ANSYS AUTODYN - Chapter 9: Material Models

Chapter 9 Material Models
ANSYS AUTODYN
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
9-1
February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665
Material Models
Material Models in Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS)
Training Manual
AUTODYN Equation of State Strength Model Failure Model
9-2
Material Models
AUTODYN Material Models

An AUTODYN material model consists of 3 components
Equation of State (EOS) Strength Model Failure Model
Training Manual
Models Also Available in Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS)
EOS
Strength
Failure
9-3
Material Models
AUTODYN Additional Material Models

Ideal Gas Equation of State Two Phase Equation of State SESAME Tables Cumulative Damage Model Beam Resistance Model Fragment Analyzer Rigid Materials (specification is different in AUTODYN) Orthotropic Materials Orthotropic Solids Composite Shells High Explosives (HE)
Training Manual
Detonation Expansion of detonation products (gases) After-burn Ignition and Growth Slow-burning Explosives User Material Models
9-4
Material Models
Ideal Gas Equation of State

Energy dependant EOS
Training Manual
P = ( 1)e +
= ideal gas constant, Gamma = density, e = specific internal energy Adiabatic Constant, C
Enter non-zero value to calculate adiabatic response
P/ = C
Pressure shift
Lets you subtract atmospheric pressure
9-5
Material Models
Two Phase Equation of State

e.g. a reactor coolant
Training Manual
Used to model the expansion and vaporization of superheated liquids Used together with a compression EOS A Gruneisen EOS is used for the single phase region
Saturation curve is the reference curve
The saturation curve for the material is defined in user subroutine EXTAB
The saturation curve for water is provided with AUTODYN
Pressure Single phase Liquid region Two phase Liquid and Vapour region Specific Volume
Single phase Vapour region
9-6
Material Models
Sesame Library
The Sesame library is not an EOS but a table format for storing state data
Contains data for over 200 materials including metals, minerals, polymers and mixtures Most of the tables have data for very wide ranges of density and internal energy, but were developed for particular applications where a particular range was required Use with caution
Training Manual
The Sesame Library is US export-controlled

Not included in standard distribution
Library can be obtained from ANSYS if required permissions are provided Can also be obtained directly from LANL
9-7
Material Models
Cumulative Damage Failure Model

Allows progressive degradation of the strength of a material
Training Manual
Early model developed to represent brittle materials under crushing

Predates the Johnson-Holmquist Model
First developed using User Subroutines

Good example of the effective combination of multiple user subroutines
9-8
Material Models
Beam Resistance Model

Strength data for the beam-resistance model is defined using four 10 point piecewise linear curves Axial Force Moment Moment Moment vs. vs. vs. vs. Axial Strain along axis 11 Curvature about axis 11 Curvature about axis 22 Curvature about axis 33
Training Manual
Load-deflection data from experiments on reinforced concrete beams fed directly into beam resistance model to obtain realistic structural response There is no inter-dependence between the four piecewise curves defining the axial, torsional and bending response of the elements
9-9
Material Models
Beam Resistance Model

Example: 1/3 Scale Pullover Tests
Experiment
Failure Load: 86kN 4KN
Training Manual
Simulation
Failure Load: 83kN 5KN
Courtesy of AWE (A), UK

9-10
Material Models
Fragment Analyzer
View and Tabulate the fragments formed during an analysis Example: Out-of-barrel Bullet Deflagration
Training Manual
Courtesy Sandia National Lab.
9-11
Material Models
Rigid Materials
Select EOS Rigid in the standard material input Fill any Unstructured Part with a rigid material Not available for Structured Parts Elements filled with a Rigid material will act as a single rigid body with mass / inertia Mass / inertia is defined by Material density and volume of filled elements Explicitly in the material definition You can use more that one Rigid material to define multiple rigid bodies
Training Manual
9-12
Material Models
Rigid Materials Example: 3D Oblique Impact
Training Manual
Deformable Projectile
Rigid Projectile
9-13
Material Models
Rigid Materials
Example: Sheet Metal Forming
Rigid Punch and Die Unstructured Shell (Quad dominant) Work Piece
Training Manual
Punch Work Piece
Die
9-14
Material Models
Orthotropic Materials
Training Manual
AUTODYN has extensive capabilities for modeling orthotropic materials under a wide range of loading conditions Orthotropic linear-elastic response (structural loading)
Orthotropic elastic stiffness matrix Linear volumetric response
Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a non-linear equation of state (transient shock loading)
Modified orthotropic elastic stiffness matrix Non-linear volumetric response
Orthotropic plasticity
Generalized quadratic plasticity surface
Orthotropic failure
Damage model Brittle Failure
9-15
Material Models
Training Manual
Use Orthotropic EOS, Yield and Softening models to obtain fully response
Orthotropic EOS Orthotropic Yield Orthotropic Softening
9-16
Material Models
Training Manual
Orthotropic materials are represented using solid continuum elements
Laminated Composite
OR
Represented by a continuum with equivalent orthotropic material properties - individual layers not represented explicitly
3 1
9-17
Material Models
Orthotropic Linear-elastic Response
Linear Equation of State implicitly assumed for the volumetric response
Training Manual
S = C-1 =
9-18
Material Models
Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a nonlinear equation of state Polynomial Shock Porous
Training Manual
9-19
Material Models
Orthotropic Plasticity
Uses Generalized quadratic plasticity surface
2 2 2 f ( ij ) = a11 11 + a22 22 + a33 33 + 2a12 11 22 + 2 2a23 22 33 + 2a13 11 33 + 2a44 23 + 2 2 2a55 31 + 2a66 12 = k
Training Manual
Shape of the surface defined by coefficients, aij Hardening defined by the parameter, k General form reduces to Hills orthotropic yield function Von-mises yield function
9-20
Material Models
Orthotropic Failure : Brittle Failure
Three orthotropic brittle failure initiation models are available Material Stress Material Strain Material Stress / Strain These allow different tensile and shear failure stresses and/or strains to be specified for each of the principal material directions
Training Manual
9-21
Material Models
OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model
The failure initiation criteria (surfaces) for this model are
Training Manual
9-22
Material Models
OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model
Training Manual
Once failure is initiated, a damage tensor is computed and used to soften the failure surfaces
9-23
Material Models
Static Tensile Test results for KEVLAR-epoxy
Training Manual
9-24
Material Models
Example: Impact of a fragment onto a GFRP target
Training Manual
9-25
Material Models
Layered Composite Shells
Intended for thin composite structures under structural (rather than shock) type loading Layered composite shells are defined during the Fill of the shell part Select the Composite button Lay-ups are applied to the mesh along with the normal initial conditions Any number of lay-ups can be defined, stored and selected Each layer can be an isotropic or orthotropic material For orthotropic materials, you must specify the 11 direction Each layer is assigned a thickness Each layer can be viewed independently
Training Manual
9-26
Material Models
Layered Composite Shells
Material models
Models compatible with standard shells can be applied to individual layers of composite shell elements Orthotropic material models can also be used Material directions need to be define Tsai-Wu, Hoffman and Tsai-Hill failure criteria can be applied Including both compressive and tensile failure strengths Bulk failure only
Training Manual
Material Directions
11 and 22 always in plane of shell 33 always through thickness Material Axes Options I-J-K (recommended) Default 11 : direction of increasing K lines Set to rotate 11 about centre of element 22 always perpendicular to 11 in plane of element X-Y-Z
9-27
Material Models
Training Manual
Example: Bird Strike on Aircraft Wing (Composite Shell used for wing)
9-28
Material Models
High Explosives Detonation process

Burn on time Initiation points / planes Burn on compression Not recommended Insufficient physics Use ignition and growth model instead
Training Manual
Expansion of detonation products (gases)

JWL Equation of State (Jones, Wilkins, Lee)
9-29
Material Models
High Explosives Detonation Process Burn on Time

Detonation is initiated at a node or plane (user defined) Detonation front propagates at the Detonation Velocity, D Cell begins to burn at time T1 Burning is complete at time T2 Chemical energy is released linearly from T1 to T2
Burn fraction increases from 0.0 to 1.0 over this time
Training Manual
Detonation Fronts T1 S1 S2 Initiation Node T1 = S1 / D T2 = S2 / D

T2 Cell
Element Variable alpha
= -T1, T<T1 = Burn fraction, T>T1

9-30
Material Models
High Explosives Detonation Process

Burn on Time
Direct Path detonation
Training Manual
Detonation paths are computed by calculating a straight line from the detonation node to each cell center (not necessarily through explosive regions)
Indirect Path detonation

Detonation paths are computed by finding either a direct path through explosive regions or by following straight line segments connecting centres of cells containing explosives Good use of direct path detonation
Bad use of direct path detonation

9-31
Material Models
High Explosives Detonation Process

Burn On Time
Indirect path with multiple initiation points
Training Manual
Detonation in the shadow zone is calculated accurately only if point #2 is defined
9-32
Material Models
High Explosives Detonation Paths

Direct Path
Training Manual
Indirect Path 1 det. point
Indirect Path 2 det. points
Indirect Path 3 det. points
9-33
Material Models
High Explosives Expansion of Detonation Products JWL EOS Used to model the rapid expansion of high explosive detonation products (gases) The JWL EOS is empirical and the data required is derived from fitting numerical experiments to physical experiments Data for a wide range of high explosives is available The pressure for the expanding gas is given by
log p
Training Manual
e P = A 1 R1
R1
+ B1 R e 2
R2
log v
+ e
where A, B, R1, R2, are empirically derived constants and = density, 0 = reference density, = / 0, e = specific internal energy
9-34
Material Models
High Explosives Expansion of Detonation Products JWL EOS

Input parameters include
EOS parameters Detonation Velocity Chemical Energy / unit volume
Training Manual
Data for most High Explosives are included in the standard material library distributed with AUTODYN Burn on compression fraction and Pre-burn bulk modulus
Not recommended, leave zero
Auto-convert to Ideal Gas

Recommended for accuracy
9-35
Material Models
High Explosives Expansion of Detonation Products JWL EOS Miller Extension
Training Manual
Non-ideal explosives, containing Aluminum (Al) or Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) can release substantial amount of energy from burning Al and AP particles after detonation Miller extension models this energy release
P = A(1
R1V
)eR1V + B(1
R2V
)eR2V +
( E + Q)
V
d = a(1 )m Pn dt
where Q= a = m= n =
additional specific energy, energy release constant, energy release exponent, pressure exponent
9-36
Material Models
High Explosives Expansion of Detonation Products JWL EOS - Energy release extension
Thermobaric explosives produce more explosive energy than conventional explosives
Typically achieved by inclusion of Aluminum Undergoes combustion with atmospheric oxygen after detonation (after-burning)
Training Manual
Additional Energy option in JWL EOS lets you model this time-dependent energy release
Energy deposition over specific time interval
9-37
Material Models
High Explosives Expansion of Detonation Products JWL EOS - Energy release extension
Training Manual
Effect of adding 2.15MJ/kg between 0.12 and 0.55 msec. to a spherical charge of 10kg TNT Longer pulse duration and increased impulse
14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
TNT + additional Energy
700 600 500 Impulse (Pa S) 400 300 200 100 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Time (ms) 0.4 0.5 0.6
TNT + additional energy TNT
Pressure (KPa)
TNT
Time (ms)
9-38
Material Models
High Explosives
Lee-Tarver Ignition & Growth Model
Equation of State used for High Explosive (HE) initiation studies Assumes ignition starts at local hot spots and grows outward from these sites Consists of three basic parts: An equation of state for the inert explosive (a choice between a Shock form or a JWL form) JWL equation of state for the reacted detonation products Reaction rate equation to describe, ignition, growth and completion of burning
Training Manual
9-39
Material Models
High Explosives
Lee-Tarver Ignition & Growth Model
Example: Sympathetic Detonation
Training Manual
0.5 km/s
0.7 km/s
9-40
1.0 km/s
Material Models
Slow-burning Explosives
Powder Burning Model
Simulates combustion of materials where dominant physical characteristic is deflagration (incendiary devices, munitions) Two phase model Gas and solid present in a cell at the same time Solid Phase: Linear/Compaction EOS Gas Phase: JWL/Exponential Burn velocity, c, dependant on gas pressure, Pg Burn rate dependent on gas pressure , Pg and burn fraction, F
Formulation: A Atwood, EK Friis and JF Moxnes, A Mathematical Model for Combustion of Energetic Powder Materials, 34th International Annual Conference of ICT, June 24-27, 2003, Karlsruhe Federal Republic of Germany
Training Manual
Numerical Cell of Volume V
Solid Particles
Gas
9-41
Material Models
Slow-burning Explosives
Powder Burn Model Model
Example: Sabot and projectile inside gun chamber
Training Manual
9-42
Material Models
Material Libraries
A collection of published material models and data is supplied with AUTODYN Accessed through Material, Load Materials can be sorted by Name, EOS, Strength or failure model All materials have an EOS defined, most a strength model and only a few have a failure model defined You can add to or modify data in the supplied library or create new libraries Data is converted into current units when it is retrieved
Training Manual
9-43
Material Models
What Material Models to use?
Training Manual
How do we choose a set of material modelling options for a particular material ?

In terms of material itself, it is relatively easy to identify the basic category that a material lies in Liquid or Solid? Isotropic or Anisotropic/Orthotropic ? Inert or Reactive? Porous or Not ? Ductile or Brittle ? Pressure Dependant Strength (cohesive) or not ?
The actual set of models used however are highly dependant on the application and the available material data Start with simple models and progress, as required, to more complex models
Lets you understand how parameters influence response and which parameters are critical for good results
9-44
Material Models
User Subroutines for Material Modeling

Modularized Material Modeling Routines let you: Build an input GUI Check the consistency of input parameters Map input parameters to solver parameters Write the solver equations Written in Fortran 90
Equation of state Strength (Yield and/or Shear) Model Failure criteria Erosion criteria
Training Manual
MDEOS_USER_1 MDSTR_USER_1 MDFAI_USER_1 MDERO_USER_1
9-45
Material Models
Training Manual
Example Layout : Strength Model

Module STR_USER_1
Declare scalar and array variables used in the model here
INIT_STR_USER_1
Define input parameters and create a menu to read them in
SET_STR_USER_1
Copy input parameters to solver scalar/array variables
CHECK_STR_USER_1
Check that input parameters are valid
SOLVE_STR_USER_1
Strength model solver
9-46
Material Models
Global and Material Erosion

Erosion is a numerical mechanism for the automatic removal (deletion) of elements during a simulation.
Removes very distorted elements before they become inverted (degenerate). Ensures time step remains reasonably large. Ensures solutions can continue to the End Time. Can be used to allow simulation of material fracture, cutting and penetration
Training Manual
In Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS), an erosion model can be specified globally

Covered in the Explicit Dynamics training course
In AUTODYN, an Erosion model can be specified for each material

Erosion is not a physical effect (or material property). It is a mechanism to combat mesh distortion
There are five options available to initiate erosion of elements in AUTODYN

Geometric Strain Plastic Strain Timestep Failure User Erosion
Program user subroutine EXEROD
9-47

ANSYS AUTODYN - Chapter 9: Material Models

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Chapter 9 Material Models

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Material Models in Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS)

AUTODYN Equation of State Strength Model Failure Model

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

AUTODYN Material Models

Models Also Available in Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS)

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

AUTODYN Additional Material Models

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Ideal Gas Equation of State

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Two Phase Equation of State

Single phase Vapour region

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

The Sesame Library is US export-controlled

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Cumulative Damage Failure Model

Early model developed to represent brittle materials under crushing

First developed using User Subroutines

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Beam Resistance Model

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Beam Resistance Model

Courtesy of AWE (A), UK

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Courtesy Sandia National Lab.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Rigid Materials Example: 3D Oblique Impact

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Punch Work Piece

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

Orthotropic materials are represented using solid continuum elements

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665

February 27, 2009 Inventory #002665