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w Tu[cv G<@ <::

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<::

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K=k LM::

u= G<
Brberi P and Lo Cascio B. 2001. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed
seed-bank size and composition. Weed Res. 41:325-340.
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M 1

10

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uTeK< u_ u= 50 e 1334 uS T] dM:: ue\
^ u T >? u_ U`< uSI e
uTe KS< U` p Kw S T>J w uw`
K<:: }u\ wU U`< c=g LK<::

Ta =
Ze Ta = k`u< u}v` L K< c=J V
uS L M:: ` `u "D Tu] SS` >?
Te}"M Tu] \ U }K< p^u= SS` d Ta
= }v^ <::
1. upT> K` S] T>J < q^M:: uSkMU `
Tu] }< < <e S` ` KwdM::
2. uT L K< }KA L V Tu] c=S` }K< nM
u5d.T@. `k L SJ `uM::
3. \ Tu]< u}u=< S }kLpKA um ` `u K<
< <e ^M:: u[l }kLpKA }^ Tu]< \ L <
K=`e LM::
4. =e uS L K< Ta = a e[e
T uwM SM SkU <:: IU wK< ke uke
uSTETE T~ K}K< [U LK >? pU L =K< T>`
<::

13

^` SW[ [ Ta =
<d ^` Ta = u}KU Tu] TS`
eM::

uTvw S^:- ` Tu] u}u=< S kLpKA `u

w ^`:- ` Tu] }kLpKA K=I u} < <e

vK< ` L u k SYS` L Tvw::

SS`::
uw} S^:S^ ` Tu] }kLpKA =<< `u K< `
L Su} ^a uS} ` TMue::
<d }M pKA SM (T):(T):- }L>< S Tu]
}q[< < <e Ua =<< }kK< <d }KA
T::
} w vKv< "vu= Tu]< ` u%EL 30 e 40
k }K< 5d.T@. `k L SS` eL> <:: 
T^ Tu] uG<K U uZe <M S }KA u` >?
}^ 30 k u%EL =G<U }K< KT`` c=n[w  u<
G<@ K=S` LM::

KTa = T> Tu]

Tu] S

u>` 2 ^U Tu] K` u} < <e U uH@`

60=.. S^M:: I Tu] S U` u Td
eLDM::
u=Uvw u} w U Tu] v ` u%EL 30
e 40 k S^M:: T>S[<U u`S<e q`=
S< uH@` 60=.. J V>U _& 50=.. ] U
75=.. "Mc=U V>U _ <:: u<e< T><
a S uH@` T>S[< Tu] SU
KM:: V>U _ 34% a c= ] 46%
a M:: "Mc=U V>U _ V 28% M::
U >?U Tu] T>S[< [U J um `u K< `
L <:: ] S vI` eLK< }S[ u%EL =<< u`
Sg `uM::

Ta =
= }a nkU

Ta = uU }S^ T>J<  Ue "K<

}a Tu] ` uU` pU L c=<M <:: }a
Tu] c< c^i Tu] ` SkLkM ` p`
=hhM `M::
c< c^i Tu] T>S\ uw< [ T>`v<
a& e[e c=U T KThhM c=J }a
Tu] V uc< c^i Tu] <e T< T
K}KA KTp[w <::
c< c^i Tu] KSkU TK< H u_ m
}a Tu] uSS` K}KA eL> J< T
` SS` LK<::

14

}a Tu]~ u}T] `u wq Tq `
p` ThhM pU cM::  c< c^i Tu] G<K< I
}a Tu] uTa = SM MkUu LK::
IU KT[  S<K< uw }wLL K` } <
<e ` Tu] SS\ ekV SS`::
uTa = SM c< c^i Tu] ` uSS`
uu<`= f TiL U` u7.5  SS` }LDM::
ed uw uT>[u<u M-dH^ ]" KTa = T>J
ukLK< T LM::

Ta = KTe}p T>[ K=c= >" du?

uG<< >? uM-dH^ ]" K< Tu] K?KA a
uMM:: IU Ju U uM-dH^ ]" pU L
T><K< Tu] S e} uSJ<& SW[} MT [
uS\ M}e}"K K=c= uS\ =G<U u"vu=< T>S[
Tu] vKS\ <:: =I uM-dH^ a T>< H u_
Tu] ukLK< KT@ K< K=c= Mnw T>g<
KA <::

uG<< >? vK< Tu] S TK< w u_
uK=c= pS^ Tu] ` }T L< KA
uT< Y^ L Sd} Kv<:: IU pU KSv
Ta = nkU }di ^M::

u_ um Uw u= KT>[ KT<U KA=
w[ SMe cK<:: <d Ta = KA= uk
}di =` u_ }d v[<u uSS]< S
}uk< <? Te SK< T[ eMM::

uTL u>` < u_ Kp~ T>kS<u 
pT< ue} S } Tu] ` i S
S`K<:: um `f a  pU uS T>S[<
Tu] nkU uSY uTu] <v
"vu=< (Ue^p ]") K=[e LM:: u>` pU L K<
SI e u"vu=< uT> u ` SV`
`uM::

u}v` }[< Ta = e?T K=J T>K< \
S_ & }hhK ` `& p~ wq S^& uU`U`
} u}KA S"M T>` `k Sup& ` `u
Sup& p~ uk [U& ui }v l` "}} \
cwM c=` <::

Ue T>kU Ta = T>< pU
KT[ }a Tu]< "K< c< <Mu ` }S J
S_ e T>g cwM TU[ c=M <::

Tk e u^ e` vK< uG<K<U Ta = H>
G<K<U }kT> vK`h "L Td} eL> <:: `f \
u? S` pU Sv =G<U Ta = k
T[ T^ K?K< }v` SJ Ku::

u= G<
15

Bationo A. 2008. Integrated soil fertility management options for agricultural

intensification in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of West Africa. Academy of Science
Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya. 204 pp.
Bationo A and Mokwunye AU. 1987. Soil fertility management of the millet producing
sandy soils of Sahelian West Africa. The Niger experience. Paper presented at the
workshop of the soil and crop management systems for rainfed agriculture in SudanoBlackie M and Albright K. 2005. A lesson learning study of the farm inputs promotions
project in Kenya with a special emphasis on public-private partnership for input provision
and possibilities for regional upscaling. Farm inputs promotion project, Nairobi, Kenya.
Blackie M and Mann CK. 2005. The origin and concept of the starter pack. In Starter
Packs: A strategy to fight hunger in Developing countries. Lessons from The Malawi
exper, 1998-2003 (Levy S, ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Dening G, Kabambe P, Sanchez P, Malik A, Flor R, Harawa R, Nkomo P, Zamba C,
Banda C, Magombo C, Keating M, Wangila J and Sachs J. 2009. Input subsidies to
improve smallholder maize productivity in Malawi towards an African green revolution.
PLOS Biology 7.
FAO. 2004. 39 countries worldwide face food crises.
Hove L, Mashingaidze N, Twomlow S, Nyathi P, Moyo M, Mupangwa W and
Masvaya E. 2006. Micro-doses, Mega Benefits. Promoting fertilizer use in Semi-arid
Zimbabwe. A manual for Extension Staff. International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics.
ICRISAT. 2000. Cost-effective soil fertility management options for smallholder
farmers in Malawi. Malawi: ICRISAT/Malawi Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. 24
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Mapfumo P and Giller KE. 2001. Soil Fertility Management Strategies and Practices by
Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Areas of Zimbabwe. International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) with permission from the Food and
Agricultural Organization (FAO). Bulawayo, Zimbabwe and Rome, Italy.
Mazvimavi K, Twomlow S and Ndlovu P. 2008. Farmer knowledge and adoption of
fertilizer micro-dosing technology in Zimbabwe. A report submitted to FAO and MTLC.
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Pender JA, Ndjeunga T, Gerald J, Edward B and Kato. 2006. Impact of Inventory
Credit, Input Supply Shops and Fertilizer Micro-dosing in the dry lands of Niger.
Annual meeting, 12-18 August 2006, Queensland, Australia.

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Reij C and Thiambiano T. 2003. Development rural et environment au Burkina Faso:

La rehabilitation de la capacite productive des terroirs sur la partie nord du plateau central
entre 1980 et 2001. Free University of Amsterdam. 80 pp.
Rusike J, Masendeke D, Twomlow SJ and Heinrich GM. 2004. Impact of Farmer
Field Schools on adoption of soil and nutrient management technologies in dry areas of
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Zimbabwe: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
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productivity and farmers income using a strategic application of fertilizers in West
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Kimetu J, eds.). Netherlands: Springer.
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Merckx R and Deckers S. 2001a. Maize yields as affected by organic inputs and urea in
the West African moist savanna. Agronomy Journal 93:1191-1199.

17

M 1

um ` `u S\ ula T[

` S] < c=q`

u S<K< }a Tu] K` u}< <

<e c=S`

c< W^i Tu] uq`= }S c=S`

18

 T^ uZe Tu] } c=S`

c< c^i Tu] }S[u < <e

` c=^

` u%EL \ < c=g

uZe } U uq`= }K< 5d.T@ `k

L Tu] c=S`

19

M-3: }k [U l` u<d
Su=
<d uUe^p u<v ]"& uu<w ? S"K< T@]" a
T>S[ Uw cwM <:: I cwM uw< H Uw uSJ
T>KM c=J u}T]U u<e< u< S> } J
Uw (u"Mc=U& ue[e uw[ T uK uSJ<) KI
Ke"D` IS<T nT> J Uw cwM <:: <d IM ?&
KT T><M c=J wpK< V vIL S I
Ux KT pTM:: u}T]U Kc<` c? u}K T@
[ KT>< m }S^ Uw cwM <:: <d Kw
S Ku? Se] () KLM:: <d }M lS~ ` c=J e
120d.T@. K=`e LM:: uw"u? "M} [U G w`H&
T < uShT <d l` L JM:: <d lS
uL T>< [U u} G<@ G w` uShT cwK<
^c< Uw uG w`H T" T M uSKM
kM:: u=I SM< }} <d cwM uU e} J pL
T<~U u}T] ivM:: [U l` Ku_ < T>vK<
<d `h }v^ <:: [U }v` e 50 uS T>J<
<d `h <Mu T>kU c=J uu?}cw [ K=S[u T>K<
S_ e uSke KU` p JM:: UU "D [U l`
< } <Mu T>kU u=JU [U <d Td Te LM::
<d [U KSq` }k [U l` SkU ue}k` w
T^ KU:: }k [U l` T>vK< V vIL ?T>"M
L SkU <:: vIL l` <e uH u_
uM T>k< u T[U <:: IU v Y^ uw<
T>< uc? uM c=J u[U p M UI`<
=s`< T>e U <:: >?& <Mu w uw
T>kU u=JU uvu< }kS<u u_ u= K=U` LM::
}k [U l` u<d
}k [U l` ue-I u"vu= [U v <k
=G<U [S< EE` ucwM w"u?  K=k` T>M
uS[ L }SW[} <:: u=IU <k SW[ upT> u_< cwM
pU }}M ` }T J< [U l` Sv uU
}S^ J< k} l` ucwK< S SK SU[ Ku::
=I K G<M>?U [S< l` cwK< w"u? ` uk }
SJ< Sw eMM:: uSJ<U [U l` K?KA cwM w"u?
U[ U <e Sv Ku:: KUdK? i/Mve cwKA
ucwM pU }}M <e T"} nT> J Tu]  Mw
uTu "vu= [U l` ` KU w"u? ` uTk
}T] pU Te S <:: }k [U l` cwM S^[
T> uJ S <?T& U@ w K<&
"vu= ` T>eTT [U S eM k^[w <:: I [V
[-[U ?T>"M ` LS nT> d }KA u[-[U ?T>"M
 SH@ T>c <::
[U U <;

20

[U TK vM}Ku x T>upM }M J pU Tc U }L>

/cwKA T> <::
[U
[V  e}< I << T>e< >? u}K
KA LK<::
S [V
S [V T>vK< I << u S <e T>kp
<:: IU TK [S< ` upKA& & ` eT>c [e T>e<
>? S uMU TK <::
G<K S [V
=I [U I << KTkp T>ev< >? G<K
S <::
sT> [V
sT> [V T>vK< I << KTkp T>ev< >?
G<K S uL c=J uw< >? ` T>\ G<K}< S Ua
<:: =I [V u3 LK<:: c<U kLM sT> [V& vK[ sT>
[V } sT> [V <::
kLM sT> [V
kLM sT> [V T>vK< S^u= < u` w J< [U
<:: =I [V Y^< uw< Mp ^U < (UdK?:common dandelion Taraxacum officinale)
vK[ sT>
sT> [V
=I [U T>^u< u` S_ <e uT>< [
T" <::
} sT>
sT> [V
} sT> [V T>^u< u`& S_ uL uT> vK
(stolons)& =G<U S_ <e uT>< (rhizomes) T" <::
=I sT> [U G<K< Kl`  uU e] <:: K=I
\ UdK? T>J< c` d` (Cynodon dactylon) <::
[U e`
[U a x x T>kdkc< ue& u<& ued& uc<&
u`h SX]& uw S  cwM ` ` uSkLkM <::
e:
e:- [U a ScM i L< L p` c=^<
IU p` ukLK< u` L }d< ue M x x =<
[M:: UdK?:-  L (common dandelion)::
<:<:- uSe < Sch "vu= T>upK< [U ^< u<<
T" K?L Td K=S LM:: u< T" T>S~ [U a
u< L KSd T>eM p` L<::

21

c<  ed:
ed:- [U ` jI ScM U K?L ukLK<
c Mwe U ed <` ^ ` Sup T>eL< p`
L< c=J u=IU T" ukLK< x x K<:: =I T>Su<
[U ` c S` (Black jack (Bidens pilosa))  V p` 
UdK? K=kc< LK<::
`h SX]:
SX]:- [U ` ` uSup T[h
Seh ` U uT uS<m `h SX] T" x
x SK<::
cwM S
S `:
`:- UU IM l` K< [U ` cwM S ` `
}kLpKA }^ Sv cwK< S< M K<:: cwM uT>cucwu
>? w< [U ` cwK< ` kLkM uT>kK< cwM p wa
^M:: u}T]U cwK< ` kLkLM Kw S K u%EL
u SM K?L Td M::
[U ` :
:- [U ` wKA u}[\ SS S
T" [U `k M:: [U a [U `k }<
u%EL dupK< u` (15d.T@. U uK Mk) U u< <e
< Kw< S K=q LK<:: I ` vI` [U
KT T>[< [ dM:: U~U Sm >?<
uM eKTp (<ewew eKJ) u>?< uSwkM =e [V
eKT>}" <::
[U ucwM L T>`c< <
[U uT>}K< SM ucwM L < `dM::
<
< ShT:
ShT:- < <d U` S T>e< U kT>< <::
[V cwK< uK < MK<:: u` <e T> <U cwK< uuK
uwn kTK<:: sT> [V cwK< uuK ` <e T><
< SkU T>eM T>e uU Mp J Y` L<::
T:T:- [U cwK< =kUu ` <e }S[< a&
e[e c=U cwK< ` hTM:: [U cwK< uK T
ShT wn K<:: u=I U cwK< =I eL> T 
uShT =k U`~ e} =J `M::
G w`:w`:- }KA Uv< T> G w` uSkU <::
[U cwM uK u T KA eLK< cwK< G w` 
MKM:: u=IU U [U uu cwM k U`~U u}
S kc JM::
K?KA+/?T>
K?KA+/?T>"L
/?T>"L :
:- [U ` cwK< U K?KA
}KA T> ?T>"M uY^< T" ` KnK<:: I ~
Y-I e} K?KA+ vLM:: K?KA+ uw< uS? }T
[U L T> vI` c=J IU K?KA }KA uT c<
w ux< =e [M:: KUdK? Nut sedges and Johnson grass }vK<
G<K X` ` I vI` L< nM::

22

cwM ^:
^:- [V u cwM p  uU w< ` T^ pU
L<:: IU [U ` <d< ` ` uSkLkM \ ^ kcM::
S`T [V:[V:- [U c< T> S` L<::
KUdK? Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) }vK [U c< q TnM
vI` K<::
ui }v T>e< [V:
[V:- [V K=e }KS }v ui
 e> J< KLK<:: Eleusine indica }vK< ` ukM <d `
K<d wLe ui }K e> uSJ KLM:: =I K?KA [V
 }kT> wLe ui U JK<::
[U l` e^
[V cwKA <& T G w` hTK<:: =I K d
J< a u=M cwM U` u} S kdM:: uSL< KU
T>< u[V T>[ iT> U` u_ u= T>kc< a
< <:: uT L vK< a [-[U ?T>"KA u< < SJ
U }K< eKT< u_ K?KA T^ [U l`
=kS< K<:: [U l` p e T>}K<
Sw Kw: }T [U ` SK T
T>`c< < T><u x SSw
[V K=`c< uT>K< Up <& l` < u"vu= L
T>eK< < < L uSSe[ SW[ l`
e^= S}KU::
` p` `u& nT> d "vu= U <e uTev
}k l` Tcw::
l` <?T < ` T>e< u= U
<e Tev::
Ze [U l` nK<:: c<U:- SLM& vIL
<::
SLM
I ` e` l`& cwM [n& Mve cwKA SkU (
[ U <)& e}^[e S_
nMLM::
` e`
e` Sq`
eK ` e` L ue }w^^ c=J u=I M V `
e` KSq` T>[< cdK<::
v e
SLM::- v e KSLM e M K=cw\ T>K<
e SLM
uTd <] SM::
<:<:- u< T" T>[ [U ` S KSLM uSe x
"vu= T>< [V ` T^< ekV T::

23

ed c<:c<:- ed u^< u<^< [U a < K?L

Td << Sup eMM:: u}T]U c uMwd< [U `
< K?L Td u< wp l` uT[ [U e` SLM
LM::
`h SX]:SX] `h SX] [U ` J< }v^<
"kl u%EL uw S (S^ Sw) Kv<::
cwM S `
}K <d ` [U U S cwM ` u=J S[M:: "MJ
[S< cwK< ` U kV upM  uU e} uJ S
u=w S[M:: Kw T>c S u<e< w< [U ` eKT>[<
w KTu] SK< u uUe SM S uw
SwLL Ku::
cwM [n
}K cwKA u Td L ^[l TU[ K[U SL
T><M kU c=M Ua T>p <:: }K cwM }K
w"u? eMM:: IU cwM w"u? SK }K [V
L } uTd` m }S`< = T> ^M::
u\ cwM d^`l u Td L u} TU[ T>S[}< cwM
` T>U e} < T>}K< u} pU L
uSL< U SLS \ [-[U ?T>"KA T>ssS< [U
w }S`< uTd< L =u< uT[ \ =c
`M:: ^_ cwKA <d cwM ` uS^[p u=S[~
k^ I < KSeu` pTK<:: u}Sdd e"D` LU
}` <d u%EL u=S[~ w< S [U K<::
<
[k d` U K?L }M p] K< SkU [S< L
Td\ u}T] \ L uSueue ` KU U^M:: =I }
T>S[< < S ` k} U K<:: <U TK <
u^S< uT>S`u >? G w` uk ` L eKT`e
[S< ` upM& u=upM "D  `M:: np ` L<
[U ` LMp ` "L< uuK u< Sq` LM::
i cwKA
i cwK< u[U L T>d\ }  i cwK< `
cM:: [U L S` }v` u T>< Ki cwK<
} <` uS` ui cwK< S G w` & T
< uSMM <:: i cwM SkU uM <?T T>J<
S ` L< (crucifers) cwKA Ki uSkU <:: IU
T>J< \ <e "vu= uSk` <:: uh S } [U
T>\ i cwM UdK? <:: u}n^>< UU "D
^_ cwKA uSkU k} J [U T[ u=MU cwKA
}cucu< u%EL T>[< c< ` Kkl a p] u}KU
cwKA  [ UkUv< J [U ` =upM ddM::
e}^[e

24

e}^[e u[V L T>`c< < `h SX]<

`h< Mk ` SM:: =IU a [U ` K?KA S^u=
"L u` <e L< e` =G<U uk uTd <e K=upK<
T>K< [U ` w eK<:: u Sq] T> Mk
K?K< S_ [U ` K?KA S^u= "L L<
S_ "M uTU `u uT>` >? =upK< =< u[M::
` ^}` L T>U Mv T[h SkU [U ` K?KA
S^u= "L S_ <e uMk uSpu` [U wpK kdM::
=G<U ` u} K= u[ <Mu [-[U ?T>"M S U
kdM:: ` TKw `h SX] [U l` (u}KU G<K
S sT> [V) =U` `M:: w =I ` ue
M T>< [U >? < Tq =G<U Mp ` <e
SwkM TK< a LD<::
S_
S_ KT T> ` e"f u[U L G<K }n^> }
d^K<:-1) SS] `h u%EL ukK< K=upK< T>K< [V M::
2) uSS] `h >? }ku\ a L uT< =upK<
u[M:: =I G<K }n^> } u L <g S_
c=vK< KT>kK< cwM S_  [U SL KLK<::
Nc S_ ` S^~ ekV u}K S w K< [U
` =upM Skeke <:: =U ukK< [U uT>kK< <` e"f
U KsT> [V uS`? [-[U ?T>"M (UdK?:- Lc?)
uSkU T <:: u` >? ` v <e T>< cwM ` `
upM u[< [V wpK uM kdM:: Nc S_
}KS< S_ ` c=` [U ` wpK 80 uS uL
kdM:: I KSkU u`h u` S"M um >? (u=e 2 ^)
K=` vM:: I <?T =J \ um `u K=[< vM::
U~U [U a =upK< eKT>[ <:: eK=I um ` `u
uK?Ku I [<U::
vIL e^
vIL (Cultural methods) S] k Te}"M x kTS
Sc& cwM ` SU[& i cwKA& cwM Tcv`&  Tu]
SS` nMLK<::
cwM x kTS
<d ` uSYS` Tce u}KA S"M [V T>upK<u x
< [M:: u=IU >? K[V Swk T><K< w< x
uSYSa S"M T>< c=J IU ue} `h u uT[U
U ue}  S Te LM:: cwM ` w S^
[U KSssU u=[U uK?L u<M ucwK< }KA S"M iT>
uS` U` u} S kdM::
cwM ` S[
cwM }K ` }K (} U p}) [U `
ShT vI` L<:: =IU vI` SwkM T =G<U
u Se <:: eK=I =I ` SkU k} [U
l` (UdK?:- [-[U U <"D) eL> kdM::

25

cwM ew`
K?L< cwM }hT> pU T>U[< vIL [U l` cwM
ew` <:: I }a w uT>v KSkU T>eM <::
uew` }\ cwKA K ew` T>\ uLk G w`& <
T [U ` ShT KA L<:: KUdK? G<K K uJ
SYS` `h iUw^ ` uew` }^ <d cwM K ew`
T>^< u}hK [U Skc< }[DM::  < G<K< cwM ew`U
<?T T>c< u}cv] } cwKA S"M KG w`& K<
KT K< L }eTT> <:: IU Td <e T>< }a
w u^ }eTS SkU u} cwKA S"M iT> `
T[ nMLM:: u}v I TK u}cv] cwKA S"M T>`
x kTS& ^ }KA w&  u}c >? x <e
T>[< ^ TS TK <::
<e e^
<e T>vK< uT L vK cwM L pU L T><K< [-[U
?T>"KA& T@">"M S<k ("L) =G<U Y-I
nMLK<::
"L [U l`
u"L [U l` <e Ml }v` [V = U `
T^ K< u}T> S[ui <:: I KT[ T>eK< u`"
S K<:: =I S [V }SMc< upK< \
uT>v SMu Spu` <:: G<K}< S V um Uw U
^< [V uS = T[ <:: I u<d<
SYSa S"M K=}u` LM:: Ze}< S [V u uSkM
(u}K KcwK< p`w J<) Te <:: S[h< uw<
e} u= vL< u_ }KS<  S uSkU
[U Te <:: I uU }S^ T>J< u<d< cwM
SYSa S"M T>< [V KTe <:: K?L< u}KA S"M
T>< [U u uSkM Te LM::
` S<k SS`
I cwM p] uTnM ` <e } S<k uS` [U
` =V uT[ SLM <:: e 200 =] c?+ _ T>`e
} S<k 20 e 30 c? KT>`e >? uTq [U ` }v
=G<U ui S^u= "L SM LM:: =I TnM
<?T u}K S KSS` S_~ kTS }e}"K& S<k
KTe}LK =[ [U ` =G<U ui }v S^u= "L
uM }L =J< V \ um `u =[< eMM:: eK=I
TnM u e 6 = Mk K< ` KSg T>eM um
cwM p] Scwcw eMM:: uSkMU T>K< S<k KS`
p]~ K30 c IM TnM::
[[-[U ?T>"M uSkU [U Sq`

26

[U u[-[U ?T>"M Sq` cwM U` U^M& Se <

Tu]U uvu< KSkU eLM:: uT L K cwM <e [U
Te u%EL L cwM Scwcw Y^ nMLM& [U ` J ^
K< U`U eM:: u U uSX] [U Sq` e]
uT>Ju >? G<@ u[-[U ?T>"M SkU LM:: ?T>"L l`
< kT@< uSYSaU J ucwM }KA S"M T>< [V
T SK< <:: I u T[U ` c=` uM kLM& >?
qu= <:: [-[U ?T>"M uSkU [U KSq` upT>
eK [-[U ?T>"KA eKnkT< SW[ <k K=` vM:: [[U ?T>"KA S^< vI`& Y^ v (mode of action)
=G<U T>S\u >? K=Su< LK<::
pS wpK [[-[U ?T>"KA
pS wpK [-[U ?T>"KA <d S^~ ekV U }^ u%EL
` SwkK< u u` L T>S\ ?T>"KA <:: =I
?T>"KA < kT@< [V u<n Ua uSq` K=`c<
T>K< < Ske <:: ` pS wpK [-[U ?T>"KA usT>
[V \ [p uJu G<@ L <?T K<U:: w< pS wpK
[-[U ?T>"KA u[n a^U <e KT>"}~ cwM
= J< p] ` <e }K<::
pS wpK [-[U ?T>"KA UdK?:

=T@K= (Pendimethalin (stomp))& S< 3.3 =.. uH@`

TS\ \ }^ 1 e 2 k u%EL::
*= (Oxadiazon)- S< 2 =.. uH@` TS\ \ }^ 1
e 2 k u%EL::
fa~a (Isoproturon)- S< 1 =.. uH@` TS\ \ }^
1 e 2 k u%EL::

I[I[-wpK [[-[U ?T>"KA

I[-wpK [-[U ?T>"KA T>S\ cwK< [S< ukK< u%EL <::
=I ?T>"KA SkU T>e< pV:- 1) ?T>"KA T>S\
[S< w u%EL SJ<& 2) ` <e T>}< p]
KS\ 3) sT> [V Sq` SL< <:: ` =I
?T>"KA <?T T>J< upK< uT L vK< [V L w <::
u}T]U =I ?T>"KA }S\ u%EL T>upK< [V Sq`
K<U::
I[-wpK [-[U ?T>"KA UdK?:2,4-=- pK c J< S d` [V KSM pTM::
TS\:- <d }^ 25 e 40 k <e <:: =I kU wKA
S` cwK< K=nK< LM:: u\ 45 k u%EL S` cwK<
T>^< ` kdM::

27

^< / Lc? (Roundup/ Glyphosate)- cwK< Ua G<K<U [U

dS` M:: eK=I I ?T>"M SS` Ku cwK< S^~
ekV ukK< [V L <:: =U 7 k u%EL <d< K=^ LM::
S^ [[-[U ?T>"KA
S^ [-[U ?T>"KA T>vK< uT>S\u >? cwK< d [S<
w T T>K< <:: KUdK?:- 2,4-= <d< cwM d pL<
c J< S [V w K M::
S`? [[-[U ?T>"KA
=I ?T>"KA uT>[u "vu= T>< T<U
K<:: TS^< pS U I[-wpK K=J LM:: ^<
(Roundup) =I ?T>"KA < UdK? <::
u= T>K< [[-[U ?T>"KA
=I ?T>"KA }M Id T>S`< c=J u` >? [U U
cwM "M ` uT>[ k} = T>K< <:: S [V
uSM <?T c=J< sT> [V S_ uL T>< }M
L< V TnM wn L<:: ` S_ u T>
[U "M (UdK?: [) KSM K<U::
c^> [[-[U ?T>"KA
c^> [-[U ?T>"KA T>vK< uY` U upM <e Mk< uSv
}K }M "M KA Sc^ T>K< <:: =I ?T>"KA
c`< T>u< ke uke c=J <?< T>< V }S\ m
k u%EL <:: 2,4-= S^ c^> [-[U ?T>"M c=J ^< V
S`? c^> [-[U ?T>"M <::
[[-[U ?T>"KA <?T SS`
[U T@
uSwkM L K< [V < uM u[-[U ?T>"KA }m <::
uT L K< [V Uw < uw u<e< eKT>`:: c^> [[U ?T>"KA }K< <e u< u%EL Uw < ` u
T>< "M M uS[e n< TK<::  c` d` vK<
q vK< sT> [V Tuw uT>U\u >? S`~ uM <?T <::
IU T>Ju U Y` L T>T< Uw [S< Tuw
uT>U`u >? Uw eKT>kS< =e }< Uw ` V [[U ?T>"K< wa Y\ eKT>`e Y\ eKT>K< <::  c`
d` sT> [V KT >LT S[ Ku Y\ <:: [-[U
?T>"M uSkU \ <? KT }K [S< T@ uT>SK
?T>"K< T>Su n ` T>< nkU SS] uw Tuw
eMM::

28

Sw
[-[U ?T>"M l` <?T } T>J< [S< u}
uT>u T@ [ T S } uT>Ju p <:: um
` KU (Tu]) S` cwK< }hT> eKT>Kw Kl`
[M::
`h/<"D
[-[U ?T>"M l` uM <?T T>J< u[c S_ L <::
U~U uT>[eu >? [U a L< S_ M uS<
uSwkM K?T>"K< eKT>K< <:: T[e sT> [V Y` Uw
U uTTE K[-[U ?T>"M uM }m `M::
}a Tu]
 Ue }a Tu] u} S K< `
gT ` uuK [-[U ?T>"M eMM:: U~U u}a
Tu] uK ` p L w< ?T>"M eKT>c` <::
` h"^ U KeLd vI`
KKM gL ` } S K< [-[U ?T>"M eMM:: IU
Ju U =I ` ?T>"K< KTup/KTc` T>M
uK p e (surface area) eLL< <:: u\ gT `
e} p e (surface area) eLK< uU e} ?T>"M eMM::
` `u
` L T>S\ [-[U ?T>"KA SS^< u [S<
?T>"KA =e ` <e um `u S` Ku:: vnL =I
?T>"KA u\ G<@ T>W\ Vn `w uJ ` L <::
` <e T>k\
T>k\ ?T>"M p]/n
p]/n
 ^= K< [-[U ?T>"KA K = uJ S `
<e T>q p]/n }K<:: uSJ<U uk cwM p
T>S[~ cwM K=I [-[U ?T>"KA }m SJ
KSJ< u_< upT> Sw Ku::
[[-[U ?T>"KA SkU T>eK< `
cwM <
cwM < KSke [-[U ?T>"KA uK< cwM [ L
SS` Kv<:: T>K< [ uU kV SS` cwK< K=<
U K=K< LM:: uU uT>S`u >? V cwK< `
^ `M::

29

uc< L T>`e <

Kc Ked vL< e} S`T [-[U ?T>"KA KSkU
T>e^ ` Kv<U:: ` ?T>"K< ` k} = T>`<
c< eL>< no G<K< T[ `uM::
[V SLS
u [U ewew (populations) <e uU e} l` L< }KA
w upU L K< [-[U ?T>"KA u}a SssU vI`
K=^< LM:: I SssU vI` u` G<@ U uTS` eI}
T>S dJ u}a u[SM T>[e <:: =I vI` uU M
M Sc U I vI` < }KA dl ` ^K<:: u=IU
U [-[U ?T>"M (?T>"KA) u "vu= S
S V SkU =I }ssT> [V ue =v< `M::
u}T]U K[-[U ?T>"KA }m J< [V Te K}ssT>
uM =e M `LM:: eK=I }K n }v`
(mechanisms of action) L< [-[U ?T>"KA Tp [V SLS
e SLM eMM::
[[-[U ?T>"KA SLS Sq`

cwM T^[p }K ew` L< [-[U ?T>"KA SkU

SW[ eKT>` SLS kdM::
}K }v` L< [-[U ?T>"KA T^[p::
}K }v` L< [-[U ?T>"KA vMq SkU::
T>M c=J ` >? w q}< T> n LD< [[U ?T>"KA SkU:: [U >? T>q ?T>"KA uno
SkU u "vu= V KSkU::
[-[U ?T>"KA K?KA [U Sq] ` k
SkU::
[U ` U K?L S^u= "M `& `h SX] U cwM
p] ` K?L Td S \ S}M::
[V uM }m uT>J<u >? w [-[U ?T>"KA SkU::
\ \ G<@ K<?T l` S c=J w [-[U
?T>"KA SkU::
S` SX] uvu< S S::
cwM uT` }hT> SS`::

K[K[-[U ?T>"KA T>[< no `U

[-[U ?T>"KA I uT`c<u x SkS Kv<::

K[-[U K[-}v ?T>"KA S` KSkU:: K[-[U
?T>"KA UkUu S` L "[U" T>M G< S::
[-[U ?T>"KA ue M K?L Td c e}
L< S`< Sq] SkU::

30

\ S<k kk vKu e} e uT>`u c [-[U

?T>"KA S`::
u24 c <e w uTupu >? ?T>"KA S`::
[-[U ?T>"KA KS` }eTT> J Kvue K=` vM
(K S`/M& q ?T>"M T>LM }[K Mwe
SMue K SkU& u<e T T[& S}h/]e_}`
SkU)::
?T>"M < n Ze >? u<I < TKpKp S`<
SS` =U u}u=< x Te::

31

M-1: <d [U

ued T" T>< <d [U

c` X` (uK } )
o?T X`

32

<d wLe ui }K e
ue T><  L (Cocklebur
) a

33

u= G<
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