 820 and cor # > U1 on [0,5] and both are not seco for the same #, then #sin 9 + e080 > 0/00 [0,34]. Because sin #, and hence kin #, and cos 0 arr continuous for all 9, then by Theorem 1.8.2 (i) sin 8 + cos 0 is continuous for all 8. Heace by ‘Theorem 1.8.X{iv) the quotient F(9) is continuous on [Oi], In Exercisas 20-52, uve the squeeze theorem to find the limit 29. If 2 £0 then -1 0 we must have |sin{1/2)—L]<1 whenever —8<2 <4. Let & be a positive integer > 1/(276) and let 4 = Y/R +H)u and 2, = —1/(2k+ 3}. Then ~8 <2, <8 and dcr, <4, By the Lriangle inequality we get the following contradiction LL >|sintt/2y) =] +stn(a/e,) —1[> |[sin()/,)—b]—Esin(i/29) — b]] a(l/a) ~sin( 1/04) = [sin( 2b +4) x —sinl (2k +4)x]|=|1 (13) =2 ‘Thus there is no sueh number L amd the limit does not exist. Tingcon(1/z) dees uot exist. See Bx td. 46. Yimtan(1/z) doos not exist. Soy Rett, Miscellaneous Erercises far Chapter | 2 g@a)=Vi—e > (a) t)=VI-T= J HV=4—2& (a) Mi)=4at?=3 (6) f(-2)=4-(-2)7 (@) f(e- 1) =4-(2-1)' =-2? +2243 (eo) fa?) = 4-7 Heth) J) _I-(c+ hI : coun, Hexh) 0-2)=yi= i Aid vinz vize-he vine __(l-e-h)-(1-2) ‘Wcsskavice Mviss=ie oles th= I= GFT) = yor gle +h) ~ a4 (eta go, EF se) z xh = “hiV/l-a—-ha Jia) fl-e—kt/l—e 2 Tn Bxeretses 9-6, define the following functions and determine their domain D: a (a) Fea tb) S96) S-3 Lia (oh as (8 Soa te) oF fa Verh g=22-4 (a) tg = ftsd+2"—4, &: [-2, 400} VEHE~ 2244, Ds [-2400) (0) fogs YEP ast 4), De [-2, +20) CF yD (BBY (2 +00} (0) aff = sabe (-2:t00) feet 4142 = v2? —2, D: (00, -VB]U[%, +00) (s) 9(ffe)) = (FF) ~4 = (2 4+2)-4 2, Di [-24e0) fasta 9, 9 = 255 (a) fey = 2-94 VFF5, Di [5 400) {b) F- 2-9 —fetb, “5, +00) (c) f-4 = (2? ~Sjx/e Fo, D: [-8. 400} D: (=5, +00) (e) of F= ech D: [=5,=3)U{-3,3)4 (3,450) ( Flol2)) = (VE F5)-9 =fe4-8)-9 = 24, Di f-8, 400) (a) at ftx)) = ye? 9) 45 = vaF—4, Di (00, —2]U (2, 400)64 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CO} 5 fado= vi le) F+9 fe) f9= + ear, iy +00) d= iran Bal sole =a “ =z"? D: (0,400) (0 fete) = wth (00) (a) Fel) = yfp= ph, Di a AO 22 _ate3e-1 “(e=e ty Dee#—Bl Ofe=sipah vets t 2 sie EN 2tU Deg Ot Iie +2) te) i LS e=)-H (0 Kote) = eqs (e) 012) = ee type 2a et) In Erercises 7 and &, plot the graph and determine if the function is even, odd, or neither, 7. (a) 22° — 32 is odd (odd — odd) (b} Se*4 227— | ip even (gum of even) (e) —254+2?— 2 is neither (odd +even) (d) (="+1)/(2? —2) is ede (even + ode) 3 (yee 23 is odd (odd + even) is odd (odd + even) = 0 while P{-0.5) = 9. (a) fle) = 4-28 (b) ofa) 228-4 PD: (-oat00), R: (-2e, 400) Dr (20,400), Rr [-4,+00) [0,+e0} @ Fiz} = VI6 (e) fz) =15—-2! ( ofz)=5 -1al Ds [-4,4], ‘D: (28,408), R: [0, +50) B: (-00, +90), Re (20,5) a ey o)SG@)= () Wz) = Vina? Ds (—00, +00), R: (-20, +20) Dr (20,-b00), Be (-00,9) D; [1,1], R: [0,1] (a) Ge) = WF=1 {e) fz) = [244] © fey=lelt4 Ds (-00,—1]U(1,400}, Bs [O,-t00) Dz {=90,-boe}, R: (0, +00} Bs: (~00,-400), Rt [44-400)MISCELLANBOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 1 65 fin Kxercises 11-14, determine the domain D and range R of the function and sketeh its graph. (en aie +4) _ Ee Q-2 ife D: (00,429) B: (1,422) UL, $00) =[L, +20) tn Exercises 15-20, determine » & > 0 such that] f(x)— 1] <¢ when ) <|z— |< 4 by finding the smallest 2, and largest 235 and by using inequalities. 1B. f(z) = 22-5, a=3, L=1,¢=.05 > 2x, —5 = 1-05, 6-22, Bax, =-025; 22, |(@e=5)=1]=12r=61= Fx—3) <5 when |e 3] <. 16. f(z) =324+2,e=1,b=5,c=02 » Wecause J is increasing, 2, coerespoudls to the smaller value of f. 82, +2=5-02, 8—3r, =0.2, 1-2, 32, 42=5402, 32,-8=02, 2)— |(e42)-5|=182—3] = ale—11< 0.2 when |e —11< 3 +05, 2m,66 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 1. zy 45510404, tS =O. 6=01 O<|z-5l< 01.5 = 0.1 » fey OLEH D 2eg+h=1 +08, 2p 44 delede el | | (or-+5)—1[el2e+4|= de 2| <.09 when [2-+2|-<.015. 6 = 010 19. ffa}= 24 4,0=2.L=8¢=03 » Because a> 0, then xy, 2, >0. +03, 274.3, 13, 289.1, 2, = EF = 19M, 9-2, = 076. 284 s 2074, cy —2= AA. F= ATA, Choose £< 1s0 -1ee-2e1dee42<5, [tet +4) -8| ale? —4|=]2+2||2-2/< 5]2—21< 0.9 when [2-2] < 06 = 6 Be 20. f(z) =r? =32,0=3,L=0,¢=.08 Because f is increasing at 3, r, corresponds to the smatler value of f. Because a> 0, 2, and 2, > 0) 3a b08 = 0, 2 Yat y= 4( 08] = 2.973. 4a + (574 4(.08)] = 3.026 22-08 = 0, 2» 2,502, 2,3 = 26. 6 = 026 Choose 6c 1s -1ermdelter |@r+5)—5[ [3243] =e + ll0 such that if <|2—B)-<8 then [(42—11) 9) (a) See the figure, f(x) appeats to be approaching 2 as z approaches 0. Oy rota 1 eee ne) an 7 3 i (a) See the figure. #(2) appears to be approaching 4 as z approaches 0. 3 ' 0) Nagra By ge dtaeg lig toe ig, gem tomo 3 iam sin 32 Puy Cob rhb cosa/sin e or In Exercises 61-68, find the vertical asymptotes and use then to sketch the graph of the fumetion, > Note that if f()—L is arbitrarily close to 0 for all large values of x, then the graph af y = f(r) appronches the line y —L-at the extzeme left and sight, o Aorizontel asymptote (sce Seetion 3.7). STL fe) =—coar Tim, fle} = +20. pode retinal anveartte Hine F(ey—1 = 2481 = 212s small when 2 is lange, y= Lisa horizontal sereMISCELLANEOUS EX! ERCISES FOR CHAPTER 171 To find the vertical asymptote, we factor the denominator. i f= —ypERH Because (2 +2)(2—3)= 0 ifs =S.or 2 = —2, we Bind the following Tita Wer > 3, then (2422-3) > 0, Thus, by Limit Theorem 12(i), we have lim, f(z) =--oo, andthe line x= 9 ina vertinl asymptote ofthe graph of J if72 <2-€ 3, then (2 +2)(2~3) <0, 90 by Limit ‘Theorem 12(i slim fle) = too. Therefor, the curve approaches the axympinte = isthe figure. Also, by Limit Theorem 22) im, fie) = 420,90 the line 2 = 2 8 as shown a is a vertical asymptote for the graph of f, Bocanse f(x) is small when # is lange, he line y =0 is a horizontal asymptote. 6. o(z)=1- 5 & Because ie §(8) = 00.07 lim, g(x) =o. ro x ae ical asymptote, Because g(t) is close to 1 when = is larue, y= 18.4 horizontal asymptote, 6. fix) = =P > Beeause tim f(z) = s0.0r lim, Jz) = +00, 22's a vertical asymptote Because f(z)—3=S2=2 3 = 45 is small whea sie henna epagiite or. = > Because im f(s) = coor lim, fle) = 420, 2 =2iis a vertical asymptote Beesute thm fa) = hoo or zs 2 is vertical aaymptots Because J(x)— 5 $25 = PO smal when 5 is a horizontal asymptote. > Beaune tim. fz) = sor fia, Ste) = 495 ing vertical asjmptode. Beeson Tim _f{@) =ta0 or bm, fa) 1 i's vertical arymptote, Because 1(2)—2= 32-2 = 32 is anal when 2 is lange, y= 2 e's horizontal asymptote72 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY Ih Brercises 69-74, sketch the graph of the functions then by noting beni in the graph, determine the values of ft which the function is discontinuous, and show why Definition 1.8.1 ie not satisfied at each diseontinuity. ee: fayette? 42 ee 1) 2F 3 *atea) ete ‘There are breaks in the graph at —2 and 1. S(-2) end (1) do not exist. Uenee condition (@) of Definition 2.6.1 fails st —2 and 1, Therefore, fis discontinuous st —2 and 1 fe Ie M1) _ i=+ Me = a £1. There are breaks in the graph at —] and 1. ‘J(-1) and #(1) do net exit. Henee condition (3) of Definition 1.8.1 fails at —1 and 1. Therefore, J is discontinuous at =1 and 1 etl itze—2 feat ites <2 fees ® There is a break in the graph at —! Him ate) = lim Ge 1) = Tim , a(e) =" im | (2-2) = 4: y anaat therefore tim, g[=) tom not exist. Thus condition () of eX Definition 1.8.1 fails at —2, so g is discontinuous al ~2 if + 4 is eontinvous at 2 because aims 960) = tim, o(2) = 0= (2) (sya [ldczl ited mere (St et ; & There is a “hole” in the graph at the point (4,0) because Fla) £14 —a]if's = 4, and thus F is discontinuous at 4. We show how Definition 1.8.1 is not satisfied. Because the absolate-valuc function is continnous, lin (2) Him = (and P(A) = ~2 ‘Thus, lim F (2) # F(4} and s0 condition (ji) of Definition 1.8.1 is uot satiated. A riot Palit Th. ole Az ifes) 13. Me) = pK ee ‘There are breaks in the graph at 0 and 1. f(0) docs not existe Hence condition (i) of Definition 2.6.1 fails at 0 and fis discontinuous at 0. fen A(z) = lim, a? —. =f=h fienee condition (ii) of Definition 1.8.1 falls at 1 vend b is discontinuous af 1. (2-9 ife. Theve is a brenk in the graph at 3. Beg f{z}= lim (2*=9)=0 but J(8)=5 ‘Thus condition (if) or condition (ii) of Deflation 1.8.1 is not satisfiedMISCELLANEQUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 173 In Exercises 16-78, prove that fis dicontinuoun a 0. Ite donna a remoraie, redefine (eto remove it c Faas (25 (2—2) f=— -GaG-) +3e F(A) doe! not exist. Therefore f is discontinuous at A Jin f(@) = tin i SPH 8. tthe discontinuity is removable by cedefining f(—) = § » et Week Vay wige! . lim, {(@) =lim_ (4-3) =3 lim, F(2) = him (2r +3) =5 a“ zat ae ent Because lim_f(2) ¢ lim, f(2), then Him f(z) does not exist. Thus, there is an essential diseontinuity at 1. ar! aa ri m1. 12) ={y/"~ e im. F(z) = lim —oo. Thus, there is am essential discontinuity ak 2, 1s. 7(@) = 1228 F(8) docs nat exit, Therefore is diseontinaoas at 3 lim fle) = tim, 2) tim (1) =-1 acs = = Because fim f(2)4 im, f(a), theo lin f{2) doesnot exist. Therefore the discon F: ee 3 In Exercises 79-82, f ix diseontinnovs at a. (a) Plot the graph of f and look for a break at z =a, Doss the diseontinuity appear to be removable? If so, how should / be redefined to remove it? (b) Confirm analytically. @=2-3 0. © lm fle) ig E=# » g(-1) = -1. Denne £0) 0. We nationalize the numeratar. eee ey eee ce = aa4 Ward) nated) “| Te ie erring nae a ae -— 10)= =}. 25 avant B1. fls)=ae a0 & fla) a Jae o=3 Jeeta Jaxtes eee AVEEESS) Jape 43s 0, Define ((0)= VE+8S6. 2 Keagets 1 re Spiess PORN aa Aaa ite Dene Fm v4 Te Ia Bis 3 and (0) toe Jo) emt i fan a ae he eo 83. (6) fle) = Jas ole) = 35 > (feat = By Theorem 1.5.5(i), f'0g is continuous for gf} > 0. BY Theorem 1.83, tis continuows forall al 9(2) > 0 fo Hence by Theotens 1.92, fo 3 contiovoue forall xin (3,3), 0, By Theorem 1.8.8, gis continuous for all z and g(2) > 0 for (—22,~5}U(5, +00) = Hence by Theorem 1.8.2, fog is eontinuows for all in ly (6) £2) = VeFT ale = hy * Vente) = (ats = By Theorern 1.8.5fii), fe is continuous for gfz)+1>0 ‘By Theorem 1.8.4, g 16 continuous for all z # § and o{z)+1 > 0 when p> (e} fla) Sogn 2; g(r) = 2-2 (Fo g)(z)=ogn(s?— 2) Je9% continuous for gz) #0, gfx) = x{z—1) so g(2) #0 in (29,0) U (0,1) U(1,+90) = 1 Hence by Theorem 1.9.2, fog is continuous for all x in 1 4a Exercioes 85 and 86, find @ and} that make J continuous at every susmber, Then sketch the graph of f. rel ifzs3 +l fz<3 suo-fel eres» soy=fite as 325 3 e438 6 # is continuous on (—se,~3), (3,8) and (9. Fac). For J to be continuous at -3, For f to be continuons at 3. Jim _ fe) =_ lim | fle) tim f(2) = tim, s(2) poet a a3 aa i Tim (Bar—78) lin (ar lim, ( —128) wat = rast 90-Th= 31% 90436 =3 Solving simultancously, we get a= 2 and b= -3, 1 if ris an integer 0 Fis not an integer 40 integer, then for all x in the open intervals =0-Thus fim f{2) =0and lim, fe) 0. fo) Ia fa-1,), His not an integer, a isin the open interval (kk + 1) for eome integer k Then for a= in the open intervals (hua) aad (a,k + 1), f(x Thus ima fle) =O and lim, f(s) 0. Hence, fim, fe) ‘Therefore, linn /(z) exists forall velucs of a (© Fie ncomtinuoun at every intogee because tiny Fle) = 0, ba 70)MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 1 75 THowever for any nuuaber that isnot an intoger, fim f(z) = Oand J(e) ‘Therefore f is continuous at all non-integers, . ch fn f(z) exits but im f(=) dors nos exist aii Hes ie) L=—Land tim,sga2 = lim 85. Give an example of = function for Any f for which tim f(x) = A simple example is f=) tn Eyercaes 89-92, fd the largest interval or unioa of intervals op which the finetiog is continous. 89. (0) f2)= V2 —=* p the domain of f is {z|25—z2? > 0} = [-5,5). {is continuous on (-5,5). Because tin, f=) = Hm M25 2 f(-5) and Bim f(e)= ti, J95— 2.0 = FO). S is also continuous on [-5, (y) ste) = VE 8 b. The domain of fix {| 2-25 20) = (-#0,-5]ULS, 400) =1. _ fla) _ Ve aH = 0= f-5) and J(3) ie also continuous on I. J is continuous on (90,3) U (5,400). Because lim, {() = tim, soit mast 20. (a) Jie) = EY & The domain of f is {2 [i2i— 1 #0} = (-00,—1)U (1,1) U (1s +00) 5 phe {{ is continuous on L. Since 7 is continuous aaly on 1. ee =e = lim Eth = 2 = 400, Spee et = > The domain of g ix {x| 9-2? > 0} ~ {2} =[-3.2) (2,3) gis continuous on (—3,2) U (2,8). Because Hea al?) (=3), Tim,ote) = lin EP = we toe, and lim g(2) = “BEE = f= 0 = o(8) gis continuous on I. aL. (ay f(e) = =F > The domain of f is {212-2 # 0} = (—s0,2) U42, +00) Beesuse lin (2) = ig = Pls ig (-1) ==1 and Be (0) = Jima} tim1=1, J is continuous only on TL. mae=ay & The domain of 9 is [2] 2? —4 g£ 0) =(=00,-2)U(—2,2) U2.400) = = pha +00 and tims gfx) = lim, wq7a = +00, g is continuous. ra aa only on a4 feed oo. r(e)= {Bw it 1a £4» The domain of Fall = By Theorems 1.8.3 and L.5(i), P is <2 ifz>4 continuous on (—2¢,—4) U{-4,4) UA, #00). Because fim_(2)= lim _(e-+4)=0 and fim F(2)= lim Vi6—2" =0 oa > me ae then F is continuous at ~4. Because ion F(z) = lie V6 — = PU) and tim, (2) = Ti lig P(2) = im V16 a? = 0 = PCA) aod Pe) = then F is continuous only from the left at 4. Therefore F -2 Q=3) {inwous on (—28, 4] (4,20).78 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY. Js Brersiees 93-96, does the intermediate-value theorem hold for the function f, interval [ab] and constant £7 28, solve fle}= k graphically and anal 10 4 decimals and sketch the graph showing the point (e,). 98. fe) = 2745 + 15 [ast] = (10,0), b= 10 & The interval from f{-10) = 141 to f(0}= 1 contains 10 and J is continuous on [—10,0]. Therefore, the intetmediate-walue theorem holds and the: amumber ¢ between —10 and @ such that /(e Pndet 1 = 10; 8 de-$= 0; c= 24 and 2— 13 2 —1.6058 is in (10,0). M4. f(z) e*— 4241; [a,8] =[0, The interval fom Al) 166 Fi is wortoes old hoa the intermediate-value theorem holds and there exists Aaumber c between 0 and 10 such that ozs 1 ee tai tendete He and Has ith 5.0086 in (00) 9%. f(z) — wi6= 27; [4,6] > ne neina ri and f is continuous on [0 therefore, hs caine ak Ua kee ad er can Shamberc berm Dan fmach ee eh e- VBI = cp 2 eV det 4a 0-2 He | and =14 7 ~ 1.6658 is in (0,4). ~ Vi6—=4, fo,5] = [4,0]; b= -2 terval from #(—4) = —4 ts /(0) = 4 does not contain ~2, ‘Thus the hypothesis ofthe intermedinis-value theorem isnot satisfied and the theorem does aot hold. The figure shows the graph of the function on [4] and the line y = ~2. Because the line does not intersect the curve, there ia no numibet © that satisfies the conclusion of the intermediate-valve theorems ‘Ty to solve fic) = eV F-20429 VO dod tm ch bP tte 12 = 0 <1 V7 and —1 ~ yz ~3.0458 ie in (—1,0). However, ¢ +2 cannot be ‘pegative, and 00 the solution is extraneous, Treas Ge=4yT Tn Exercises 97 and 98, answer the questions from the graph of f in the figure. 1. (a) io, f(2) =0 (0) lim, J(2) = oo (€) dim (2) —3 (2)lim_ fle) = 00 (2) Min, fle) = +000) tim fix) = 1) lim fta)=4 (8) Fis discontinuous at 3 (removable, aise 4(9)-= 0 (removable, define f{0) = 2}; 2 (esseatial); 3 (eential) 2 (essentially 98 (a) | lim _f(z)= 1 (0) Jim A=) = 0 (e) li i te) (0) ip fz) = ~0 (0 “i, fe) = 0(g) ty fle) = —1 (8) J is discontinuous af “2 (essential); —1 (essential): @ (removable, define £(0) = 0); 1 (essential); 2 (removable, define 7(2) = —1) +20 (d) lim f(z) = 0MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 1 77 Jin Exercises 99-102, sketch the graph of a function satistying the given conditions. 99. 5, -3, -1, and 2 are the only zeros of f: lin, f(z)=4; lim f(z) = +905 ‘im fe) = +00; f is continuous on (—20,—3), (3-1), (1,0), (0,400) 100. fis continuous om (-20, ~2), [-2,4), [14], and (8-400); Tim Z2) Fin Fe) = 8) fie, f(e) = 00; lim, fe) = 2 lim f=) = 4 im, sel att at Bef Si Hn J Oh AY =, dn ih aa a a FL) Becouse lim _f{z) = +50) the line = 2 iss vertical agsmptote and she curve approactes the asymptote from the leh in the upward direction. Because f is continuous from the right at —2 and tim, f(s) =0, then (2) 0 and he geepb eotaias the paint {-2)8), The rapt conta the paint [Sy becouie fie Gontinyous at © and Tiny f(2)==3. Peeause ime fz) = -00) the line 2 = 1 is. wetieal asymptote, and the curve approaches the asymptote from the left in the dawnward direction. Because f is continuous from the fight at I, and Him, f(z) =2, Ue graph costaiae the point (1,2). Because J is continuous from the left at 3, S24) then the graph contains the point (5,4). We are glven that lim f(a)==1, Because i than f i. discookinuous-at 3, aod there is a brea in the graph sf" the potol. where 2 = 3 Because im, f(s) =—1y the point (3.1) i. Hmit point of the graphy but the point isnot part ofthe raph this ia ole bythe open cite al the point (8,1), Fiaaly, because li Je 5, the graph contains the point (5,0), ne 8 and is continuous at Exercise 99 Exercise 100 TOL. F(A) = 2; -2, 0,2, 4, and 5 are the only zeros of fi im f(z) =05 lim. f(2)=—o; lim , fz) = tex; ip AE) = 05 lima f@) ih ob) = Pinca a conn aaa a sot = 100f ie continuoud of (co, ~A), (4,4), and [4, 400}; imgfle)= 05 lim Shey=% lim, #2) = lisa fle) = 0; Jim f(x) = 3; lim (2) = 04 Tm Ste) ie a Sa) = 2 lin foo = ine squares are eit fhom the comets of 3 ‘Tim in ses and the sidan Curmed up, (0) Find the volume (a) in, (b) Find dama(V}. (6) Prove ¥ is continuaus on its domain. (4) Maximize the volume graphically b Va twh = (14-22 )(18— 2e)2, 0 <2 <7. (¢) V is @ polynomial, (d) When 2 ~ 2.6049, Vag = 29286 in 108. = 104. An open box having a square base is to have a volume of 4000 in®. fa) Find a mathematical model expressing the (otal surface area of the bax as a function of the length of a side of the square base. (b) What is the domain of your function? (e) Prove that the function is continuous on its domain, (d) Om your graphics calculator determine, to the nearest iach, the dimensions of the box that ean be constructed with the least amount of material. & (a) The base has side x in,, total eurface § in®, Volume = fwh= 27h = 4000, A= ao. S = area of bottom +4 -ntea ofa side = x? 44h = 2? +42, M00 a? ST (y) Dom 8 ix (0,00) (6) A retional function is continuous on its doraain. (d) Because § = 24 +000 8.00 A constant product‘78 FUNCTIONS. LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 8,000, the sum § is least when the terms are equal: x? SQM 2? = 8,000, 2 = 20. The dimensions at 20 in x 20 fn x 10 in 105. A sign with margins of 4 m at the top and bottom and 2im at the sides is to contain 50 im? of print. (a} Fin ‘he total area of the sign, A(z) m7, when the width of the printed region is = in, (bb) Find the domain D of A (©) Prove that A Is continuous om its domain (2) Determine to the nearest meter the sizeof the smallest gn, & fa) The length af the printed region is 30m. A(s (b) Ds = >0 (6) A is a rational function (4) A, 50 yO ag Prs=Biga 2+ 42 +8) = 82 + (82+ 20) (product = 1600) 54 when 82 = 200, g? = te 5, 244 = 5 44—9, 8. ‘The smallest sign ie © m wide and 18 m long 106. The growth rate J fish/week is jointly proportional to the number % of fh and the number 10,000-—2@ capacity. f(2}= k2(10,000—2), f(2000) = 9 = 1000-9000, & = 1/ 100,000. 2(10,000 — £)/100,000, 0 < x < 10,000. A polynomial is continuous everywhere. flz)=H—2*+ 10,0002) is maxiraum when 2 = —10,000/2 — 5000. 107. Fz) = sgn + fet) hy fr past {2 fe+1<0_J-1-1=-1if-10-Wr=0 ite-0 eee L-I=1 itz>0 F ie dicontinuons at -1 and 0 because the left-and sight hand limits disagcee there, 0 ife<-1 In Bxereises 108 and 100, use the squeeze theorem to find the litt 108. tim 9(2), if |o(z)+5|< fd — 2)? for all x, & Because 0 <| g(x) +5|< 3(4—c}*, then —3(4— 2)? < 9(x) +8 Let n be a negative integer. [1 — 2] =n when ASl- gent, nnl eee, (neat oon 2E [-/=(9= TV =n)U =n, fe Bg Je) = limo =0 4 f(0) = 1 e0 Fig not continuous at 0, > 4 LAL, Sketel the graph g(2) = (2~ 1)f=) for © (e- Ile] = n{r 1) when n <2 endl. ing (2) = 0 and y is consinuows at 1. [-82 ~ 4 oat Exercise 110 Exercise 111 12 Suppose {() = a(e) forall valuea of except a (a) Prove that tim {Ce} = Tim o(z) if the limits exist, {b) Prove that if Iir9(=) dows not exist shen lita f(x) does not exit. & (0) Suppose lis f(2) =1., Then For every ¢ > 0 there is a 6>0 ouch that | f(2)—L] 0 there is a 8 >0 such that [a(z)—L| Because f is continuous at 0, £(0) = lim /(0 +2) = lim f(O}/(=) = f(0)/(0). Therefore, 4(0) = 0 or 4(0) = le ‘Suppose f(0) = 0. Then f(r) = f(z +0) = f{z)f(@) = fl=)0=0. Thus f is a constant function and f is wontinunds Suppose f{0) = 1. Let « be any number, Then lin f(a-+)— final fa) f(=)] = sla}(0) = Fla)-1 = Aa) ‘Thus f is continuous at a. it follows from Theorem 1.9.1 that. tim fe ~4)] = £(0) 116, Suppose the function f is defined on the open interval (0,1) and f(z) = 325, Défine fat 0 and 1 20 that f is continuous on the closed interval [0,} & We must define (0) and f(1) so that Jim fC) = 100) and Tim fe) = #0) Now =r =F lim, sin zy) sor {By Theorem 1.10.2) Thus, we define 4(0 Him £0) = ln x, Next, we lel t= r—1. Then sin(rt+ ) te =i SR! im jim sinat Te ee ==s lim ci =n ‘Thus we define f(1) =21 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 24.1 Definition 2.1.2 Definition 2.1.3 Definition WO THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Suppose the function f is contiuous at 2. The tanjent line tothe graph of fat che po PG f(z) 8 (@ the line throxgh P having slope m(e,), even by snde,) =tin £0 82)= Sle) X21) =fin Ss it hin nite (i) the line r=, if tin Sete) FE) 5, aay Os I neither () nor (i) of Definition 2.1.1 holds, thn thee i:no tangent line io the grap of f the pote Fey (2) Tr we want to fnd the slope of the tangert line to the cuve at more than one point, fist find ihe limit and then make the indiated placements for =y- Howerer, we Interested in finding the tangent line at oaly ote point ard ifthe ccordinates of the point tangency ace known, seer to fis! make Whe ndicated replacement ad the Bad the it fHey+ Oa) ~ Key) foo or -asand ling MEDEA MED 0 or 6 The rormel line to & graph at given point i the Hine perpendicalar to the tangent lise att point Formla (I) forthe slope ofthe tangeat lin is special cae of the formula for the derivative ‘function. Following is one of the most important defaitions in the ealeuls The derivative ofthe function fis that funtion, denoted by f/ such that its valve ab mum 2 in the domaia of given bythe equivalent formulas 1 = tim LEASE= HE) = yy HeV= LE) 2) = tim LE +82) HE) ym a and (a! 1'2)=im FERED tm AES ) ona iC thin fmt exis, where = 3 + Ae. (f! i road “f plies” and (eis ead “f prime of 22) We also use the symbols 42 (e) and D,fiz) to represent (2) If y= f(2), then the sym Daan fds ae vont Wid to prent w H Aye dened by Ay = fie+ Ae) —fle) shen Dv =i, 22 1 ay isa pastiealar somber in the dornair of f, then to End J'(z,) wo may use either oft equivalent formeios, Geremicl He)aim, LE) ey “To we formulas (8) and (4), note that Gea)? a 2 + BeAr (Sa)? and (2-4 As) a2? +See + Bef Ae} + (2) ‘To we formulas (3") and (7), note that ere yan ‘The slope of the tangent line to the graph of 9= fe) at the point (2p, fle)) * preibely derivative of F evaluated a! zy. Thus foemlas (8), (3, (4, and |7) ane interchangable “The equation of a (tangent) line with lope m and passing through (2,8) is y= lz) +8 A nortnal me bas slope —1/f'(2) in He= Hon) a or fa) me) (eae bony 2) aster sey!21 THE TANGENT LINB AND THE DERIVATIVE 81 Beonsins 8.1 Te Deercies 1-6 fod an equation ofthe ingot ina pie, Seth he pap aad gent of he ange hyste Go) winjess-o sn(2)= in, 224) tin, 222) pte Aw equation of the tangent i 2 ya2+4(-15) tim SE) ‘An equation ofthe tangent li 3 yatet +43; (-2,0) Me) 1-9 _ mt gS eee areca e+ (-2)) +414) +4 =A, The Cangent line iy m(—2) = Ji Exercise 4 y= 2-62 +9:(3,0) erine 3 = 68-49, Use formula (4) with ny = 2 9462+ (Az)? 18-62-49 a in SO A2)=J0) py (+8)? a, ae ao (a? = gin GOP = sm axe =0, An equson of te tangent Bne oy = (2-2) +0 9 =0 B y= 48 (1) Pe, & Let f(2)= ae (2-0) mma) = Bal = li@t+sen=3 ‘Am equation ofthe (sient lina ix y = 3(2— 1) +44 6 y=t-z4(2,-7) £2)- $0) _ ala Enatioe§2 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Ta Beers 710, (2) ind the lope ofthe tangent at (zy. f(2))-(B) Find where the tangent is horizontal. Sketch, 7 fay 8d Te fley+ 82) —fley) ee > (0) m(ay)= fin em, Betta =e + Ba) +8 Ga = 1848) in, ese Mae BAS einen 2 (0) fey) = O when ry =2 and $2) =~ {0 Ue gba harm otzontal tangent os (2). a fe)=1-02-2 > (a) Appling formula (2) we have * ayant aioe he) toy ett, pg Tabet ent de~ (ae 74a? pat a nae —22,Ae~(Ae} =i, pa EE “Tin (-6~25,~z) 4 ores (&) may) = O when 2, = -8 and Y(-3) (C218)! Other pins on the graph me 8 f= 2-62 +92 6 so the graph has horizontal tangent at 1). (8,12), (8,18), (-1032) and (1,0). 7 (Pao ve-2)—Ueh igre) PP aap = ‘ “ 5 = Jin GH +08) = fim (a + eye bey?) —8le 2) +8] J a Bey? 124 +9 =e, —42, +3)= 364, 11-8) (me) =e when 3, =1, {0} =2and 3, 3.16 GReGaSa he boizbnud tages at (Land (2) ban? 12 iy Le). py OF =8)=08-20)9 set) 62; = 62y(%,—1) (alee trbn st JO) == Saige etna at a es banc ngn nt a te Pow me im [2a 4x2 +22) —H2 +29) ty cies 11-1 fd UL y= Verh 8,2) pb m= linLORLE) - yy VF 1=3 = hig BAS? tiny = = SS = nya aes a eat “The tangent ne hie equation y = Ye—1)+2= 42+ a(e-3)42= e414 ‘The normal line hat tlope —4 and equation2. THE TANGENT LINE AND TIE DERIVATIVE 83 VirR (53) To find the slope ofthe tangent line fo the curve at (-B,3}, ws formala (7) wit 4(2)= VATE and 3, =—>. = seated i> I it fiz ‘ m(-8) = Jin 8) Via 4 Sin =a any Pes Use the pelatslope form with = Eto Sind an equation of the tangent line to the curve atthe point (3,8) =-He-(C0)+3 Use the pcint-slope form with m = 6 to fird an equation of the aormal lin to the curve al the point (5,3). pict adatene = in (ES-ES tm [o- (26440) ‘The normal line has dpe Jy and eauation y= fle +2) 44 = fe +B. '— 42; (0,0) > Let f(z)=2'—4z, 42)-100),. yp, (20)'A82 194 82)-10) yy (Oe =A82 28, The tangent line has equation y = —10(2 +2)+4 = —102 +10 (0) = lim, ‘The tangent line has equation (2,1) 44 HEI $0) «yg 3t 9, mO= yaaa = MEH e Sete ‘The tangent line has equation ia, dim, [(a2)?-4)= ~4 ij 4e-+ y= 0. The normal line bas equation y andy =0. ‘The normal line has slope | and equation y= 1(2~2)+ Fett) Toad the slope ofthe tagent line tothe curve at (4), ase formal (2) with f(2) m(e,) tim L)=H) 5 Be yen eg GAM Hal 2) vet? m= By aI aoa ES aye Yo eee OME =n oe ae oe pita with =He- 444) Usps mhS4 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 1 Beles 17-20, (a) Tabulae [/(2-} Ae) ~ /(]/Se when Ae = 010 to 0.01 otap —0.01 and -0.10 to -0.01 step 0.01 and guess the limit. () fo 201 step 001 ard 1.90 to 1.99 1d FQ) wing forma (4). () Tabula [f(2) ~ f@2)\e ~2) when £ = 2.10 ‘step 0.01 and uss the lit. (4) Find (2) wing forma (7) > The symmetric cifferesce quotien: of 2.8 is included for comparsen. It exact for quadratic fanctions 17, f(z) =e! Te ae {0+42)- 02) ee s0)= 102) (N24 Bz) — f(2—Ax)|/2dz Ae 2s 1-42) 102) _ J)- 12) ‘a = (2+ As)— f(2—Ary|/2dz (0) fn BO ant 12Ae 48s? Tae 1 fee a ea 1242) —7(2)_ fl6)~ J12) ee f(2+82)—J@- 2s) dha 10402) -90)_ H0)= 412) (2+ A) (3.87.2) Bet 4 404 Ant) — 7004 An) —(2.22 Tables for (3) aed (c) The limit appears tobe 5. 0. 0.99 08 0.07 0.06 0.05 O04 203 0.02 0.01 21 299 208 207 208 205 201 203 2.02 201 5a 5:27 824 521 518 SAH S12 5.09 5.06 5.00 5 8 & 5 6 5 & 8 <0 09 08-07 -06 -05 04 ~03 -02 —01 Lo Lat 192 1.93 1.94 195 97 198 199 410 473 476 479 482 485 488 Lol 404 497 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 219) (9.98-7.3) @ in 2) inst) (ale +2)—7) = amyo—aa0% Tables fora) aud (c). The lle appears to be 12 O10 0.09 R08 0.07 0.06 0.05 “O04 0.03 0.02 0.01 210 209 208 207 208 205 204 203 202 2.01 1241 1255 1249 1245 19.8 1A 12.24 12.18 12.1 12.06 120100 1.006 12.0086 2.0016 12.0004 Ye00si 12.0019 120025 12.009 12.0001 M -99 08 —0T —06 —05 04 -03 02 —01 190 131 182 193 194 19 196 197 1.98 LO 1141 MAT 11.93 1.98 11.08 1170 1.76 1182 1188 1194 048s) 0—A2) ra0i00 aoe, 206 sean 120m ar "2006 ond ad haan no aeasit—# : © ea © ine P43. Ars 3-2ar? 4 A2?—2? 2. 2) fn BS Hans aa a Ines eez yen ia? = ia. (12462-4424) = 12 18. )@)=VO > Table foc a) and (©). The init eppests tbe —f 2 ox» a0 gos cot oae ous or 008 Sor 00! tae OOS 28) Sit SMe is aot 205 20h Sat Fibed= f=) yn ete-ana-ant-atn 0-208-620-2502 posds rato 230012 — 2008 2500, — 21001 ae an nn on a0 as i ike ok ys ae on Pao ih ih 9b as us ise ase tt ae aa eee ~.2485 --2486 -.2488 ~.2489 -,2491 —.2492 ~ 2494-2495 —2497 ~ 2498 £2402) ~s(0~ 4s) aaa We we Thenem 1102, SOF) ed iy HOE = Oo = agents peht=1O1s= i > We use Theeeem 1.10.5. tim C2807 Az) 0060 cow as ano = Taso Ae ° > In(a), lt 2—fr = Ae to get the same solution as (0). - = im SBQe+AS) —sin fe Ae asf came AF = jm « > In (a), le i = Ar toget the same solution as (b). sae so CU) As) con fe fUO= Se ope ESS 26. (2) = 086 ‘THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION mt. Je)=woni, > Were Thesrem 1.103. (a) (0) = mse B20 poll — aL) = nS = Ines flO = 1-0-=0 a ae St madeleage roa) —— » Wee Theorem 1.102. ke a one et finger ais © 1h (a), Wt e— fe = Ar to got the same solution as (b)- in OUT +A) iy cane im tim, ren, B= (nA SM teens fim In (a), et 2 }e-= A to get the same solution as (b)- Vsin(ja +A) esez—eche — eselin +Az)—ese feos Az —1 rhe anegt se sn MS = nee = Im see Seas BS tn Beco 51-36, od J) hy apg fra (3) Bepeyet Sm fm LeFRA TE. ay lg z je)=u0 > e)= fm, 2H IE 3. fle) =T243 Fe) 3. fle) =! Be » se) 3. fla)=445r—2e? > JG) timid -22) — 45224) ROSIN Fw a cL se ve tan (G24 Be 4 Az) — 22 As) (Se 20 oe «ine 940—9 tn Bets 3740, the dea a a H fi8-2) = fn, BHAA), gy Posto teaen tela? Caso aatae— Selah aap eae inte ae 1 [2rbade) + SirFBr) ([2r-48) 4 2ADHGr —2) ~@r-+31(Gr—2) 4 3421 ‘Brlste Ae) 212) tm 24Gr=2)—Br(Or 4.3} _ 1347 = Se apes ay -ae 9 — AAT SD he =13 = (STH ae‘2.1 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 87 oy a plait s “yg gree (82? [1 deeds J; to 2 al Dataset em al ee ashat| otgia|- iogeas sn 41-44, fad 4 > Let fle) = 3245 (o-+8)-60+8)] =v + es fey 2. 16 fs __i/s fom Ot elm oF - 1 + GaP TE, alg Tea = Bt Sah Tay @ TP (eV) eH (AR GNA) + OY Noe ile yi dined 9 0, Een. ee 1-75 » lt fe)= she Be jn f=1 LL) = tin 2-1) cr 2 vse a aa PTS TERT ae AOD Ho-sty © Let fe)= hy E Here) S00) _ 5, MFA Qe —8)[%(24 Az)—5] Fee in OS sn a IS] — [Me + Ae) athe =4 jim Fe Sie Bs olae | EOIN Ba HRS 4m papas: (eee 4B Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = 2s? +3 that is parallel to the line 82—y +3.= 0. > 82-9490, cey =Oe-+3, has slope. Let (2) = 242+ 3. We wi to find an 2 for which m=) = Sz, +A2)~ Fey [2 +Az)*4 3) - (22;'+3) pels fe a = ge, nee | fim, (oy #202) = ‘Therefore, we have 4z, = 8 2; +2 Soan equation ofthe tangent line at (2,11) y= 8(2—2) +11 ~ 82-5, 46. Find on equation of the tangent ine to the curve y= 32? —4 that is parallel tothe line Sr-ty = 4 Fyn Bett haste 5 tt fle) nett Wee Bd ang fon rhch mn) = im FE) HE) = ny O2*—4)- Bey mF88 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 4% End an egptog ofthe normal ie to he hve y= 2— fe? thai pall oe Ine == Theme sy 0; oryare ha slope Lao live perpendicular ot bas slope—1 Les fiz) 52 et We wih to find an 2, for which (ey) =—1 fey tha)-fle)_ 4, Po Hat aeyl- OF) e =a =< We have —Jay= yds en perenay 448, Pind wn equation f each normal line the curve y = 28 —2z that a pavalel o the line 22+ 18y '> We fist fad the slope ofthe tangent lie tothe given carve, Let f(z) =z" —3e. mayen SAG Hen eel tan, +2) —-Ne—n) (+e, +573) iei2=3 ‘rence the slope of the normal lve is ——}—. eps We find the slope ofthe given line by vnitng the given equation in slopeintereept form, 2241899 Bysate+% ye-petd ‘Because fi te slope of the given nd the normal linet parallel to the given Hin, we have 1 cdl eum teas atah =e? We tave fon the Zeoniiaae ofeach plat onthe given carve where she normal ie i parallel othe gh Meee muouients 02 i te equation ofthe cur, we abla y =2*~3(2) = 2, Thus, 2) ithe po ‘Shee te oral line itesecs the given eure, Berane the slope of the normal Ine iy ¥e may wte Setar aloe fos a he uation. y-2=He-2) 24-00 Similarly, if 2 = (-2)* 3-2): 42a Hata, sty tio 5) that is tangent to the he parabola y = 424 {22 Snce tangent ine ot (2,46) bas sep Bey whi Ihe eu he alt) nd (1) aoe SF we ma ve SE ante? bata tte? tay 44a ead Site the last eaten as no elution thee canbe none through (18) tangent tothe curve S50, Prove tha het sw line through th point (1,2) tha is angen tothe the prntola y= 4—2%- ‘> At any point (,7,)on the curve we have yy =4~2;" Sic a tangentine at (=y4—5,") bas lope ~2r hile the tine through the points (25542, and (2,2) thas slope “71, we mst have Piha ty tint aatay banat dest= ile? ihc the nt uatin has no seution ther canbe no ine through (1,2) tangent f the curve (x —a)g(z), find #"(a). al) (a= 0)910) — fy g(2) = aa), since gis continuous ata. 49. Prove that ther i no line through the point '> At any print (7,3h) of the curve we have yy 1 Ig oningan ata 20d J) ee ie in ae S52 A pi cosinuois a a ad /@) = @?— oP ind He) y= Pie) A=) (5 ge) =) atin a he > s(@)= bm,2.1 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 89 ean $8 a 4, we th ra (= in PEALE, [ale + Ac} + b(e +4291 —( Sz}= az" +b. a a ne ey = fin aeesanyrhaaorsh ()= gm, BEA SEDO) Se) = 4. f'(2)= lin Fe) hi IJ") ets, rove that (@) = im, tim £452) —fla~ ae) = fn, [OP AD=O, Led= Hom 80)] ig LOAD MO, hy Hed=fle= 88) * eso | z z “aro zor Aro Bar +4 lim, lim, Leary BO+Y'O =!"ehas deine’. Lat f be s function whow domain ie Rand (F) (a+b) ~ f(e)-4(0) for all and L. Pusthermors, suppose that (i) /(0) =1 and (ii) /"(O) exists, Prove that f"(e) exist forall x and that fe Bets ny veal wander 1(e)= fin Et SI= IO) Has Az) fla) Ha-As)~Fl0) yg) 43 Hat (Az) ~ 40) ae See OY ie (ano (a) tim Lala) — Ht ae aye #254 (2) fim LAI=*Y 402) tim KOLO yay (0) Pot the parabela y = 2? and is tangent line y, at (21) and explain what happens as you room in rea in ind(e42)=1. y= 14-2) =2-1 “Dh tangent line and the curve ecome inctinguisheble, «chareteristic ofthe tangent line. [52 Plot the perabola y ~ /F and ite target line at (11) and explain wht happen a# you 00m Bsn un Stn eg nie ii= fort (22 DIFPRRENTIADILITY AND CONTINUITY Differeniable A function is ssid to be diferentiahle al zy if f(z) exists. 2.2.1 Theorem If = fonction ix differentiable at 3, then f'is continous a2 “The theorem implies that if f(r) exists, then there must be no break in the graph of fat the point where #=2,. The converse of Theorem 2.21 is not tue. That is, a fonction ‘hat ie continuous st mj may not te diGerentiable at 2, Por example, the abealutevalue function defined by f(z)=!21 18 not diffeentible at 20 although f is continuoys there. Note that the graph of=\has « sornsr at (0,0). If function fs differentiable at a point, then the graph of the function must be smooth at that point, Furthermore, if a fonction is Aifteentinble i a print, then the tnrgnt line to Une graph of the fonction at that point fot be vertical. ‘That is ifthe tangeat line to the geaph of f a: 2; vertical, then fis not Siffeentieble at x. ‘A fanetion f defined on an open interval containing 2, is dileentiable if and only if ‘both one-sided derivatives exist and ate equal. Ouesided delvatives ace defined as follows. 22.2 Definition If the function f ie defined at xy, then the derivative from the right of J at, denoted by Sule) is defined by retin SEMI ay90 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION ifthe limit exists 22.3 Definition Ifthe function J is defined at x, then the derivative from the left of J at =. denoted by Pfa\hdetna by Pte) atin FBIM) y Go yaty Mm Hed if the limit exits ae = A Fiscontios fom height and i") exis then te, f'@) = Flay. (2) ests then Bim, oP) HC ta contingons fot the et an tim, “) In Berens 1-2, do the falling: a) Skech the graph ofthe function J. () Deermine i jf eantinnous a 3 (6) ind fey cod fate) tng Cs) Dewey aaron : dita t BAS regent >) lim fe) = fim, (2-6) a “in, fp To Fiero On ST ie LOM. esac) 05 fim FOES 25 tim LAM) i ee zHE (@ Sine FLA) # 1-8), 4 dno ext 0 fo denial at A a tof ESE pasate. 2 © Jig. f= ly =22) =; im, f(0)= lim (82-1) ‘| Tere H/C) e t= 72) Td emi (9 S20)= im! 150)= tie £G1= $0) (@) Since $112) 4/42), 1"@) dows no exist 50 snot differentiable a 2 3 fia) =le—31 19) =0. © 0) Jim 1G) = tm [— (2-3) =05 tim, Je) = im, (2—9 (@). Thus: 7 is contimuots nt 3 Teter, Lin 1) (0 £10) = im LILO) F() = tim, LI={O) (Since $118) £419). 1") doesnot exit 0 Fe not diferentiable a 8 4 fla)=14le425 2)=-2 fen Paz) Mece 14 (232) 23-2 “tess (a) A sketen ofthe graph i shown atthe right. (b) Because / then f is continuous at ~2 (6) By Dentin 223,an a a war erg wenn A (0) sg enone of UO t= ono ort spuw o = (z)f amerea (a) saya ogy ye amon «oe ou 70 noT0Hs ¥ (8) eae Be wen re gunman 4 fo 10 = (040 = (0d = (od 28) tS =F Aint = (0) ee we eran Ose ov mongrgo Fg f0/ = 052 “al sop i" 0= Ge) Nat =(2ys “en 10= etn @) 3 208 hg igen “lO p rw xgrnenayy oo a fc ap ye sop (OS Holts # OS 6 weet get ey 09 Se ah . set ae ae oe caer oe tay fe < gizey =e we onan foo (Os =0= 2 Sor ves =O 5 a 52 =orer oars (po = 2 ye ato» 99 Mon a sw apeyenegtp You 9 J St. "HER U OP os mn VEY fsa (PY pee Het ted=2 ey ers Gar ay ee Eos nonmayed £q poe oe Get ges pee eater 2p al sop9 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Ry Definition 2.22, 15 (2)= tim LELO) — gy VED 25(2)= 9 LE FO) — hm tim, too oer alin (@) Because £52) =+00, {"(2) does not exist, and J is not diferentinble at 2 In the figure, note th pea {VITg Ht jayac-nten ‘ > (0) fim fle) = Hin YI=E=0; tim, ((2)= tim, =a) =0 ‘ ‘Therefore Jn f(z) = 0-= (1)."Thusf i continuous at 0. a a (0.0) in 2 ff li aie 5) = im, =f) cy, O=s=0 a amas unui bauacucy Seaman 10. 100= {2a | ay=t . Bn F(0)= Hin (1 =26)=4 4 5 M2) = 1= F1. Ths fs continues at 1 OAC tie LOAM jig Pate tn ce ~ Ns ea) a at =. nets tim SOLED. py, CBE + (@) Since P(-1) = (1) = 2, 1) = 25 0 fi diflerentable at —1 wea QRot EESt pyanat—ass. (i) im J(e) = Jin et =9)= 5, a, fe) = im, (Ge -)= 8 a Tees ag J) = 9% 2) Tho fn oon a 2 ‘ (© .1@)= iw m 22H I=8 _ yy MO-2Ke- sag Ge=1)-5_ y_, 80=D_y a ig (@) Smee $102) = 2) =8 f'2) =8: mo fis ferentnbe at 2 we se)={feniy Esa | a? Ga) A cate af te grav i shown a che o (b) Because J(3) =6(8)~18=0, and : ip JQ)

1 26. (0) 12) oc) set i ee Oh) cepa 120) = 140) ~ fglI=FO (0110)~ BqtSEIO= sy Poh £) by e184 -1_ (F,0)= jim FSET = {h) J i ot dtereninble at 2 oeause f° (-1) 4 (98 1 boease J) dove wet exit 8, The samge of fs 10,450}; f fe ifereiiable at every number acept =9, 0,9 £12) fe) F10) 1) reise 292. DIPFERENTIADILITY AND CONTINUITY 7 © of fie Ry f" xiate except at ~2, 0,25 f(-2) =05 4 f 1: 1,0) range of f is (~20,t00); fis differentiable at every number except 0 and 4 f(—2) £2)~ 40) set tin L2)— 1G) hott 145 aan 24 nmi re) = [22 HOSES Noord ese = Bn tim = 12) = ia! Jin 44 20)= 36 yy A= 16 = si a(t42)= ats JL in West lim 16 = 16. Since (2) = v2), ris diferentable at 2 Pa Vife <1 and 1-2 1a $1. im fe) = i (2? =1) =8= fim 9G) = Jn, my. f-tpocontinnnn 74-1 2 ‘tm Wee “= {2.57 HUSES® (oy rnd uo ss comtinoue a (0) Shah (68 f ditt a 7 FW) =P; ig Ko) = =e = ee a a 2 Be icienen tiiisjs— Onno e-nesiyers ae a ie: f is continuous at b if b sliver -2; since b> 0, only isadmissibe. = ~* P ve F.0)— in LDL hy ated = fy CED a és = 70) Saar a Ba *)=0/0= tig, B® clin, Tim, $2 =f once (3) dos ot exist nd fis no dione at . ifr 0 (b) im P(e) =O and “lin, f=) =O. (c) Sketch 2 qi Lia)=10) — ae = See e al H40)= jim, wt tin, Eg = 0 { sm [af [mS nF) = tin, [.0)]= tim [im EI] in, =0 ‘ : es} Find a and & such that fis differentiable at 1. Sketch q ity we need 4 ay SIFY 2 g2}=20) 1575 im eye dig lor+8)=204 li, 10) in, 24-1) =7 Sh ws i ison at To a0 +827 Ps LED yy BAD AT gg EDGED, ale —2)98 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION tig, C2MAT Sg, 6 {willbe differentiable st 21/2) = /4(2)in0 a= 8. Since 20-48 tn Fxereses 37-40, treat the vasiabe representing # nonnegative integer oa iit was a nonnegative eal aumber, BTA tap is fer up to 250 shudents. For up to 190 stodents the ost i 815 per student and decreases by 30.09 per fudest foreach sadent aver 150. (9) Expres the Income as function fof the number of students (b) Prove that is eentinvous on its domaia.(e) Ef eiflerentiale at 150? 1» (2) Let f(o) dollars be the ross incom Ifzstudeats make the ip. iee2c150 _ [152 0<2< 150 18h <¥ £250 Yaa.se— 6s? ABO wae (me oce<% (600 f020 gone 18: ita << 60 (&) s(20) = 60420) = 12000; mp2) 124005 fine) = im, (02 — 1594 ‘Therefore, ti fle) = 12000 = /(20). Thae continous at Oe n 600 29) a= f fa fle)— 100). ii £400) 7 Hei=f00) ns (ae 00) 00 F400) = Since #20) #7',(20), J/(0) does not exis 40.4 cub's annual dines io 8100 per member, les $0.50 foreach member over O€0 and plus $0.80 for each ‘merce lus tian G00. (a) Find a mathematical moda expressing the club's revenue J(e) a8 function of the ‘umber «of member (b) Prove that J i contimons on ie domain,(c) I f differentiable at 600722 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY 99 (6) f(z) = e110 — {(2—60)] =2(400~Jx)= dade}? 0< + ¢ 200 (8) and (€)Beconse fina polynomial itis continmous and diferentiabe om (0,0. Let fle) =I21 Tind (2), 220 HF 20, then since 121= Vet we havelz? = 220 = Jin, f+ 28) Asiviel_ ,, (et Ael-iaide+Az/+i2) Cl =o Ae ly Bafa tele = (e#z—2? 4 _tede (Asi tthe _ 99 lal Bale +Az]sia) arto ale SeTtie0 avto[r+Ar[eizi” Sel” = Given f(2)= fe} find Joy) i i ot a integer Prove hat £2) doesnot eit, isan integer Ife, Sau iteer, wlat can yousy sbout f” (2) and $4 (2,2 fs no an integer, then thee ison Integr Wh that N ) F(a) = 27 and Gle) = 2" s'(@)E s(0). Thereore, by Definition 1.8.1, is continuous at then (f+ 9 all real numbers then (F + G)(e) = O for 2 0.100 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2.3) THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE ‘Symmetric Tiflronce Quotient of f at «ix (/(a+Az)—fla~Az)/(2d2). As Az—0, this approaches £"@), NDER(J(2}2) = Brerenes 23 In Raereoe 1 1. See Byercise 21.17 seomgare th GMally muuch faster than the ordinary difference quotient used in the definiiog, sd Nonetimes approaches « limit when (6) door not exist. The value of Ax is called the {erance, With aay tolerance, the result 6 exact for lnear and quadraste fonetons. We shall ned a fied folerasee of 0.001. Thus f(e+ 0.01) ~ (20.001) a TH [Note that some graphics ealeulaters can plot the tangent line to a graph at any point ad give the valur of RDER in a single operation. Hf your graphics calculator can use ‘tes of eifrentiation to get (a decimal expresion for) the exact value DER (DER? The exond derivative) of the derivative, You should use that capability (exept in Euertes 27-40), The FRAC capability may’ be usol to get the answer as. fraction: we aymmetie diferente quotient with standaed one forthe given Exerese of 1 Mj See Exercise 2.119 A. See Exorese 2.1.20 2 See Bxercses 2.1.18 1 Brercias 8 plot the geaph ofthe numerical derivative a= t2 support the wniue found inthe piven Exerc B. (a) Bxeeise 2.1.38, 6. (a) Exercise 21.38 7. (a) Exercise 21.39 8. (a) Exercise 2.1.40 (Exercise 21.35, (0) Beers 21.80 (6) Exerine 21.41 (6) Baereise 2 (c) Bxemine 21.87 (Bern 21.38 (6) Beri 2143 () Beorine 214 I [ft | Li. a a. ta Exacies 9-20, (2) ue NDER to find the slope r of te tangent Tine to ft (ey) her ite the squat of the angen line Tc) plot te tangent line ad the gph of 9. fle)=(-1he =? iQ) aie m= PQ) =2 Ue y= He 2)+ ATs ya dle-pt)—1aae to 8 10. fz) =2 422-24 2 ML. f(e)=#8-22—! (e-1) late 18 12, fle) = (2-2 45, = pois 4 D vy = fa) = 2A) 45 =. Using NDER we find m = /"(1) =A. ‘Therese the oqation ofthe tangent line fe Ae t)+ 8 yade=7 VPA a, (3) = 8.10 ie =. Tee 1.66.2 5.8. a ba M8) = 4. maf") = 08. Te y= TE) tA TOG by TIO) =O m= fi) 0A. TE y = Oale—1)+0 = 42-04 (15400001536 (using NDER) “Therefore the equation ofthe targent fine it y= 0.64(2-42)—0.2, y = 0.642 +L 22.0.THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE 101 (1) LBBB, y= LB81G(2 1) + 0.8415 = 138182 ~ 0.5103, = (2) 8.9018. y = —5.3018(2—2)— 1.6016 = /S018e $8,938) (2) -Q91T. Ty “08312 2) —0.4092 = ~088072 + 1.9591 f(s) =ten(sina): =, = tan(gin a) 0.421 m= #9) = ~1.00987279 (using DER!) = —1.009972957 (using NDER) “Therefore the equation ofthe tangent lines approximately y=~1.0100(2—3)=0.181, y= —101002 +3720 and 2. Prove that i fis « linear or quadzetic feelin then NDER(/(e),2) 8 xacly JG). Let f(e) = 42+ be + (e may be 0) NDER( Je).2)= AE 92) SE 8) _ let e)+ Wer a) te) [ale aay? +He— Ae) +e] 9 the et + tance + wae? te HBAs) —[ar?— tere aa? +82— 132) eather i By b= Fle) Beers 29-26, (a) plot f and NDER(/(2).2). For what values of ofr is (9) NDEI > 0 and (e) NDER< oF ‘what values of = does f(=) appear to be (2) inereasixg and (e) decreasing.) Compave your anavers in pants snd (@) and in pars (c) and (. (9 The answers are identical: a function increases if its derivative f" i positive ard deceases if is negative Heaay2 » (b)and (4) => 0; @)and (e) 2 <0 fea ue "The gue atthe right tow f ack anh. a (band (2): NDRR 0 and (2) neoning it <0 (6) and (): NDER <0 aod fo) decreasing itz > 0 J f()= vi-e » (b) and (a) <0; ©) and (@) 2 >0 + 7 se)= > (b)and (@) 2>2:(@) and (@) 2 <2 4 Let f(z) = 21!, Compute NDER(f\2),0) and explain why it exists even though {7(0) does not exist DER ~ (001479 001)*/9y.002~ (.14-1)/.002 ~ 100. NDER always existe since we don't divide by 0 Exercises 38 and 29, (a) show that /'(0) dees not exist: compute NDER(/(e,0)(b) by formal (4) and) by {) Explain why NDER exists. (e) Plt the graph of NDER({(=),#). () Compace ie behavit at 9 the rena of (0). Be. us (6) 0) = Beg fad Feyays oor! — (01) a (b) and (6) NDER(2!70) = = 25119, (4) NDER always exists ance we dow’ divide by 0 (6) The figure st the ight shows NDER. dock and flight. lin. oh Se)= 29 1100) = Jig 2 ge = tig t= ~c $.0) Bernie J 8 an even fonction, NDER(S (2) 0) = als Bh incominliy in Eanes ten nb iin es cry102. THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2.4 TABOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGERAIC FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER ORDER-DERIVATIVES ‘The eifrentinton formalas that ace preved inthis seen tay be wed to dlfereatate any rational fiction aud should br menorae. Algebra fondo ate dscused in Seton 2.0 241 Theorem Hee constant, Gicncant Rare bye=o ‘he derivative ofa constant i aero 2.3 Tene Ua comand ff) exis et Dife- Ha}} =e-D, fle) The devine ofa constant tie tncon the kom in We davai of de fenton he dea ont 244 Tieres, If Df) and Dag) 85 ‘Sun Dye) 2) =Dafle) + Date) ‘The derivative ofthe sam of fanetions isthe autn of tis derivatives if these derivatives exist ‘This rule holds for any nurnber of terms. 246 Theorem If D,f/(=) and Dys) " Dy{Pe)-afe)] = Se) -Dga(2) + af2)-D_fl2) = DS (2) ole) + £(2)-Dyale) "The derivative of the praduet of two fonctions is Uh firs fanetion times the derivative ofthe second Sinetion. plas the second finetion tims the derivative of the fst fumetion, f these ‘evivatives vist. Warning: In the frst form, the produet and quotient rales have their temas interchanged; in the second form the prosnet and quotient rls are in the same order Gonaral Product (Peorsion 53.) I fs) os) Me) are dillorentian Rade [j(2)a(z)h(a2)l = f(2) se) Mz) + fle)-2)- Te the fi brn, item the ot fc nthe oon fieon, es Tie rule hold for any number of tors 241 Theorem If s(z) #0 ard D, f(z) and D,o() ex, then ‘Guotient ale + fle) ale): h(a) rw differentiate the nevond (2) Fle}-Dasl2) Tote) ‘The derivative of the qutien: of two function isthe denominator limes the derivative of ‘umerator minus the numerator times the derivative of danominato, all divided by the ‘ofthe denominator, if Ue derivatives ex 24.2 Thewcun Ir is « pnitve integer oF + a negative integer and 940, then Power mle - e D, (es!) = era ‘A power in the derominstor is moved vo the mumerstor, changing tbe sign of its exponent. formula for the derivative of the power function vas proved only for the case in which ‘exponent r is an integer. In Section 2.0 ve show that the formula beds whea + is any ra fhumber, and in Section 8.5 we show that i is valld when ris aay seal number. When convenient, we replace a given product by an equivalent sum before diferent ing, because the fers fr Use desivative of a sum is ensiee te apply shan the formala for disivative of a product, a6 iustrted jn Exercine 20. Also, if posible, we replace a gi (quotient hy an equivalent sum before difleeatinting, as ilustraced in Bxercise 82. igher Order ‘The fit derivative of te function ft denoted by J; the stoud derivative of f i the fw! Derivatives derivative of {an is denoted by {¥; the third derivative of fis the fist derivative of "sae Is denoted by 7; and 0 forth, provided theve destsatives exis. In Is an integer greater thas I, the nh devivative of fis notes by 7°"), and f°) i the fine derivative of "7 Fe pig) OE (0), £8 = prey 4 = 12), and s000 (e) Ba 10), £3 = Pe) 4 = 12) ead Furthermore if y = f(2). then‘24 THBOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEARAIC FUNCTIONS AND DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER ORDER 108, Teibnis Rule (Bxercse 58) If all derivatives exis, folowing the pattern ofthe binomial theocem, Ua) = S94 289 + 19 Sal" = Sot fa +a" + fo", ote rinse Bd Exercises 1-24, diferetiate the fnction by applying the thearems of this section. f(a) =D,7z 5) = 0,72) ~D,(3) =7 =) = Dy{8 8) =0,(6)~Dxde) = 3 (2) =,{)—2e—2) = 0,0) + D,(-22) + D, whet] Dade?) +, (4e)+D,(0) = 402s!) 4404s") c0=ae+4 #2) = Dafa —$22-4 52-2) = Dete!) + D827) +0,(62) + D-2)= 327-6245 f(a) = D3" 518 1) = D,(be4) ~D,(622) +D,(0) = Its? te Fe) =Daffe? 21) = Dj") +D,(-28) = 27408 H455°—Te FE 1525-8) 4 5829-1) — 1621) = Taf et 4 et 7 Pie) = DiGet He) = DGe) +D (40) = =D,G2")-D,(2)+D,@) =" (e)=D,{o? +42. +4) =D,{z*) +D,(3z| +D,(2) een {e. ie) =, (tet a1,) = Dae) + Dye Ao Ppa t PO) =A 94 2. Ae )= y+ 8) =D) +D,6=4 B=) =0J 54) = Dyer) = Be 5) = Pyle 52) = YD, st) = Blast — 29) = 0214 5)ite—1) fexpees (3) aa sm and ne the le ia) 82a 4 Me 5, aa) =a? 62-420 TE SOLUTION: We uae the product rls. 2? +5)D,(42 1) + (32 1)D,22" +) = (224 +99) + (Ae — 1K) Ms? 42 £20 D,l(2=*~1)(S0° 4 6a)] = 22*—1)D, (52 +62) + (62° +62)D,(22*—1) = 22" 1)a9e" +0) + (92 + 62)(8e") = we" +1224 1529-6 4 402" +488" Fes) = Dyll4e? 4 9)7]= D,|(42?-4 le? 42)] = Dee? 42) - (40? 4 9) (ee? 22), (4=? 48) = 24a 43) = 609 4B 2420 + 162 ae jus" + 024 — 152% —5104 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2. Gy) = Dy l(t —359)7] = Dy? 4A) By] =F — 307)DYIT— BP) +(7—3PYD,T B09) —3P)(- B02) + (1 -3y)(-994) = —1897 394) 2. FU) = (264 NP +30) We use the product rule, PG) (Bae (ee +20 + (24-4 30D (0 “a1 1) = (Ba trg NL -E)+ BF + 207-2) Beta 40+ 88—6t 43-4604 90 — 4? ~61 = 10 = 127 — 12? 8143 ALTeneat® 90107708, F F() = 2043 — 4040431 In Pxercines 25-16, compute the derivative, In Exercies 25-0, check by ploting your answer nd NDER. 3. Dita? de# 202 +1) =(e! Be $2)D,029 +1) +(229 + D2? 2242) 22-32 4.2) 62) +(229 4 1)(ae—3) = Got — 18s? 412s + det Get 4 22-3 Ox — De? 4 122? + 22-3 D.fee)- (e+ 9) —200,(e48) _we>8)—20 6. (25) ; aes G+) ray = Wye ad, 2 ea a vee) =e i $1) Oot Dita 1) bya +4) y= we fase ay +4N2)— v4) __5 i Gur? wea 2 (tte 4 1)D,(02 422 41) [29 422 4 1)D (Be : Ba 2) _ 2 —1)%(2+1)- 22+ Ne D 1e-F (+1) = (-8-2nfe-2) tee) soa e-3F a {) = 4102-202 _ 5-102 + athe aP) Grae “aaa? Ga 2. ofc pent) > We divide and we the formula forthe derivative of « sum. ptoresiet). di aet ise 4e Hde*— 1524-4) ae 38, £8). +Oar) var wire __ so? id Oa 4a) +8)" e+e re fat) ALP ses) toe? 40%)— (ads __ tate TAS a= ere} rae ae a. o2efplce—] =H), -—1)+ 62-002) 2 Ges +e fe 2S= CE tet eR DP yat a Get sWe-+s) (oe o “het s96 41542709 _ fe? 460e-+6 _ Ber + 1e +1) 2 Ke = $4835 $1942T2—9 ty GreP (Foy co ee)2. THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBWAIC FUNCTIONS AND IIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES 105, aa +) nftatog ote +1 Fas Fas fi P+ Se)D alot AP 4 2-2) (oF oot 242 2)D (2 432) . (erie) at seo yaa 30 oy Gp tp 2G 8) _ 5 4 1 get oa 42 6 rar Fete 37 and 38 Gall the drives off Ge) = 62! 4 get 308 et be 8, He) = Pj asides ae 12, fy = Moe. Pj sti se Apa re oe ser Fon ae be 1 a Tehp)= 02) 2 +80, $4.2) = 168023 — 1202, fx) = 50802" Pe) = 10080, fz) = if nd 8 Pa) at 1 Pa (5 via tf ~ 3) DDD AD, 202? + 360-120 + 10 ig) ea 10g ee) faz" — 09 +30, 129, Fe) = 10080, (DAF) = BO} = Dee) = 108 5)) = D_D,D,(5e4+}e°*) = D,D,(002? ~22"7) = D,( 60" + Me) = 120 1125" Bxerenes 4] and 42, fd ©, Check by plating your answer and roureulstr’s seotdeivative tat 7 babe yf ate 229 yf 24 Het 8 yatta yf abet ate? Exercises 4) 46, Find an equation of the tangent fine or noual Hine, t the points Check by plotting the line the curve. y= 24, (24), tangent line» Let f{e)=24—4. Teen M2) = 82%, 20 "C2 tangent line has slope 12; 0 an equation of the tangent line is y = 12(e—2) +4, y= 122-20. y= 8/(22+ 4) (2,1), tangent lin > sma he soe ofthe gn ine the vale ofthe erative, neat eae Fintan Cifioa reef tevin sions] cote he a i = 10 normal Fine tat s¢2) = 20 e)= we gldgp GB). onal line» Let sta) = Hy Then fe) = (7M) wee ee a -) sip op tony y=t2?—Be, (1,4), normal line © Let f(z) = 42? 82, Then f'( Uojudppwlgeye ye yar T. Pind an equation of the line tangent to y ~ 327 — tw and pacallel to the line 2x —y 43 ~ 0. 4z. Thea f'(z)=@2—4. The given line has the equation y= 2243 and bas slope 2. ‘non ak Bose (8) ~ ye dal henge ne pe rongh (he) and bas ope Bsa eqain n= Hei) le y=2e 2. Find an equation of ech of te tangent Ins to ec by ploting te cre andthe Bee Be, Sede Tiere! om nd et (et elt at wba ‘is tangent to the curve, The slope of L, is given by m(z,) =v'(x,). @ @ =4)—Sor ae % 8; 40 J'(1) =8. The normal fine al 324044 that is parallel to 2r—y +3-=0.106 TH DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Brcaust the slopeinterceptfeem of the equation of the given line js y= 2248, the slope of this Hine i 2 Because Ly bs parallel tothe given line, the slope of Ly isalso 2. Therefore, m(z,) =2, and by Bay (2) we have wataty th spa 000 gn? ‘then by Ba. 2) y=, Thus 1, contains 0), §) and bas slepe 2 An equation of 1 is yotes$ then y = 4(2) — (2)* +22) + = 4. Therefore an equation of the second of the requized Ines is ota Xe, pot 49, Find aa equation ofeach somal Ine toy =2"~ de that is parallel to the line 2+ 8) ~8= 0. D Le fla) a te. Tien fe) =3a? =A, At the pot (2,f(2)) the cave, the slope of the normal i FESS aL These tn nthe quo y= Je 41 an hes lage Sic th nora is Bente give tine, we must have gS =f det —A= 85 = Now f(2) =0 and J(-2) = 0 the rquinee normal Ine ae at (20) ae (~2,0) ad ea tne haw ope Renee, heir equations are y= —He—2 2 +8y—2=Oand y= —[(e +2}; 2+8¥42=9 50, Find an equation of the line tangent to y = 2*~ 6s and perpendicular tothe tne = 2946 > The given line hos entation y =x +8 sad slope $y a perpendicular has slope ~2. Let (2 Playa de? "6. Av the polit (e,/(2) on the cure, Ue slope of the tang Becave /() = 5. the required fine is y= -2(2—1) ~$ of y= =22— S51. Find on equation ofeach Ine though (33) that & tanget to the parabola y= 25° 1. Dee fle) 2st Then fe) = es Aline through the pointe P(aj2nj!~ 1) and (18) has ope CEE) 18 page tbe mg at Pit soy) NaN anys Now f(7)=97 82. Given f(z) —}e2-+28" +5245, show that {'(2) 20 forall values of & fe)= asd = (242) +12 br alls 133. Prove the general product rule for three factors.» Applsng the praduct rate twice, we have AUC): ge BC@)! = C0) aa)! -Me) + UE) 02] MC) (a) a2) + fl2)-g2)) Bla) = LF) 92) HE) a) ae) We) + He) (2): Wa) + 4(2)-9(2) Ma) In Bxercines 54-57, use the general product rule to fine the derivative. BA. [Cer 43)(22-—5) ee +2 = (ae 3) 22 — 5] +2) + (2? 49) Ee—SY(Oe-+2) +(e? +N EHS AY = dele —6)(Se+2) + (22+ 3)2){ Se + 2)4(2? +3)22 —5)8) (12 225" 20a) e (62? 4dr" + e+ 12) +02 ~ 100" 185 — 99) = Bee? 992" + 16e— 89 55. (ae 42 eF— 1 = 82 4)824 Het — YY (Se 2) (Ge +2\er 1) + Be F212 42) PI) + (Be $2)Ge +2127 —D Bde 2)62?~ 1) 4p 42)0K3? 1) + e+ (02 4 2)C2) (Gat 2)802 3-4 Set 1-4 Gah + de) = (Be +2)(120 +e —6) = 202 420084 22-3) Se (ae 44g +390? 91 (Pte Sylar aiat—5) + bet 4x Yes3)(e? 0) +98 ge He 49)62"-5) (2 = 32 -h(e4 3X22 3) 482 427) Det— 9) + Be ra He +28) (a4 24 450) —1h2?—3a"!— 95-2 + bg 9b Ae) (Be + 2 52%) + (608 + BA De + Stes? + et = 00e9— 18582 — 26? + 10a 4 a st Kae ge +1 =Dfet ges Meet HHH) (Qa? +24 Let tet Qe +241) $(2e 42+ )Or +241 Ostet) 4 Gxt +24 2s? +24 1) +2+h = (42 + 122" 42+ 1)(22* +241) +(2e +24 Nat et +a + 1) + et +24 eet Hees = Mae + 2s? +241)?24 TIBOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 107 ‘Prove the Leibniz rue for th second deivatve. (fa) =(9Y = Ula Sol = U0) U9) = at 9) +09 + a= M9 t2T a Tot Now assume the formals i ue for DEAE) = plik + tet = (kD Le) ‘Thus the formula hold trve for n= b+ 1 and hence for any integer = Lim Pe pcre" Pat) a aNd a (terme) = mat Prove that i aud 9 ae difercniable fanctons seh tht (0) = O and 0) =0 then (Cz) cannot be 2, Suppose f(2)a(2)= s. By the product mle: (xg) + f(a)gx) =1. At: f70)-040-¥(0) =041. Sow bow tree thoren on diferentatign enable ws to difereatate ay polyoaiah aah egayt Preheat cle CegePY H eg ath oneal) + (eae eH HS Lamy eg CaP) bt (ty eet PE nee (2 eget the RECTILINEAR MOTION ‘2541 Definition If isa fonction civen by the eauation s = 2) and a article is moving long a stright ine ‘0 that sis she number of units inthe directed distance of the partele from a fixed point on the line att units of time, then the instantaneous relorly ofthe particle a unit of Gime is nitvof velocity, where =rw # 0nd UF it existe. The instantaneous site of change of the velocity ie elled the instantaneous nes 1-8, n partite is moving along a herizonal line acconding ta the given equation, where « meter ie ‘rected distance of the particle from a point O at { seconds, ind the iastantaneous velocity o(0) meters per ‘att seconds, and then Find e{,) forthe partiular value of 4 =i MO DAat 4) = 40% oo) = 4-259 =; 1) a 422-1; Ke) Ht 120842: 0G) =5 24.030 Ska aa ale slong. horizontal line according tothe given equation where s meter is the {point O at L seconds. "The postive direction iste the right. Determine the ‘SS hes the partic is moving tothe right ed when it 3 moving tthe left. Also determine when ‘e Svon. Simulate the motion on jour eraphiescalslatr, In Exercises U5 and 16, plot she motion20g THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Pugh ates ste 34619 =P 4-3) =H +992) and t= fe2 11a _ panics - Te Sorin tote 1573 b — a hanging dieton fom right et “Jetcit ~~ moving tothe let 6 hanging diction from ot opt FLA ovine to te nent PsP — 12048 = a dea? at —12=40 -9. | 4 O'when = Land 1=2 3 AS movies to the rite d= 3 Ghangng deeetin from ight to kt 5 Sfeteas =~ movieg to te let Eo Tee? 0 hanging deton fom Beto right pet 24 + movieg tothe ght 1, 930 4 JP 204 a5 u(t) = BE = 262+ 81-2 = (64 2)2E—1} WG) = De (42 tate paride is _ roving to tbe Heh hanging deci ‘moving to he et ‘Singing rection om eft to ight roving tthe right com right to let sel e4] The instartaneous velocity is given, by ace 40 = Hota) ae aa heed a Because ot) =0 when t=1 and (= —1y the particle reverses dinection at each of these times. Table te indisten the ge ofeach fotor of v when ts in each interval. The siga of vis negative when » hus onc (odd factor, The partite is moving tothe right when «> O and is moving tothe ef. when v <0. The behav Sr'the motion i illustrated in the figure, Table 12b gives values of # and v for specie replacements of $ ‘Where wo use the orginal equation of motin to caleulate « and Ba. (1) 10 eaeulate 2 ties — a esa a felis fe eta. | | staat25 RECTIUNEAR MOTION 100 1 ads 948-2008 aH? BF 8) oy a ae Ont yaa ase aeey he Suda (020! pale a Bok 0 + +O larga dct fin a et 2 sage 3 and 0 changing direction from ight to left = roving tothe left (P44)— C4 1)29 P2144, oa eee ra} aay +4 (442 w _ perticleis when (= <1 = vB 0 +O ctingdiretion Hom left to right + +E moving to the right 0 +O changing eiertion from sight vo left f>-14V5 = = mong to he Tak pec tcecia ern crete bean eg cia Be erences ics Be cal eine Bat aie See Perea erates Sue kn etae [A chancelics is dropped from a height of 160 8. (4) Wits Its oquatin of motion. (b) Pind the velocity at 1 Sst 1.5 sc. (e) When does it rach the ground? (dl) How fast is ping then? @ ee + 160 (2) (0 “et. vd) = Be, Thetefore, 1 see afer tie dropped ite CCocky ie “20h Jc. w( 1.8) = 48, Thus, 1.9 oar tix dropped its vdocity is ~H8 Ite. (6) It traces le ground when s = 0. Then 1624-100 =0; 2 = 10, €= 10. Thus is reaches the ground in about 32 ae. (@i eiy10) = 22/10. Hence when it reaches the greund is velocity i about ~101.2 face ‘A chaneleeis thrown éown rom height of 180 Ra 48 (4) Write its equation of motion. (2) Fiad the felcity at 1 and 15 mec (c) Whey docs it reach the run? (@) Go) ope tbs oy = 100. = 60 ae 10 1) rots velit i ~BD/e. (15) = ~96, Ths, 1.5 after it js dropped ite velty teaches the gound wher ¢=d, Then ~i6t*—48¢ +160 =0; 0= --3¢~ Feaches Ihe ground in 2 .(@)o@2)= 112 Hence when it reaches the grotnd [Aball thrown up from the ground at 32 fee. (0) Wate its equation of motion. (s) Sula ite motion sour eapiin eestor sl mtinate when and wher its Hehe point wil be (} Calculate the emul {Gh Te Se clon and () its peed at 3 see and 125 see (0 Find spend hen I reaches the ground (hay 82 yn a 18 894) ot) f= ~ 821 +82. The ball reaches phe! point when © = hate, when''=1 ood ().=16 There Haken ce al ee to each ts maxima bright of 16 (4 M8) 8. Hence, 15 or ater iia thrown ie veeity iy 8/5ec (25) =. Ths 1.25 ote after it jee (e) In oth comes ie sped is € ff (1 rates the proud when = 0 162 T= 2. HD) =2E Hence when fe aches the ground ite speed i 32 {lees the same as when twas throm. ‘velo is 112 Meee110 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 21. A roche is fred up from the ground at 660 f/ece (a) Write ite equation of motion. (b) Simulate its motion fn your gzaphies calculator and estimate when and whew ils highest point will be. (e) Calculate the reals. {Pius velit an (c) lia spend t 10 ex and 25 soe (0) Find its speed when it reaches the grousd. > (a) ny = 860, 4, =0. «= —160 8600 (c) ut) = de/dt= ~B21+ 560. ‘The reckel reaches its highest point Mihen? =O; dish io, when €= 178 and (17.5) — 4000, Therefore it takes the rocket 17.5 see to reach ita Taxdmern beight of 4300 ft, (d) (10) =240. Kenee, 10 see alter it is Gred ite velocity is 240 ft/sec NQ5) 2 240. Thao, 25 se aero fed ite vlad ir 240 Te/ae. (e) In eth ses, its speed is 240 fuse G1 aches the ground when 40. Then —16? + 560¢ =0; 0 = —160(¢~35); 1= 35 w(85) = 560. Hence When ft reaches the proud Si spon! i 560 ft/sec, the same az whom it was thrown, 422. Plot the path of the ballin Exercie 20 with 28, Plot the path of the rocket in Bxercse 21 with and y= and ako the velocity. ‘Land y= and abo the velocity a ao at NF |e 24, Simulate the motion ofthe particle of Be. $.0n your graphics calalator. Bxplain why this supports te results. tle Example 3 me have #2302 aad v=4¢= 61-30, For sibility, me simulate the motion of the pariicle om the Be ‘our exleulaof Sn pacemetic mode, w> let 2y(0) = 0— 120 +361 24 and GO=2. In the window [-1,4)x[—35] we let [(Min (Mac) = [0,4] and tatep = 0.05. We now press the ERREE) ey and then pees the’ key and hold itdown until the cursor is at t= 0. Notice the infoumatien at the botion of the sere: ¢ =O, 2=0, 9 =2. We pres the > Key and hold It down. The cursor represents the pprticle mosing along the lice y= 2. Note that the particle is moving to the right until ¢= 2 and == 4, when A stops and chenges dretion. ‘The particle then moves tothe left and disappears off the sereen to the left In yercses 25 and 2%, a particle is moving along a lite arcording the the equation, where + is the position at {CO see, Find the tine when the acederation is 0 and the position and velodty at that time. W sndO-Yeyael vat —atete =) @-4 2 eH PPP ERA ve OP 12, a= BE = 12E—12 =O when C= 1. (=H a1) =F In Exoscines 27 and 98, make a table giving , 1, Inchide the intervals of time whes the particle is moving ta) the lef aud right, and when the velocity or sped i increasing or decreasing. Plot with x= and y= t+ Wy. om BOF 4 St HP — 914 19) = H(t ~ 1 Kt —t), where the roots of |? — 9+ 15 = O are ye AEE =H" Val s2atena yo Yay =or TBE ee yee Ser is) =A fe 8) a= Dye = HI 18 = 62} =o OF > avis atthe origin and ir moving to the right "The velocity by decreasing. The speed is decieasing. ( key and hold it dows, ‘The cursor repeseats the particle seistak along th ine y 22, Observe that the particle i moving to the right until = 2 and 2 = 4, when it ‘Hope and changes direttion. The particle then moves ts the lft atil {= 6 end 2 = —12 when it stops and ‘eluges direction. Then it move tothe sight and disappeats of the sereen tothe Hight. 4a Brercees 31 and 22, the equstion of motion is ¢ = Jal?+ vt +9 where a the aceleration for the body. A Aon Ecppel fom a cif hts the ground in ic. (a) Watt the height ofthe ei (b) With what veleiy fon i bi the ground (c) What veloety is aod to throw it back fos original peiton? Soa the men; a 2-5-5, T =f. The eloce stats atthe origin. =—2-7O4. (0) = A tbe cif is 44 “Tap The sone fits tbe grand at 2 /see and 22 t/a isthe velocity needed to return it 32. Qn Mars, o=—1T=3 (2) The stoue stars atthe aigin 0 49 Because (3) = —4, the lif is 54 0 high, (0) w(t) = Dyp = Dy) = 126 and (3) = —26. ‘The stone Ris the ground ab 6 ftjuce and 36 f/seeis the velecity needed to retuen it 100 — (+292). Find his spoed (2) a "Te equation of motion ie #= ‘33, A eprinter ie x mets fromm she Gaish tse afer the start, where the tat and (b) atthe Fins. "Yor 38), 0) 0) == 8.25, (8) ¢=0 when + 88¢—A00= 0, ¢= f= HB VID) ty) = VBS = 12.96 SA. oft is the distance of the ball ron the starting point at ees w= 4c 100% (0) =F () oy) = 24-4234, Therefore, at ee the instantaneous veloc of th Balls (2/-+20,)/see NG Eades Be sone te; 2082 24; «= Hence takes $e forthe velocity to increase to 48 fee 135, sean is the distance ofthe ball from it initia! postion a = 2014100 ‘Tie billard ball ite the ewsion whens = 39 #0 we have . 1002 + 100: = 39, 10044 -+ 1001 ~39 = ; (10: ~3), 104+ 13) = 05 ¢= for t= ‘We reect the negative value of t, Therefore, the bilfard ball hits the cushion inf see std fj) = 160. Th the clot of the bill ball 16Qer /see when it ite the eushic, 36. Two paticle, A and B, move tothe right slong hetizonsal lite, They start at point O, s meters i ‘Grostel ioaee of the particles Bom 0 et faseonde, aad the eqvationg of motion are 14-4200 io +100; (0 s=48451 — (forparticle A) s=TR43 (for particle B) t=O at the start, for wha: values oft will the velocity of particle A exceed the velocity of pariel 8 The vdocity of Ais given by ey =D,ltl? +54) = 8145 ‘The vdoclyy of Bis gen by v= D(TA 4B) = MEHa We want to find when &, >ep, & equivalenily, when B45 > Mes ai teh ‘Thus, the velocity of A exces the velocity of B when 0 5 ¢-<