Physics 212

Lecture 14
Biot-Savart Law
0 I ds r dB = 2 4 r

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Professor Longhair John Cleary Allen Toussaint David Egan Henry Butler

Theme of week: New Orleans piano players If you have a chance to ever see him, DO I never miss him at Jazzfest
Physics 212 Lecture 4

Your Comments
Can we go over most of the checkpoints, concepts seem to be getting more difficult now. We need a catchy or an easy way to remember how to differentiate between all the different right-hand rules. Too many variations of the right hand rule. besides that, everything is confusing torque on current carrying wires direction of torque! The torque stuff confuses me beyond belief. I am very confused with the checkpoints. I don't understand how to find the net torque of wires!!!!!

See next slide

Torque is always rXF We will discuss torque for wires

Too many right hand rules. I had to use my left hand sometimes... If I miss any that will be my excuse.
05

Hour Exam II Wed. Oct. 26

Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 3

Right Hand Rule Review

1. ANY CROSS PRODUCT

F = qv B

F = IL B

= r F
dB =

= B
0 I ds r 4 r 2

2. Direction of Magnetic Moment

Fingers: Current in Loop Thumb: Magnetic Moment

3. Direction of Magnetic Field from Wire

Fingers: Magnetic Field Thumb: Current
06

Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 4

What is it?

Biot-Savart Law:

Fundamental law for determining the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field due to an element of current
We can use this law to calculate the magnetic field produced by ANY current distribution BUT Easy analytic calculations are possible only for a few distributions: Axis of Current Loop

Infinite Straight Wire

Plan for Today: Mainly use the results of these calculations!!

GOOD NEWS: Remember Gauss Law? Allowed us to calculate E for symmetrical charge distributions
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NEXT TIME: Introduce Amperes Law Allows us to calculate B for symmetrical current distributions
Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 5

B from infinite line of current

Integrating dB =
0 I ds r gives result 2 4 r

Magnitude:
0 I B= 2 r 0 = 4 10 7 Tm / A
r = distance from wire B r
Current I OUT

Direction: Thumb: Fingers: on I curl in direction of B

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 6

Currents + Charges
A long straight wire is carrying current from left to right. Two identical charges are moving with equal speed. Compare the magnitude of the force on charge a moving directly to the right, to the magnitude of the force on charge b moving up and to the right at the instant shown (i.e. same distance from the wire).
v v (a)

(b)

F
I

a) |Fa |> |Fb| b) |Fa |= |Fb| c) |Fa |< |Fb|

F = qv B
| F |= qvB sin
Same q, |v|, B and (=90)!

Forces are in different directions

28
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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 7

Adding Magnetic Fields

Two long wires carry opposite current B

x
x
What is the direction of the magnetic field above, and midway between the two wires carrying current at the point marked X?

A) Left

B) Right

C) Up

D) Down

E) Zero

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 8

Force between current-carrying wires

I towards d us F B
F12 = I 2 L B
F12 = I 2 L

o I1 2d

Another I towards us

Conclusion: Currents in same direction attract! I towards us d

B F Another I away from us

Conclusion: Currents in opposite direction repel!

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 9

Checkpoint 1
X

What is the direction of the force on wire 2 due to wire 1? A) Up B) Down C) Into Screen D) Out of screen E) Zero

What is the direction of the torque on wire 2 due to wire 1? A) Up B) Down C) Into Screen D) Out of screen E) Zero

Uniform force at every segment of wire No torque about any axis

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 10

Checkpoint 3a

What is the direction of the force on wire 2 due to wire 1?

A) Up

B) Down

C) Into Screen

D) Out of screen

E) Zero

Since at wire 2 the field due to wire 1 will be to the left as well. I1 * I2 is negative so the force will point down Add the two b forces and you get a force that goes out of the page and to the left B points in the same direction as I.

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WHY?? DRAW PICTURE !!

Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 11

Consider Force on Symmetric Segments!

B I B F out of screen
r r Wire 1

F into screen

Wire 2

Net Force is Zero!

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 12

Checkpoint 3b

What is the direction of the torque on wire 2 due to wire 1?

A) Up

B) Down

C) Into Screen

D) Out of screen

E) Zero
B

the right side rotates in, and the left side rotates out. using the right hand rule of the two wires the resultant will be down The net torque should also be zero because the magnetic field generated by each wire is moving parallel to the current of the other wire.
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i B F out of screen

i F into screen

Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 13

Checkpoint 2
A current carrying loop of width a and length b is placed near a current carrying wire. How does the net force on the loop compare to the net force on a single wire segment of length a carrying the same amount of current placed at the same distance from the wire? the loop has no force and the wires cancel each other but the wire on the loop has a force the segment a get the same force for both but in the loop segment b get an opposite force so the net force on the loop is smaller The loop wire has forces that all cancel out while the other straight wire doesn't.

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A. The forces are in opposite directions A B. The net forces are the same B C. The net force on the loop is greater than the net force on the wire segment C D D. The net force on the loop is smaller than the net force on the wire segment E E. There is no net force on the loop Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 14

Checkpoint 2
A current carrying loop of width a and length b is placed near a current carrying wire. How does the net force on the loop compare to the net force on a single wire segment of length a carrying the same amount of current placed at the same distance from the wire? Ftop + Fbottom =0

B1
F1 F2

B2

B1
F1

B ~ 1/R

B1 > B2 Fnet

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A. The forces are in opposite directions A B. The net forces are the same B C. The net force on the loop is greater than the net force on the wire segment C D D. The net force on the loop is smaller than the net force on the wire segment E E. There is no net force on the loop Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 15

B on axis from Current Loop

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 16

What about Off-Axis ??

Biot-Savart Works, but need to do numerically

See Simulation !!
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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 17

Two Current Loops

Two identical loops are hung next to each other. Current flows in the same direction in both. The loops will:
A) Attract each other B) Repel each other

Two ways to see this: 1) Like currents attract

2) Look like bar magnets

N
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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 18

Right Hand Rule Review

1. ANY CROSS PRODUCT

F = qv B

F = IL B

= r F
dB =

= B
0 I ds r 4 r 2

2. Direction of Magnetic Moment

Fingers: Current in Loop Thumb: Magnetic Moment

3. Direction of Magnetic Field from Wire

Fingers: Magnetic Field Thumb: Current
06

Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 19

Calculation
Two parallel horizontal wires are located in the vertical (x,y) plane as shown. Each wire carries a current of I =1A flowing in the directions shown. What is the B field at point P?
y y

I1=1A

.
4cm 4cm I2=1A Front view
x z 3cm

Side view

Conceptual Analysis
Each wire creates a magnetic field at P B from infinite wire: = 0 / 2 2r Total magnetic field at P obtained from superposition

Strategic Analysis
Calculate B at P from each wire separately Total B = vector sum of individual B fields

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 20

Calculation
Two parallel horizontal wires are located in the vertical (x,y) plane as shown. Each wire carries a current of I =1A flowing in the directions shown. What is the B field at point P?
y y

I1=1A

.
4cm 4cm I2=1A Front view
x z 3cm

Side view
y y

What is the direction of B at P produced by the top current I1?

y y y

.
z

.
P
z

.
P
z

.
P
z

.
P
z

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 21

Calculation
Two parallel horizontal wires are located in the vertical (x,y) plane as shown. Each wire carries a current of I =1A flowing in the directions shown. What is the B field at point P?
y y

I1=1A

.
4cm 4cm I2=1A Front view
x z 3cm

Side view
y y

What is the direction of B at P produced by the bottom current I2?

y y y

.
z

.
P
z

.
P
z

.
P
z

.
P
z

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 22

Calculation
Two parallel horizontal wires are located in the vertical (x,y) plane as shown. Each wire carries a current of I =1A flowing in the directions shown. What is the B field at point P?
y y

I1=1A

.
4cm 4cm I2=1A Front view
x z 3cm

Side view
y

What is the direction of B at P?

y y y

.
z

.
P
z

.
90o P
z

.
P
z

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 23

Calculation
Two parallel horizontal wires are located in the vertical (x,y) plane as shown. Each wire carries a current of I =1A flowing in the directions shown. What is the B field at point P?
y y

I1=1A

.
4cm 4cm I2=1A Front view
x z 3cm

B=

0 I 2 r

Side view

What is the magnitude of B at P produced by the top current I1? (0 = 4 x 107 T-m/A) (A) 4.0 x 106 T What is r?
r = distance from wire axis to P
z

(B) 5.0 x 106 T

(C) 6.7 x 106 T

y

.
4cm r 3cm

r = 32 + 42 = 5cm

0 I (4 107 ) 1 B= = = 40 107 2 r 2 .05

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Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 24

Calculation
Two parallel horizontal wires are located in the vertical (x,y) plane as shown. Each wire carries a current of I =1A flowing in the directions shown. What is the B field at point P? Btop = 4 X 10-6 T
y y

I1=1A

.
4cm 4cm I2=1A Front view
x z 3cm

Side view

What is the magnitude of B at P? (0 = 4 x 107 T-m/A) (A) 3.2 x 106 T

y

(B) 4.8 x 106 T

(C) 6.4 x 106 T

(D) 8.0 x 106 T

.
4cm z

5cm
3cm

B1 B2

B1x = B1 cos
4 Bx = 2 B1 cos = 2 4 10 6 = 6.4 10 6 5

B2 x = B2 cos
Physics 212 Lecture 14, Slide 25

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