Fall 2001

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1
ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS
PART 3-2
Fall 2001
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2
AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
TRANSMISSION
Fall 2001
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3
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
DSB-FC AM
(AM)
Fall 2001
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| | t t m E t V c c am e cos ) ( ) ( + =
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)
AM
MODULATING THE AMPLITUDE OF THE CARRIER WITH
THE MODULATING SIGNAL
Fall 2001
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5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
| | t f f t f f
E
t f E t V
gives Which
t f t f E t f E t V get We
Y X Y X Y X Given
t f t f E t V
t f t f E E t V Signal Modulated
m c m c
c
c c am
m c c c c am
c m c am
c m m c am
) ( 2 cos ) ( 2 cos
2
2 cos ) (
:
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos ) ( :
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
) )(cos (cos :
2 cos 2 cos 1 ) (
2 cos 2 cos ) ( :
+ + + =
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
t t
|
t
t t | t
t t |
t t
t f E t E For c c c t 2 cos ) ( = t f E t E m m m t 2 cos ) ( =
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)
AND
c
m
E
E
= |
Fall 2001
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6
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)
t E t E m m m e cos ) ( =
MULTIPLIER
MODULATOR
t c e cos

SUMMER
c E
| | t f f t f f
E
t f E m c m c
c
c c ) ( 2 cos ) ( 2 cos
2
2 cos + + + t t
|
t
THE AMPLITUDE OF THE
CARRIER IS UNAFFECTED BY
THE AM PROCESS
Fall 2001
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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (DSB-FC)
) (e M
MESSAGE
) (e 0DSB
MODULATED SIGNAL
(DSB-SC AM)
BANDWITH:
m m f e t = 2 m e
m m f B =
c e
m c e e + m c e e
c e
m c e e + m c e e
USB
LSB
m B
0
0
m B m B
m B B 2 =
BW OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL IS:
CARRIER
Fall 2001
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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (DSB-FC)
THE MODULATED CARRIER SPECTRUM CENTERED
AT fc IS COMPOSED OF AN UPPER SIDEBAND ABOVE
fc, (USB), AND A LOWER SIDEBAND BELOW fc, (LSB).
USB LSB
2 fm
MODULATED SIGNAL COMPRISES A COMPONENT AT fc, IN
THIS CASE THE SCHEME IS CALLED DSB-FC MODULATION
| | t f f t f f
E
t f E m c m c
c
c c ) ( 2 cos ) ( 2 cos
2
2 cos + + + t t
|
t
Fall 2001
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9
DOUBLE-SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (DSB-FC)
| | t f f t f f
E
t f E m c m c
c
c c ) ( 2 cos ) ( 2 cos
2
2 cos + + + t t
|
t
| = m let
Fall 2001
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)
Fall 2001
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)
UNMODULATED CARRIER:
MODULATING SIGNAL:
MODULATION INDEX:
PERCENT MODULATION:
t f E OR t f E t V c c c c c t t 2 cos 2 sin ) ( =
t f E OR t f E t V m m m m m t t 2 cos 2 sin ) ( =
{
c
m
E
E
= |
% 100 x
E
E
M
c
m
=
RANGE OF M: 0% 100% WHERE:
M < 100%, UNDERMODULATION
M = 100%, 100% MODULATION
M > 100%, OVERMODULATION (i.e. DISTORTION)
Modulation Coefficient
Modulation Factor
Modulation Index
Fall 2001
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PERCENT MODULATION (M)
PERCENT MODULATION GIVES THE PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN THE AMPLITUDE
OF THE OUTPUT WAVE WHEN THE CARRIER IS ACTED ON BY A MODULATING
SIGNAL.
% 100 x
E
E
M
c
m
=
Fall 2001
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)
MODULATED CARRIER AMPLITUDE:
{ m m c E E E V + =
m c m c E E V E E V = + = min max ;
WE KNOW: c m
c
m
E E
E
E
| | = =
c c c
c c c
E E E V
E E E V
) 1 (
) 1 (
min
max
| |
| |
= =
+ = + =
THUS:
WITH:
100% MODULATION:
50% MODULATION:
0% MODULATION
0 ; 2 ; 1 min max = = = V E V B c
c c E V E V B 5 . ; 5 . 1 ; 5 . 0 min max = = =
c c E V E V B = = = min max ; ; 0
Fall 2001
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Fall 2001
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB_FC)
min max
min max
V V
V V
E
E
c
m
+

= = |
) (
2
1
min max V V Em =
) (
2
1
min max V V Ec + =
) (
4
1
2
min max V V
E
E E
m
lsf usf = = =
EUSF = PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE UPPER SIDE FREQUENCY
ELSF = PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE LOWER SIDE FREQUENCY
m c m c E E V E E V = + = min max ;
ASSUMPTIONS:
MODULATING SIGNAL IS A TONE
MODULATING PROCESS IS SYMMETRICAL
(EQUAL + and ENVELOPE EXCURCIONS)
Fall 2001
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)
Modulating Signal
Unmodulated Carrier
50% Modulation
100% Modulation
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
FOR AN AM DSB-FC MODULATOR, WITH CARRIER FREQUENCY
OF 100 kHz, AND A MAXIMUM MODULATING SIGNAL OF 5 kHz,
DETERMINE:
(100 - 5) kHz TO 100 kHz = 95 kHz TO 100 kHz = LSB
100 kHz TO (100 + 5) kHz = 100 kHz TO 105 kHz = USB
BANDWITH OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL
B = 2 fm = 2 x 5 kHz = 10 kHz
FREQUENCY LIMITS FOR THE UPPER AND LOWER SIDEBANDS
UPPER AND LOWER SIDE FREQUENCIES WHEN MODULATING SIGNAL
IS A 3 kHz TONE
(100 - 3) kHz = 97 kHz = LSF
(100 + 3) kHz = 103 kHz = USF
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
FOR THE AM WAVEFORM BELOW:
DETERMINE:
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE UPPER AND LOWER SIDE
FREQUENCIES
) (
4
1
2
min max V V
E
E E
m
lsf usf = = =
V E E lsf usf 4 ) 2 18 (
4
1
= = =
PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE UNMODULATED CARRIER
V V V Ec 10 ) 2 18 (
2
1
) (
2
1
min max = + = + =
PEAK CHANGE IN THE AMPLITUDE OF THE ENVELOPE
V V V Em 8 ) 2 18 (
2
1
) (
2
1
min max = = =
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
COEFFICIENT INDEX
8 . 0
10
8
min max
min max
= =
+

= =
V V
V V
E
E
c
m
|
PERCENT MODULATION
% 80 % 100 8 . 0 % 100 = = = x x
E
E
M
c
m
% 80 % 100
2 18
2 18
% 100
min max
min max
=
+

=
+

= x x
V V
V V
M
Fall 2001
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21
DSB-FC EXAMPLE
ONE INPUT TO A CONVENTIONAL MODULATOR IS A 500 kHz
CARRIER WITH AN AMPLITUDE OF 20 Vp. THE SECOND INPUT
IS A 10 kHz MODULATING SIGNAL THAT IS OF SUFFICIENT
AMPLITUDE TO CAUSE A CHANGE IN THE OUTPUT WAVE
OF . DETERMINE:
UPPER AND LOWER SIDE FREQUENCIES
MODULATION COEFFICIENT AND PERCENT MODULATION
(500 + 10) kHz = 510 kHz = USF
(500 - 10) kHz = 490 kHz = LSF
Vp 5 . 7
375 . 0
20
5 . 7
= = |
% 5 . 37 % 100
20
5 . 7
= = x M
Fall 2001
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22
DSB-FC EXAMPLE
PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE MODULATED CARRIER
UPPER AND LOWER SIDE FREQUENCY VOLTAGES
Ec (MODULATED) = Ec (UNMODULATED) = 20 Vp
Vp
E E
E E
c m
lsf usf 75 . 3
2
) 20 ( 375 . 0
2 2
= = = = =
|
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM AMPLITUDES OF THE ENVELOPE
m c m c E E V E E V = + = min max ;
Vp V 5 . 27 5 . 7 20 max = + =
Vp V 5 . 12 5 . 7 20 min = =
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION
2 2
c m
lsf usf
E E
E E
|
= = =
THE POWER DISSIPATION OF AN UNMODULATED CARRIER
IN LOAD RESISTANCE R:
R
E
R
E
P
c c
c
2
) 707 . 0 (
2 2
= =
FROM:
c
c
lsb usb P
R
E
P P
4 8
2 2 2
| |
= = =
THE TOTAL POWER IN AN AM DSB-FC ENVELOPE IS:
lsb usb c t P P P P + + =
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION
FOR A DSB-FC MODULATED WAVE, THE TOTAL POWER IN
AN AM DSB-FC ENVELOPE IS:
lsb usb c t P P P P + + =
2 4 4
2 2 2
c
c
c c
c t
P
P
P P
P P
| | |
+ = + + =
)
2
1 (
2
|
+ = c t P P
MODULATED WAVE CARRIER POWER = UNMODULATED WAVE CARRIER POWER
(POWER OF THE CARRIER IS UNAFFECTED BY THE MODULATION PROCESS)
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION
)
2
1 (
2
|
+ = c t P P
THE TOTAL POWER IN AN AM DSB-FC ENVELOPE INCREASES WITH
MODULATION
t P | | |
c
c
lsb usb P
R
E
P P
4 8
2 2 2
| |
= = =
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION
)
2
1 (
2
|
+ = c t P P
c lsb usb P P P
4
2
|
= =
| = m let
Fall 2001
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27
DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION
)
2
1 (
2
|
+ = c t P P c lsb usb P P P
4
2
|
= =
WITH 100% MODULATION, :
c lsb usb P P P
4
1
= = c lsb usb P P P
2
1
= +
c c t P P P 5 . 1 )
2
1
1 ( = + =
DSB-FC DISADVANTAGE: THE INFORMATION IS CONTAINED IN
THE SIDEBANDS ALTHOUGH MOST OF THE POWER IS WASTED
IN THE CARRIER (DSB-SC ELIMINATES THIS DISADVANTAGE)
1 = |
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION
THE ADVANTAGE OF ENVELOPE DETECTION IN AM
HAS ITS PRICE.
IN AM, THE CARRIER COMPONENT DOES NOT CARRY
ANY INFORMATION,HENCE, THE CARRIER POWER
IS WASTED.
Fall 2001
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
FOR AN AM DSB-FC WAVE WITH A PEAK UNMODULATED
CARRIER VOLTAGE Vc = 10 Vp, A LOAD RESISTANCE OF
RL = 10 Ohms, AND A MODULATION INDEX OF 1, DETERMINE:
CARRIER POWER
UPPER AND LOWER SIDEBAND POWER
W
R
E
P
c
c 5
) 10 ( 2
10
2
2 2
= = =
W P P P c lsb usb 25 . 1
4
) 5 ( 1
4
2
= = = =
|
TOTAL SIDEBAND POWER
W P P P c lsb usb 5 . 2
2
) 5 ( 1
2
2
= = = +
|
Fall 2001
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30
DSB-FC EXAMPLE
FOR AN AM DSB-FC WAVE WITH A PEAK UNMODULATED
CARRIER VOLTAGE Vc = 10 Vp, A LOAD RESIATANCE OF
RL = 10 Ohms, AND A MODULATION INDEX OF 1, DETERMINE:
TOTAL POWER IN THE MODULATED WAVE
W P P c t 5 . 7 )
2
1
1 ( 5 )
2
1 (
2 2
= + = + =
|
POWER SPECTRUM: