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CURRENT TRANSFORMER
I2 I1
Current Transformer :
I1
Primary
n1 .I 1 ! n 2 .I 2
K: Transformation ratio
n1
I1 n 2 ! !K I 2 n1
Ampere-Turns Conservation Law
n2
Secondary I2
TYPES OF CT
LIVE TANK CT In 400kV : CGL make DEAD TANK CT In 400kV : ABB,BHEL,AREVA make TYPE OF DEAD TANK CT: Hair pin design. Eye bolt design.
LIVE TANK CT
1. Diaphragm bellows 2. CT cores 3. HT primary terminal 4. Primary conductor assembly 5. Head housing 6. Core housing 7. Porcelain shell 8. Bushing tube 9. Capacitive grading layer 10. Secondary terminal blocks 12. Ground pad 13. Secondary terminal box 14. Base assembly 15. Sealing plate
1. Oil filling plug 2. Dome 3. Nitrogen filling valve 4. Collar 5. Primary terminal 6. Porcelain insulator 7. Insulated primary 8. Cover plate for tank 9. Tank 10. Secondary cores
Hair-Pin design
Metallic bellows : **CT is hermetically sealed by the bellows. Oil filled metallic bellows compensates for the oil volume variation due to ambient temperature changes Nitrogen gas filled dome. **The space above the oil is filled with nitrogen which acts as a cushion for changes in oil volume due to temperature and load current variations. **The positive pressure of nitrogen inside prevents contamination from outside atmosphere, thereby provide effective hermetical sealing.
HERMETIC SEALING:
FUNCTION OF CT :
Converts primary current in to low magnitude secondary current for application of metering & protection purposes.
Five Cores are present in CT i) Core 1 & 2 for bus bar protection. ii) Core 3 for metering purpose. iii) Core 4 & 5 for distance protection.
RATED CURRENT WITH EXTENDED CURRENT LIMITS RATED SHORT TIME CURRENT INSULATION LEVEL. NO. OF SECONDARIES. BURDEN & ACCURACY CLASS
CT ACCURACIES
As per IEC-60044(1) Metering Core 0.2 or 0.5%at rated Currents Protection Cores 1% at rated current
METERING CORE
Class 5% of rated I 0.75 1.5 20% of 100% 120% rated I of rated of rated I I 0.35 0.75 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5
0.2 0.5
PROTECTION CORES
Class Current Error at Composite Error at rated Primary rated accuracy limit Current Primary Current 1% 3% 5% 10%
5P 10P
Induction B [T]
10
INSULATION LEVEL
For Windings having Um greater than 300kV, the rated insulation level is determined by rated switching and lightning impulse withstand voltage For voltages < 300kV, insulation levels are decided by lightning impulse and power-frequency withstand voltages
INSULATION LEVEL
System Voltage 1 min Power Freq. Voltage 395kV 460kV 630kV Switching Impulse withstand Voltage Lightning Impulse withstand Voltage 950kV 1050kV 1425kV
220kV
400kV
1050kV
Check for any transit damage Check the nitrogen pressure on the top chamber before commissioning. Check oil level in CT. Attend leakages on bushings immediately. Examine the porcelain for dirt deposits & clean periodically. Prior to erection confirm the position of P1 & P2 terminal of primary.
Checks on CT
Checks on CT
.(Contd)
Ensure that the terminals of unloaded secondary are shorted Check that tank is earthed positively and permanently. Use the lifting lugs provided on the bottom tank for lifting the CT by slings Check the level of bellow. Check earthing of star point of secondary at relay panel before commissioning of CT. Check earthing of Tan delta point. Secondary box cover is closed tightly.
Checks on CT Contd..
Testing of oil after one month of Charging. All the CT s secondary TB s must be properly tighten at CT s JB,MB & at relay panel. Do not allow dirt and deposits on bushings. Clean periodically Do not leave terminals of unloaded secondary open Do not lift the CT by primary terminals or by porcelain housing. Carry out thermovision scanning after commissioning of CT.
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
PRECOMMISSIONING TESTS
INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT CONTINUITY TEST SECONDARY WINDING RESISTANCE POLARITY TEST TAN DELTA AND CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT CURRENT RATIO TESTS MAGENTISING CURVES PERFORMANCE CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
CHECK OIL LEAKAGE FROM CT CHECKING BELLOW FOR EXPANSION CHECK OIL LEAKAGE FROM SECONDARY TERMINALS CHECKING HEALTHINESS OF GASKETS
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
MAINTENANCE 1 YEARLY
1. TAN DELTA & CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT ACCEPTABLE LIMIT FOR TAN DELTA 0.007 INCREASE IN PRE-COMM VALUE AT 0.001 PER PREYEAR UPTO 0.007 IF VALUE IS BETWEEN 0.007 TO 0.01 THEN HALF YEARLY MONITORING ABOVE 0.01 REPLACE THE CT
CVT
(Measurement of HV)
Capacitor Voltage Transformers Line protection HF transmission CVT are used to convert higher primary voltage to lower secondary voltage for the protection & metering purpose. CVT provide least resistance path to higher frequency signals for PLCC functions.
Capacitance potential divider connected between phase and ground of power circuit.
HV Power line Capacitor STACK (or stack) Assembly of elements to reach higher voltage levels : 800 kV In general, the term CAPACITOR stands for a capacitor element as well as a capacitor stack. Ground
HV Power line
Ground
P1 C1
S1
C2
P2
S2
CVT CIRCUIT
Oil expansion device Capacitor elements Capacitor column Insulating oil Insulator flange
SECONDARY VOLATGE
Periodic measurement to be carried out. In case of doubt, simultaneous measurement to be carried out with another feeder/ Bus CVT. For 400kV CVTs puncturing of one Capacitor element in C1 side is likely to increase Secondary Voltage by about 0.35 0.45% (0.22 0.28V) Failure of one Capacitor element in C2 side is likely to decrease Secondary Voltage by 5 6% (3.2 3.8V)
CVT RATING
RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE RATED BURDEN OF CORES CAPACITANCE IN pF (FOR CVT ONLY) CLASS OF ACCURACY
CVT
REQUIRMENTS
3 SECONDARIES (2 FOR PROTECTION AND ONE FOR METERING) OUTPUT BURDEN 50 VA MINIMUM FOR EACH SECONDARY 3P ACCURACY CLASS FOR PROTECTION CORES 0.2 ACCURACY CLASS FOR METERING CORE
CVT
PRECOMMISSIONING TESTS
INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT CONTINUITY OF WINDING SECONDARY WINDING RESISTANCE VOLTAGE RATIO TEST TAN DELTA AND CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT
CVT MAINTENANCE
MONTHLY: LEAKAGE OF OIL. QUARTERLY: SECONDARY VOLTAGE YEARLY: CHECKING OF EARTHING OF HF POINT
DAMAGE TO BUSHING OF HF POINT CLEANING OF PORCELAIN INSULATOR STACKS AND TIGHTNESS OF TERMINAL CONNECTOR THERMOVISION SCANNING
NHF point is earth when not used for PLCC. Check all the secondary wiring connections are tightly secured at the terminal box. Units must be short circuited with a bare wire between head & bottom flange until erection and connections are completed. The Tank of CVT should be earthed properly. Regularly monitor secondary voltage of CVT s w.r.t each other to identify any discrepancy in CVT secondary voltage.
keep the units horizontally. Do not energized CVT from the secondary side. Discharge CVT prior to climbing. While removing connector from the CVT ensure local earthing on conductor as well as on CVT.
SURGE ARRESTOR
SURGE ARRESTORS
PROTECTS SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS FROM TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES CONNECTED BETWEEN PHASE AND EARTH PROVIDES LOW RESISTANCE PATH TO EXCESSIVE HIGH VOLTAGE. RATING IN PHASE TO EARTH VOLTAGE
SURGE ARRESTORS
GAPPED SILICON CARBIDE SURGE ARRESTORS GAPLESS ZINC OXIDE ARRESTORS (PREFERRED THESE DAYS DUE TO HIGHER ENERGY ABSORPTION CAPABILITIES) MADE OF SMALL DISCS OF NON-LINEAR NONRESISTANCE MATERIAL ZnO WHICH PROVIDES LEAST RESISTANCE PATH DURING SWITCHING SURGES OR LIGHTENING STROKE
ARRESTER FUNDAMENTAL
Need for High Resistance to limit Discharge Current Need Low Resistance during flow of lightning current to limit Surge Voltage
In phase with voltage In 90 Deg phase with voltage Increase with temperature Increase with aging Insignificant change with temperature and voltage does not affect due to aging
SURGE ARRESTORS
MAINTENANCE YEARLY
WAVE TRAP
LINE TRAP
LINE TRAP OFFER HIGH RESISTANCE TO HIGH FREQUENCY PLCC SIGNAL AND LOW RESISTANCE TO POWER FREQUENCY SIGNAL. BLOCKING FREQUENCY RANGE WITH COMBINATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE : 50Khz TO 500Khz. COMPRISES OF INDUCTOR,TUNNING CIRCUIT,LA.
LINE TRAPS
RATINGS
LINE TRAPS
PREPRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS
TIGHTNESS & CLEANLINESS OF LINE TRAP INCLUDING TUNING UNIT TIGHTNESS OF TERMINAL CONNECTOR
ISOLATORS
Operate under no load condition. Isolate the zone which is under maintenance. Three types of Isolators : A) Pantograph. B) Horizontal center break. C) Double Break.
Earthswitch (Used where earthing is not required) With one Earthswitch (Commonly used for earthing the equipment for which Isolator has been provided) With two earth switch (Generally used for Bus earthing)
Checks on Isolators
Proper alignment. Proper fixing of limit switch. Proper closing of Isolators to avoid hot spot. Check mechanical/electrical interlock. Ensure twin earthing of Isolator MB. Proper closing of Isolators MB.
HCB ISOLATORS
DB ISOLATOR--CONTACTS ISOLATOR--CONTACTS
PANTOGRAPH ISOLATOR
PANTOGRAPH ISOLATOR-ISOLATOR-CONTACTS
Checks on Isolators
Ensure proper position of NO/NC contact in closed & open condition of Isolators. Apply grease regularly in Gear box. Check pole discrepancy function is working properly.
INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT INTERLOCKS CHECKING OPERATING TIME AUXILIARY CONTACT CHECKING CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
CLEANING & LUBRICATION TIGHTENING ALIGNMENT CONTACT RESISTANCE MESUREMENT (ONCE IN A 4 YEARS)
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