Group 6 Marck Christopher M. Abias Eugine Cristy A. Llamas Suzette V.

Sabido

Objectives:
To briefly discuss the history of Pulse Amplitude Modulation To know the definition and types of PAM. To know how to generate a PAM signal To know how to demodulate PAM To discuss the applications and some problems of PAM.

Scope:
Quick review of previous reported pulse modulation Brief History Definition Types of PAM Generation is PAM signal Demodulation of PAM signal Applications and problems with PAM.

History
earliest reason for sampling a signal was to interlace samples from different telegraphy sources, and convey them over a single telegraph cable 1853 Telegraph time-division multiplexing (TDM) was conveyed by Moses G. Farmer

 1903 W. M. Miner used an electromechanical commutator for TDM of multiple telegraph signals, and also applied this technology to telephony. He obtained intelligible speech from channels sampled at a rate above 35004300 Hz: below this was unsatisfactory.

PAM
simplest form of pulse modulation modulation in which the amplitude of a series of regularly spaced pulses is varied in accordance with the modulating signal can also be used for generating additional pulse modulations

There are two types of PAM: Natural PAM Flat top PAM

Natural PAM
sampling occurs when finite width pulses are used in the modulation and tops of pulses follow the modulating signal

Flat top PAM

tops of the pulses are flat the pulses have a constant amplitude within the pulse interval

Note : Sometimes, PAM is also classified as

PAM signal generation

PAM signal is generated by using a pulse train, called the sampling signal (or clock signal) to operate an electronic switch or chopper This produces samples of the analog message signal

PAM signal generation

Natural sampling generation of PAM signals.

Natural sampling time domain appearance of a PAM signal

PAM signal generation

Flat-top sampling generation of PAM signals.

Flat-top sampling time domain appearance of a PAM signal.

PAM Demodulator

Disadvantages
The BW required for transmission of a PAM signal is very large Noise is maximum in the PAM wave. As the amplitude of the PAM signal is varied, this also varies peak power required by the transmitter

Applications
Ethernet
o e.g. Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T2 medium (now defunct)

Photobiology
o PAM fluorometer used for the study of photosynthesis

Electronic drivers for LED lighting

o for lighting applications

Conclusion
PAM is rather stringent in its system requirement, such as short duration of pulse. Also, the noise performance of PAM may not be sufficient for long distance transmission. Accordingly, PAM is often used as a mean of message processing for time-division multiplexing, from which conversion to some other form of pulse modulation is subsequently made.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation http://www.tech-faq.com/pulse-amplitude-modulation.html http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0%2C%2Csid9_gci1102195%2C00.html http://ptuece.loremate.com/acs/node/9 http://shannon.cm.nctu.edu.tw/comtheory/chap3.pdf http://opencourses.emu.edu.tr/file.php/11/Lecture_Notes/Chapter3_Lect1.ppt http://www.labvolt.com/downloads/download/cwa8087_10.pdf