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y y y y y y y y y y
OBJECTIVES 1 Describe the anatomical barriers 2 Describe the mechanical defences and removal of particles 3 Describe the biochemical/humoral, cellular and microbiological defences 4 Describe the specific defences 5 List the hazards and factors which impair defence mechanisms in relation to the respiratory tract
RESPIRATORY TRACT
HOW
Maintain temperature y Maintain moisture y Maintain Sterility y Filter particle/foreign bodies
y
Nasopharynx : Turbulent air flow : Impaction : Mucus : Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Larynx y : Ciliated columnar epithelium y : Mucus secretions
Trachea : same y Bronchi : Same : sometimes simple columnar y Bronchioles : simple cuboidal / columnar : ciliated : non-ciliated (Clara cell lineage)
y
Alveoli
Type I alveolar cells / Type I pneumocytes : Squamous epithelial cells : Blood - Gas Barrier y Type II aveolar cells /Type II pneumocytes : Cuboidal : secretes detergent - like phospholipid
y
Removal of Particles
Particle Size 10-15 um Mechanism of Removal Filtered by nasal hairs Deposited in nasopharynx or oropharynx Impacted in nasopharynx, oropharynx or trachea Sedimentation in bronchi & bronchioles Trapped by random movement or diffusion
Mechanical Defences
y y y y y
Turbulence in air flow Sneezing Cough reflex Swallowing reflex Mucociliary escalator / elevator
5 Interferon y induces antiviral response y increases resistance to viruses/ y limits spread 6 Complement y lysis of bacteria y opsonisation y chemotaxis 7 Cytokines y Interleukins, chemotactic factors, y TNF
8 Anti-oxidants y Catalase y Superoxide Dismutase y Glutathione redox system Protect against free radicals 9 P450 MFO system y Clara cells y Type 2 cells Detoxify pollutants
10 Anti-proteases y Alpha 1 anti-trypsin y Leukoprotease inhibitor y TIMP y Alpha 2 macroglobulin Protect against PMN and macrophage enzymes
y y y y
Trachea Same normal flora as pharynx Lesser in numbers Bronchi Few bacteria Bronchioles and alveoli Sterile
Colonization Resistance
Normal flora interferes with the colonization of pathogens y How ? Occupy receptor sites Compete for nutrients Secrete metabolic or toxic products
y
bacteriosins
Stimulate
Secretory y Acts locally y Reacts specifically with microorganism s y Neutralize / lyse / inhibit IgE y Low concentration IgG y Low concentration
y
Antibody production
K Cells
Cytotoxicity
Macrophages
Antigen presentation (APC ) y Phagocytosis y Cytokine production Eosinophils y Parasitic immunity y Histaminase production
y
Infections y : viral / bacterial Immunosuppression y congenital or acquired Diseases of respiratory tract y asthma y emphysema y cystic fibrosis
REFERENCES
1 .Brooks, Butel & Morse : Jawetz, Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology. Appleton & Lange 2 .Greenwood D, Slack R & Peutherer J. Medical Microbiology. Churchill Livingstone 3 .Hart T & Shears P, Color Atlas of Medical Microbiology. Mosby-Wolfe 4 .Mims et al, Medical Microbiology. Mosby 5 .http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturenf NB. All latest editions