Cellular Respiration Introduction Cellular respiration is your body's way of breaking down food molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and

fats) and making their stored energy available to the cell. Just like in plants, photosynthesis makes food and energy for in the form of glucose, animal cells like we have in our bodies, need to make ATP for energy. The first process of cellular respiration is called aerobic respiration. This process will happen when oxygen is present. There is also anaerobic respiration, which will happen in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration can be broken down into four phases. These are Glycolysis, Transition Reactions, Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain. Investigate the effect of temperature on the cellular respiration, and the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Hypothesis The rate of cellular respiration will be greater in germinated peas than in dry peas.

Materials Germinated peas, dry peas, glass beads, potassium hydroxide, water baths, respirometers, absorbent cotton balls, nonabsorbent cotton balls, graduated cylinder, thermometer, pipet, glass marking pen, stopwatch, ice, masking tape, petroleum jelly, food coloring, paper towels. Methods First set up the vials with absorbent cotton balls, and set up all the material needed for that lab. Than begin the experiment by setting up two water baths, one at room temperature and the other at 10 degrees Celsius. Next, find the volume of germinating peas, non- germinating peas and bead, and beads alone. Repeat these steps for the second set of peas and beads. Drop 1 ml of KOH in the vial with absorbent cotton balls, for all six vials. Put non-absorbent cotton balls in each vial above the KOH and then add the peas and beads. Place first set of vials in the room temperature water bath and the other set into the 10 degree water bath with ice. Allow the respirometers to equilibrate for 10 minutes. Add a drop of food coloring to the exposed tip of each respirometer. Lower the into the water baths. Equilibrate for 5 minutes, then take reading. Take additional reading every 5 minutes for 30 minutes. Record in the table. Clean the work area, after everything is finished. Results

Table 1
Germinated Peas Reading Diff 0 8.7 5 8.66 10 8.5 15 8.4 20 8.2 25 8.1 30 7.9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 8.7 8.7 0 0 0 0 0 Dry peas and beads Beads only Corr. Diff Reading Diff Corr. Diff Reading Diff 8.8 8.8 0.1 0 8.8 0 8.7 0.2 0.1 8.9 0.1 0.2 8.7 0.3 0.2 8.9 0.1 0.2 8.7 0.5 0.4 8.9 0.1 0.2 8.7 0.6 0.5 9 0.1 0.2 8.7 0.8 0.7 9 0.1 0.2 9.7 7.4 8 8.5 8.9 0 0 0 7.9 7.9 8.4 8.4 8.7 8.7 0

Vials 1,2,3

Temp (C Time 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 8 7 8 7 7 7 7

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

4,5,6

0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3

0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 -0.11 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6

0 -0.12 -1 -2 -2 -2

0 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.11 0.11

Dry peas

Question 1. According to your graph, what happens to the rate of oxygen consumed by germinating peas over time? What does this indicate to you? The rate of oxygen consumption is constant.

2. Identify at least three of the controls, and describe the purpose of each.

First of all, the water baths held a constant temperature. Than, the volume of KOH was constant from vial to vial, the equilibration period was identical for all the respirometers. 3. Explain why water moved into the respirometer pipettes. While the peas underwent cellular respiration, they consumed oxygen and released carbon dioxide, which reacted with the KOH inthe vial, resulting in a decrease of gas in the pipette. The water moved into the pipette because thevial and pipette were completely submerged into the bath. 4. What is the purpose of KOH in this experiment? The KOH drops absorbed the carbon dioxideand caused it to precipitate at the bottom of the vial and no longer able to effect the readings. 5. How did the KOH affect the water movement in the respirometer? It allows more water into the pipette.

6. Which of the two pea types, germinating or non-germinating, consumes the most oxygen? Why?

Germinating peas consume more oxygen because they are growing and are more active than non-germinating peas. 7. What was the effect of temperature on pea respiration? Warmer temperatures allow for the peas to respire at a faster rate. 8. During aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down to form several end products. Which end products contain the carbon atoms from glucose? The hydrogen atoms from glucose? The oxygen atoms from glucose? The energy stored in the glucose molecules? Carbon dioxide contains the carbon, water contains the hydrogen, both carbon dioxide and water contain the oxygen, and ATP contains the energy. 9. What is fermentation? What are the two types of fermentation? What organisms use fermentation? Fermentation is a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces an end-product such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. The two types of fermentation are alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Plants use alcoholic while animals use lactic acid. 10.
Anaerobic Prodices 2 ATP per glucose Aerobic Produces 32 ATP per glucose More efficient

Produces ATP

11. What are the three pathways involved in the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water? What reaction is needed to join two of these pathways? What are the substrates and products of this reaction and where does it take place? The three pathways are glycolysis, the electron transport chain, and the Krebs Cycle. The reaction of the pyruvate joining with CoA enzyme and NAD to produce acetyl CoA, NADH, and carbon dioxide. The acetyl CoA goes to the Krebs Cycle and NADH to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.

12. Write the letter of the pathway that best fits each of the following processes. a. Glycolysis

b. Krebs Cycle

c. Electron Transport System

1. Carbon dioxide is given off b.

2. Water is formed c.

3. PGAL a.

4. NADH becomes NAD+ c.

5. Oxidative phosphorylation c.

6. Cytochrome carriers c.

7. Pyruvate a.

8. FAD becomes FADH2 b. 13. Calculate the energy yield of glycolysis and cellular respiration per glucose molecule. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Where does the energy for oxidative phosphorylation come from? 36 ATPs are formed per glucose moelcule. Four of the ATPs are formed from substrate level and 32 from oxidative.

14. You have just performed an activity using plant seeds. Prepare a system where you test respiration in a small animal and in the space provided below, draw what that system would look like. 15. Your teacher has the flu and the only available substitute knows nothing about cellular respiration. You are given the responsibility to provide the substitute teacher with the important background information needed to explain this topic to the next class. Write a short letter below, explaining cellular respiration to the substitute teacher. Cellular respiration is the process of oxidation. Energy is released in the form of ATP. For the cell to use.

16. Name some other biological processes that are affected by temperature. Heart rate, slows down in cold temperature. Diffusion through membranes. Error Analysis: A lot of errors could have happened in this lab. The temperature of the baths may have changed, the amounts of peas, beads, KOH, and cotton may have been wrong. The cotton balls were not cut in half. Air may have have got into of the vial via a leaky stopper or poorly sealed pipette. Timing could have been wrong. Didnt wait a minute after putting food coloring.

Discussion and Conclusion: The lab and the results gained from this lab demonstrated many important things relating to cellular respiration. Oxygen consumption in the respirometers with germinating peas was greater than that in respirometers with non-germinating peas. Respiration rate was also affected by temperature. Respiration occurred at a faster rate in the respirometers in the warm water bath. The non-germinating peas showed very little oxygen consumption while the germinating peas had a high rate of oxygen consumption. The hypothesis, the rate of cellular respiration will be greater in germinated peas than in dry peas, was in fact correct. Also the temperature did affect the rate

of cellular respiration. The energy was converted to ATP faster. But because of all the error occurred during the lab, the results were not correct. The germinated peas still had a higher rate of cellular respiration, but in the cold temperature the food coloring leaked out.

Citations AP Biology Lab 5 Cellular Respiration Activity Wards Natural Science. 2004: 1-4. Print. What Affects the Heart Rate?. Heart Monitors. Sales & Customer Service, 2011. Web.21 Feb. 2012

Cellular Respiration Lab Alyona Booth 2/21/2012 Per. 4