Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: Act of October 28, 1919 [Volstead Act], 10/28/1919.

Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-2008. National Archives, 1919. Web. -This image is a photograph of the Volstead Act. It included the specifications of national Prohibition as well as methods of enforcing it. I used this source to define and display the act that introduced Prohibition into politics. It is very reliable because it is a picture of the Volstead Act. Addams, Jane. How Drinking Leads to Immorality. McClures Magazine. March 1912. Print. -This source was a flier in support of Prohibition. It gives an insight on the social and moral problems people from the time period linked to alcohol. I used it to gain a perspective on why people turned to Prohibition. Amendment 18. Constitution of the United States, National Archives. Web. -This source was a digital source of the complete Constitution and I used it to learn of the specifics of the national Prohibition law. It is highly credible because it is the Constitution. Amendment 21. Constitution of the United States, National Archives. Web. -This source shows the repeal of the 18th Amendment in the Constitution. It is reliable because it is the Constitution. Barnum, William H., and Cumback, Will. National Prohibition Convention, 1892. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1892. Print. -I used this source to get a perspective on how powerful the prohibition movement was. From the image, I inferred that the movement gained a lost of supporters and was gaining influence and support. Barrels of Confiscated Liquor in Building. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1921. Photograph. Print. -This source shows a warehouse filled with alcohol that was seized during the enforcement of the prohibition. I used this source to get a visual perception of the

resistance of the law by the amount of liquor that was present in the U.S. and the demand of liquor. Berryman, Clifford K. You do it! Cartoon. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1925. Print. -This source was a political cartoon targeting the weak enforcement of the 18th Amendment. It reflects on the state and national governments failure to cooperate in order to eliminate the evaders of national Prohibition. The Bird of Liberty. Cartoon. The American Issue Publishing Company. Westerville, N.d. Print. -I used this political cartoon to analyze its intended effect on its readers. It symbolically depicts the temperance movement as an eagle ridding the United States of the vulture, who symbolizes the saloon. It is propaganda so it is biased for Prohibition. Bootlegger Stomping on the Constitution. Cartoon. Current Opinion. April 1922. Print. -This source is a political cartoon depicting a bootlegger stomping on the Constitution in defiance of the 18th Amendment. "Both Sides of the Question." Cartoon. Literary Digest. 20 Feb. 1926. Print. -This source is a political cartoon showing the downsides and upsides of the Prohibition. There are two possible interpretations this cartoonist takes: the Prohibition failed and how the Prohibition succeeded in its objective. The Brewer Poster. The American Issue Publishing Co. Westerville: 1913. Print. -I used this source as an image on my website and to discern the tactics of Prohibition supporters. The American Issue Publishing Company used pathos as a persuasion technique to appeal to the voters on the topic of Prohibition. This source might be a little biased because it only gives a one-sided perspective on Prohibition, but I used the source on my Propaganda page to show the use of media to influence the public on the topic of alcohol prohibition. Bungay, George W. Temperance Anecdotes, Original, and Selected. New York: National Temperance Society and Publication House, 1873. Print. -I used this source to interpret the communication and spreading of the temperance and prohibition movement. It is a literature work to influence its

readers to join the temperance movement. This source is a publication and a type of propaganda written for the movement and may have a bias in favor of temperance. Candidate Levering. Gold Prohibition Party. YMCA Hall. Cartoon. Boston Globe,1896. Print. -This source was a piece of political propaganda advocating a candidate that was for prohibition. It reveals how active prohibition was as a national issue and that the topic grew potent enough to form the foundation of a political party. Cases of whiskey confiscated by the U.S. Internal Revenue Bureau. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1923. Photograph. Print. -I used this source as a picture on my web page to display the resistance towards Prohibition. Despite the legal consequences, people still searched and demanded liquor and obtained it by dealing with bootleggers and promoting organized crime. Colorado-Evading the liquor law in Colorado Springs, as witnessed by the members of the Frank Leslie transcontinental excursion party/from a sketch by Harry Ogden. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Wood Engraving. -The source was an artists rendering of people violating the 18th Amendment. It gives a firsthand insight of how unpopular Prohibition was for some Americans and the actions they took to avoid the law. The Crusaders have new slogans. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 16 December 1930. Photograph. Print. -This source was a photograph showing a woman endorsing the repeal of the 18th Amendment. This source showed the unpopularity and dissatisfaction of the amendment for some Americans. It also gave perspective on the ways of promoting and voicing their opinions and revealing a rebellious nature of American society. Curran, Henry H. "The Wet Side of Prohibition." New York Herald Tribune. 12 January 1926. Print.

-This source was from an anti-prohibition author and included the viewpoints against the Prohibition Amendment. It included reflection and an in depth analysis of the social uses of alcohol during the 1920s. I used it to get an opposing viewpoint of the Prohibition Amendment and the negative consequences. Currier, Nathaniel. Cartoon. "The Drunkard's Progress." 1846. Library of Congress. Print. -This source is a cartoonists rendering on the issues of alcohol in the nineteenth century. I used it on my website to show the connections between alcohol and the ruin of a family. Currier, Nathaniel. Grand, national, temperance banner: dedicated to every son and daughter of temperance, throughout the union. New York: N. Currier, 1851. Print. -I used this source to see the moral reform that Prohibitionists pushed to the public. The source shows a man in conflict with two women, one symbolizing purity and morality, and the other epitomizing temptations, sin, and alcohol. This image reflects on the American moral standards that Prohibitionists tried to raise by eliminating alcohol. Du Pont, Pierre. A Business Man's View of Prohibition. AAPA pamphlet. 1929. Print. -This source was a form of opposition against the Prohibition movement and amendment. It had analysis of the social and political effects of the Prohibition on the United States during the 20th century. It explained the negative effects of prohibiting alcohol and assessed how anti-prohibition believers viewed the power of the United States government. Ewing, Martha and Harris, George W. 18th Amendment of the Constitution. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1920. Photograph. Print. -This source was photographic documentation of the actual 18th Amendment. I used this source as a definition and visual of the prohibition law. It is very credible because it is a photograph of the 18th Amendment with no injection of influence. Goliaths Pride. Cartoon. American Issue. 4 Jan. 1919. Print. -This is a political cartoon utilizing the biblical story of David and Goliath to the Prohibition and alcohol. I used it in my website to portray the use of propaganda to spur the motives of the Prohibition movement.

Harding, Warren G. The Presidents Appeal to Halt Law Breaking. Literary Digest. 15 April 1922. Print. -This source was used to gain an insight into the law enforcement and struggles to enforce the 18th Amendment. President Warren G. Harding connects moral decay to law breaking and tries to urge the public into stop the illegal action. Hayler, Guy. The Prohibition Movement: Papers and Proceedings of the National Convention for the Prohibition. Newcastle-On-Tyne: North of England Temperance League, 1897. Print. -I used this source to find the activity of the Prohibition movement. It includes 14 accounts of the movements leaders and their activity within the movement. Joint Resolution Proposing the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, 12/18/1917. Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 17892008. National Archives, 1919. Web. -This source is a picture of the 18th Amendment and its place in the Constitution. It includes when Prohibition will be enacted and gives Congress and the states the power to enforce it. The Largest still in captivity. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 11 November 1922. Photograph. Print. -This source shows Prohibition agents confiscating a still in order to enforce the prohibition and slow the liquor trade. The stills that were confiscated show the ineffectiveness of Prohibition because Americans still had access to alcohol. Library union members marching through Broad Street, Newark New Jersey, carrying signs reading We want beer in protest of prohibition. Acme Newspictures, Inc. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 31 October 1931. Photograph. Print. -I used this source to interpret the dissatisfaction Americans had for Prohibition. The source shows people marching in protest of Prohibition and it reveals the action people were taking to repeal the 18th Amendment. Liquor Octopus. Cartoon. American Issue. 4 Jan. 1919. Print.

-This source is a political cartoon depicting liquor as an octopus that strangles the world with its evils. I used this in my website to reflect the connection between societal problems and alcohol. Major A. V. Dalrymple in storage room full of liquor taken in raids. American Memory, Library of Congress. Washington D.C., 1920. Photograph. Print. -This source was useful in showing the liquor was in the U.S. after the prohibition came into effect. It implies the multitude of alcohol dealing and the demand of alcohol. I used this in my law enforcement page to show how Prohibition couldnt completely get rid of alcohol. Marriage and Divorce Special Report U.S. Census Bureau 1909, Part I. Till Death Do Us Part. 1913. Print. -This source was a flier to advocate temperance and Prohibition. It informs readers of the dysfunctional homes and families that alcohol caused. This source might be slightly questionable because it does not give in-depth details of the study, but it still reveals liquor as an issue in American homes. Moonshine still recently confiscated by the Internal Revenue Bureau photographed at the Treasury Department. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1925. Photograph. Print. -This image gives information about how people obtained their liquor. The still was used in private homes to distill home liquor and for their use. This source reveals the leaks and gaps of enforcement as well as disobedience to the law. Nast, Thomas. The Bar of Destruction. Cartoon. Harpers Weekly. 21 March 1874. Print. -This source was a political cartoon in favor of the Prohibition. It depicts the seriousness of temperance in nineteenth-century America. It shows the bartender as a skeleton handing a shot of rum to a man who is looking at his children and crying wife at the door of the bar. In the background, there is a backroom where a brawl is occurring with men fighting with whiskey bottles. I used this source to portray the solemnity of the temperance issue on my website.

National Prohibition Convention. Order of Business and Book of Reference of the

National Prohibition Convention held at Memorial Hall, Columbus, Ohio, July 15-16, 1908. Columbia: Prohibition National Committee, 1908. Print. -This book includes the history of the prohibition movement, the history of the Prohibition Party, the grievances of alcohol, and the economic, moral and social effects that people reasoned to be the consequences of alcohol. It is very detailed in listing the Prohibition Conventions, the electoral votes of their party members, and included the platform of Republicans and Democrats on the topic of Prohibition.
New York City Deputy Police Commissioner John A. Leach, right, watching agents pour liquor into sewer following a raid during the height of prohibition. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1921. Photograph. Print. -This source was a photograph of Prohibition agents disposing of alcohol by pouring it into the sewer. I used this source to see the enforcement of the 18th Amendment after it was enacted. The Overshadowing Curse- The Legalized Saloon. Cartoon. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Print. -This source was a political cartoon created by the American Issue Publishing Company. It depicts the evils of the saloon that is threatening the health and safety of Americas children. I used this source to show how propaganda would use pathos to play into the publics emotions. This source is somewhat biased as it is a piece of propaganda for a specific cause. Presidential Proclamation 2056 of December 5, 1933. Presidential Proclamations, 1791-1991, National Archives, 1933. Web. -This source is a picture of the 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th Amendment. I used this source to read what was officially documented and stated to repeal Prohibition. Principles of the Prohibition party. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 11 September 1888. Print.

-This source was a promotion of the Prohibition Party. The Prohibition Party was created in complete dedication of making Prohibition a part of the national Constitution. In order to attract followers, the Party had to present its platforms and advertise its candidates. I used this image on my Forces Behind the Movement page to make the page more dynamic. Prohibition officers raiding the lunch room of 922 Pa. Ave., Wash., D.C. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 25 April 1923. Photograph. Print. -This source is a photograph of Prohibition agents investigating a building where alcohol is allegedly being served. I used this source to show the enforcement of the law and how the seizure of alcohol was conducted. Prohibition, raid in Natrona County, Wyo. Denver Public Library Digital Collection. Denver, 8 March 1925. Photograph. Print. -This source shows Prohibition officers seizing and destroying illegal liquor. This photograph tells how difficult it was to enforce Prohibition because the illegal dealers had developed the criminal underworld into deeper and complex levels. Prohibition, seizure of still near Greeley, Colo. Denver Public Library Digital Collection. Denver, 1925. Photograph. Print. -This is a picture of confiscated illegal barrels of liquor. Enforcing the prohibition was a hard task because there were numerous ways of hiding and concealing liquor, and evading the law. I used this source as another example of law enforcement on my website. Prohibition, small group of men dumping wine from barrels into hole in ground. Chicago Daily News. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1921. Photograph. Print. -This source was a photo of men disposing of liquor after the 18th Amendment became effective. I used this in my website to show the legal enforcement of Prohibition. Putting the Mortgage on the Cradle. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1917. Print.

-This was a political cartoon that was used to sway the public in the direction of Prohibition. It depicts a saloonkeeper labeling an infant with the addiction to liquor. Not only does it activate the emotions of the readers, but it also shows them the economic cost of alcohol. This source is slightly unreliable because it casts a bad depiction of a saloonkeeper. Ratification Train. American Issue. 25 Jan. 1919. Print. -This source was a cartoon depiction of the ratification of the 18th Amendment in 1919. I used this image in my website to show the momentum of support for the Prohibition. Rhoads, Harry Mellon. Prohibition bust. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1920. Photograph. Print. -This source showed me how rum-running and bootleggers were a problem to national Prohibition. The difficulties to enforce the law can be seen because people found ways to manufacture, distribute, and sell alcohol and made a large personal profit. Runyon, Robert. U.S. officials destroying liquor at the Brownsville Customs House, December 20, 1920. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 20 December 1920. Photograph. Print. -This source showed that alcohol was not completely banished in American and that people still used it illegally. This image implies the difficulties rooting out all the law-evading people. The picture also shows that alcohol was abundant because of people who illegally sold and traded it. The Saloon Burden. Digital Collections East Carolina University. 1908. Print. -This source is Prohibition propaganda that pertains to the 1908 vote on the topic of Prohibition in North Carolina. It was useful in explaining the reformers condemning of the saloon and how the saloon became the symbol of alcohol. The Saloon or the Boys and Girls. Cartoon. American Issue Publishing Company. Westerville, n.d. Print. -I used this propaganda to analyze the social situation that America was going through in the Prohibition Era. It purposely gives the reader the choice of the saloon or Americas youths in an effort to curb alcoholism.

Stills nabbed by first flying prohibition agents- Texas moonshiners, rum runners, and smugglers fall prey to new dry flyers. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1921. Photograph. Print. -This source shows the extent of the illegal liquor trade. Bootleggers and rumrunners would transport their liquor by car, ships and planes. The levels of organized crime have developed in such a way that it was near impossible to intervene and seize all the illegal cargo. Stokes, Lowe. Prohibition is a Failure. Lowe Stokes, Volume 1: 1927-1930. Document Records, 1999. MP 3 file. -This song was about the prohibition and was written in 1929. It says the many ways that alcohol prohibition had failed in America with moon-shiners, bootleggers, and drinking clans. I used this song on my website to capture the culture and different forms of media that was a reflection upon the Prohibition. Unknown. Tobacco Institute "National Archives Footage" 200 UN 4-56-5 16mm 6:00 from film x-fer master reel #4 CVC #13608 (with visual time code). 6 Nov 1986.Tobacco Institute. Bates No.TI53080009. Indianapolis: Tobacco Institute, 1986. Video. -I used this source to find the political support and opposition of the Prohibition. It was a collection of video reels that was filmed to show various government positions on the topic of alcohol prohibition. U.S. is Voted Dry. The American Issue. [Westerville]. Vol. 26, No. 4. 25 January 1919. Print. -This source is the digital image of a newspaper headline that explains the ratification of the 18th Amendment. I used this source as an attention getter because it is a dramatic image. It is credible because it has journalistic neutrality and states facts. Utilization of confiscate bootleg paraphernalia. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1928. Photograph. Print. -This source displays the tools and materials used by bootleggers to conduct their illegal work of selling liquor.

Vote Dry for Us. Cartoon. The American Issue Publishing Company. Westerville. N.d. -This source is Prohibition propaganda created to sway the public. It evokes emotions as the American Issue Publishing Company plays pathos. It was useful to me because I could analyze the persuasive techniques used. Which Way Will It Be Wet or Dry? The Tacoma Times. Vol. 11 No. 272. 3 November 1914. Print. -This source is a digital image of a newspaper headline that presents the conflict of Prohibition. I used this source on my website to show the clashing opinions of Americans and how it related to the politics of the day. Whiskey. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1918. Photograph. Print -This source shows a warehouse filled with confiscated liquor. It reveals the inability to effectively enforce Prohibition because the public still managed to get possession of alcohol. Woman putting flask in her Russian boot, Washington, D.C. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 21 January 1922. Photograph. Print. -This source shows a woman slipping a whiskey flask into her boot in order to hide it from Prohibition agents and officials. This source reveals the extent some Americans took to keep their alcohol despite the 18th Amendment. Zion City, Ill., destroys 80,000 pint bottles of beer. National Photo Company Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 1921. Photograph. Print. -I used this source to explain the cooperation of some states with the law. In this picture, there is the mayor of Zion City who was personally disposing of the alcohol in this city. This source is highly reliable because it was a photograph in that place and time.

Secondary Sources: Anti-Saloon League. Westerville Public Library. Westerville, 2011. Web. -This source was an archive of primary sources from the Prohibition Era. It included printed materials such as fliers, cartoons, and catalogues. I used it to gather political cartoons and pictures. Behr, Edward. Prohibition: The 13 Years that Changed America. Great Britain: BBC Books, 1997. Print. -I used this book to gain background history of the Temperance movement and how it evolved into the Prohibition movement. It includes information about the organized crime that had blossomed due to the 18th Amendment. This source is fairly credible because it displays both sides of the Prohibition movement, with informative and neutral positions throughout. History of the Prohibition Party. Prohibitionists. N.d. Web. -I used this source to obtain some historical background about the Prohibition Party, as well as gathering images to add to my website. It is a fairly credible source because it is an informative website without any bias. Kerr, K. Austin. "Prohibition (Party) Cartoons." Temperance and Prohibition. 2004. Ohio State University. 17 Apr. 2004. Print. -This is a modern 21st century rendering of political cartoons of the Prohibition political party. It is fairly credible, as it is a cartoonists depiction of the movement. Kyvig, David E. Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979. -I used this book to gather quotes and interpretation of the efforts to repeal the 18th Amendment. It also provided me with excerpts from Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform conventions, which were a credible insight to the opposition of Prohibition. Lerner, Michael. Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. Print. -I used this book to get an indepth insight into the city life of New York City after the ratification of the 18th Amendment. It includes information and quotes of

individuals during the time period and analysis of how the societal reform changed the average Americans life. NYC in the Prohibition Days. New York Daily News. 16 January 2011. Web -This was a digital archive of photos from the Prohibition Era. It included photos of police raids, newspaper headlines, and political cartoons that were helpful in understanding society in the 1920s. It is very credible because it is a collection of primary sources, pictures that were taken in the time period. Okrent, Daniel. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. New York: Scribner, 2010. Print. -This book investigated the motives of the Prohibition movement and how it transformed the American life. It includes information of the growing political power of the movement and how it aligned itself with other reforms such as the womens suffrage movement. This book also explains the expansion and exponential growth of organized crime that resulted from the ratification of the 18th Amendment. Pegram, Thomas. Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800-1933. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher, 1998. Print. -I used this source to learn the historical context of the Temperance movement. It is an interpretation and in-depth analysis of the societal reform that the Prohibition promised and the failure of the Prohibition to meet expectations. This book contains quotes and anecdotes from people with opinions of the Prohibition. Prohibition. Dir. Ken Burns, Lynn Novick. PBS, 2011. DVD. -I used this source to extract extensive knowledge about Prohibition. I used segments of these videos as a visual to my audience. Staley, David. Clash of Cultures in the 1910s and 1920s. Ehistory, 2011. Web. -This website was a collection of quotes, documents, photographs, political cartoons, and flyers of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment as well as pro-Prohibition viewpoints. It included ten cartoons, flyers, and posters that I used to analyze as the propaganda in favor of the movement. It is largely credible because it is composed of primary sources. Unknown. Alcohol Prohibition, 18th Amendment 1920-1933. Stories of USA. 1992. Video.

-This source is a video that was an overview of the entire span of the 18th Amendment. I used it as an introduction on the homepage of my website project. Welcome to the WCTU. Womans Christian Temperance Union. 1996. Web. -This source is the official website for the Womans Christian Temperance Union. It gave me the historical background of the WCTU and a digitalized image of a group of women advocating temperance in the 1900s, a valuable primary source. This source is fairly credible because the picture is a primary source and it is neutrally informative.