WaterasaSolvent Wheredoeswatercomefrom?

Unit7 Week4 Lecture7

DiscussthenGoogle
h>p://www.Cmesonline.co.uk/tol/news/ science/space/arCcle7110943.ece h>p://blogs.howstuworks.com/2007/09/28/ wheredidallearthswatercomefrom/ h>p://astrobiology.nasa.gov/askan astrobiologist/quesCon/?id=56

Wateris necessary forlifeaswe knowit.

Goalofthischapter istothinkabout watermore criCcally. Wheredoesthe waterthatwe drinkcomefrom?

 GroundWater

Twosources: SurfaceWater

OnEarththemostofthewaterissalty,thusnotpotable.

Wheredidallthatwatercomefrom originally,andhowdidweendup withsomuchofitbeingsalty?

WaterasaSolvent HowdowedenesoluCons?
Unit7 Week4 Lecture8Part1

WaterisactuallyasoluCon:

Commonterms: Solu-onhomogenousmixtureoftwoormore substances (solute+solvent) Solutelessamount Solventgreateramount Aqueoussolu-onwateristhesolvent AsoluConisaspecialtypeofmixture,calleda homogeneousmixture.Deneamixturebyit componentsandtheconcentraConsofthe components. RememberAIR?

CommonconcentraConunitsare: % mg/L ppm ppb molarity

ReviewConcentraConMeasurementPercent
MassPercent mass/massraCo mass/volumeraCo 70%IsopropylAlcohol Howmanygramsof isopropylalcoholarein 300gofthissoluCon?

ReviewConcentraConMeasurement ppm&ppb
Airppmandppbreferredtonumberofselectedcomponentofairpermillionor billionnumberoftotalairparCcles(parCcle:atom,molecule,ion) AqueousSoluCons ppmpartspermillion ppbpartsperbillion Haveadierentconceptualmeaning:gramofselectedsolutepermillionorbillion gramsofsoluCon.

WaterasaSolvent HowdowedenesoluCons?
Unit7 Week4 Lecture8Part2

ReviewConcentraConMeasurementMolarity
Molarity=molsolute litersoluCon molarity molar M mol liter Example: 1.Calculatethemolarityof2litersofasalinesoluConcontaining4molesofNaCl.

Examples
Calculatethemolarityof250mLsalinesoluConcontaining30gNaCl.

Howmanygramsofsilvernitratemustbedissolvedtoprepare500 mLof.150MAgNO3soluCon?

 YourTurn5.10

OnEarththemostofthewaterissalty,thusnotpotable.Nextwewill startlookingatwhatmakeswatersuchagreatsolventthatmostof thewaterontheearthhasendedupsalty.

PracCceinyourgroups(problems assignedfromthebackofthebook &QuestHW).Thequizthisweek willbeoncalculaCngconcentraCons andconverCngfromone concentraConunittoanother.

WaterasaSolvent Waterisspecialbecauseitis extremelypolar.Howcanone determineifamoleculeispolar?

Unit7 Week5 Lecture9

Typesofcompounds: Ionic Covalent

IonicvsCovalentBonds
Allbondscanbeviewedashybrids betweenpurelyionicandpurelycovalent WhentwoidenCcalatomsarebound,itis purelycovalent(a). Whentwodierentatomsarebound,one mayhaveagreatera>racConforelectrons, andhaveaparCalnegaCvecharge(b). Polarcovalentbonddegreeismeasured asdipolemoment Whenoneatomhasamuchstronger a>racContotheelectronsthantheother, anelectronmaybedonatedyieldingan ionicbond(c).

TypesofCovalentCompounds

Howcanyoutellifonemoleculeispolarand anotherisnotpolar?
ElectronegaCvity:ameasureofanatomsa>racConfortheelectronsit sharesinacovalentbond. Polarcovalentbond:acovalentbondinwhichtheelectronsarenot equallyshared,butratherdisplacedtowardthemoreelectronegaCve atom.

Howcanyoutellifonemoleculeispolarand anotherisnotpolar?
Allwehavedonetothispointisdecideifabondispolaror nonpolar. Takeacloselookatthetwofamiliarmoleculesonthenext slideanddecide.

BothareCovalentCompoundsAretheypolar ornonpolar?

Rulesfordecidingifmoleculesarepolarornonpolar: 1.DetermineLewisstructure 2.Determinemoleculargeometry. 3.IdenCfypolarbonds. 4.Determinemolecularsymmetry.(hintlookfora nonbondingpairofelectronsoncentralatom) 5.Ifthemoleculecontainspolarbondsandisasymmetric, themoleculeispolar. Statewhetherthefollowingmoleculesarepolaror nonpolar:PracCceinsmallgroups.CH4,CH3OH,C6H14, CHCl3,NO2,N2,O3,NH3,H2,HF,NaCl

WaterasaSolvent Whydopolarandnonpolar moleculeshavedierentphysical properCes?

Unit7 Week5 Lecture10

PracCceinsmallgroups.CH4,CH3OH,C6H14,CHCl3, NO2,N2,O3,NH3,H2,HF,NaCl

IntramolecularForces versus IntermolecularForces Ionic versus Covalent

Drawintervsintramolecularbonds:

methane water

IntermolecularForces
Allaredependenton coulombicinteracCon Ep= q1q2 4or Responsibleforcondensed phasesofma>er
Ionion>dipoledipole>Londonforces

Hydrogenbondingspecialtype ofdipoledipole

IonIon
Alreadycoveredinthe contextofbonding, howeveralsodescribedas thestrongesttypeof intermolecularforce Strengthvaries,higher chargeonions,stronger a>racCon

DipoleDipole
Existbetweenpolar molecules Strengthdependson polarityofmolecules, higherdipolemoment, strongertheinteracCon

HydrogenBonding
Specialtypeofdipoledipole interacCon OccursincompoundswithaH boundtoaF,NorO

LondonForces(dispersion,induceddipoleorVanderWaals) Existinallcondensed substances Causedbyinduceddipoles, whichcomeandgoinnonpolar moleculesandatoms Strengthdependson polarizability

LondonForces
Strengthalsodependson molarmassofcompound Pentanevspentadecane vsoctadecane Strengthdependson shapeofmolecule Thinkofvelcro

MelCngPointsandBoilingPointsareindicators ofthestrengthofintermolecularforces
H2O

CH3CH2OH

C6H14

WaterasaSolvent Whydopolarandnonpolar moleculeshavedierentphysical properCes?

DierentIMFsleadtodierentphysical properCes.ThestrongertheIMF,the Cghtertheindividualmoleculesareheld together,themoreenergyittakesto overcomethosea>racCons.

WaterasaSolvent UsetheconceptofIMFto explainsolubility.

Unit7 Week5 Lecture11

SomesoluConscancarryacharge,otherscannot. ElectrolyCcsoluConscancarryachargeandcompletea circuit.NonelectrolyCcsoluConscannot.

IntramolecularForces versus IntermolecularForces

Tab. 5.8

Tab. 5.9

Oilandwaterdontmixwell, hydrophilicvshydrophobic

Oxygeninwater?

Whytheseasaresalty.
Somesaltsareverysolubleinwater.Over Cmethosesaltshavedissolvedwaterthat drainedintotheoceans.Thewaterinthe oceanconCnuallyevaporatedandrained downoverland,conCnuingtodissolvesalts andtransportthemtotheoceans.Thus,the oceansnowhaveahighersaltconcentraCon thanfreshwatersources.

WaterasaSolvent UseconceptofIMFtoexplain solubility

Likedissolveslike.IftheIMFsaresimilar, thesolventandwaterwillmixdrivenby entropicforces.Iftheyarenotsimilar,there willbenoa>racConthatcanovercomethe a>racConwithinthesolventandsolute.

WaterasaSolvent Waterisagreatsolvent,howdowe cleanupsuchthatitisdrinkable?

Unit7 Week6 Lecture12Part1

MCLGmaximumlevelofacontaminantindrinkingwater atwhichnoknownoranCcipatedadverseeectonthe healthofapersonwouldoccur. MCLsetsthelegallimitfortheconcentraConofa contaminant MCLGlimitsarezeroforcontaminantsthatareconsidered carcinogens.

MunicipalWaterTreatmentFacility

Whatifthereisnoground/surfacewatertocleanup?

 DisClledWater

 ReverseOsmosis

SummaryofCleaningupWater

WaterasaSolvent Becausethemajorcomponentina mixture,caremustbetakento removecontaminantsfromwater.

Cleanwaterisnecessaryforprosperity.

WaterasaSolvent Whatsthedierencebetween tapandbo>ledwater?

Unit7 Week6 Lecture12Part2

Tapversusbo>led