Physics 212 y

Lecture 10
Today's Concept: T d ' C t Kirchhoff s Kirchhoffs Rules
Circuits with resistors & batteries

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Norah Jones Diana Krall Jane Monheit Nina Simone Marcia Ball

A little gender equality g q y Anyone know the connection between Oscar Peterson and Diana Krall? Krall? Both great Canadian jazz pianists Peterson was one of Kralls mentors
Physics 212 Lecture 10

Your Comments:
I usually can't RESIST putting some lecture thoughts down but I can t down, CURRENTLY I need to DROP in my bed to GAIN some sleep. ;) Resistance Is Futile! All voltages will be assimilated. your individual Resistance assimilated currents will be added to our own. I thought I had this, now you lost me. I don't I understand how to figure out where the currents are going. going. how current flows and di ti h t fl d direction, h how many currents can there be The example with the wire connecting A and B between the resistors was confusing. I worked it out on paper and it seems like there should be a flow. flow
This is Thi i a great example t l well do it at the end to make sure of the concepts

Well start simply, with the checkpoints, then to a calculation

Saw an Explosions in the Sky concert after the exam last night. It was Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide electrifying.

Todays Plan:
Summary of Kirchoffs rules these are the key concepts Example problem Review Checkpoints e ew hec po nts

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 4

Last Time
Resistors i series: R i t in i
Current through is same. Voltage drop across is IRi

Reffective R1 R2 R3 ...

Resistors in parallel:
Voltage drop across is same. Current through is V/Ri

1 Reffective

1 1 1 ... R1 R2 R3

Solved Circuits
R1 V

R2

R3 R4

I1234

R1234

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 5 5

New Circuit
R1 R3 V1 V2 R2

How Can We Solve This One?

R1 V1 V2 R3 R2 V
I1234

R12

THE ANSWER: Kirchhoffs Rules Kirchhoff s

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 6 5

Kirchoffs Voltage Rule

Kirchoff s Kirchoff's Voltage Rule states that the sum of the voltage changes caused by any elements (like wires, batteries, and resistors) around a circuit must be zero.

WHY? The potential difference between a point and itself is zero !

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 7

Kirchoffs Current Rule

in

I out

Kirchoff s Kirchoff's Current Rule states that the sum of all currents entering any given point in a circuit must equal the sum of all currents leaving the same point.

WHY? Electric Charge is Conserved

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 8

Checkpoint 1
How many potentially different currents are there in the circuit shown?

A. 3

B. 4

C. 5

D. 6

E. 7

There is only one node, splitting the initial current into two separate currents, meaning that there are 3 separate currents in the circuit. A The original+ 2 split+1 when they join back B together=4 C Electric D potential decreases in every resistor.

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 9

Checkpoint 1
How many potentially different currents are there in the circuit shown?

I1

I3 I2

I1

I3

A. 3

B. 4

C. 5

D. 6

E. 7

Look at the nodes! Top node: I1 flows in, I2 and I3 flow out
A B Bottom C D

node: I2 and I3 flow in, I1 flows out

That s Thats all of them!

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 10

Checkpoint 2
In the following circuit, consider the loop abc. The direction of the current through each resistor is indicated by black arrows. g y DROP

If we are to write Kirchoff's voltage equation for this loop in the clockwise direction starting from point a, what is the correct order of voltage gains/drops that we will encounter for resistors R1, R2 and R3? A 60 drop, gain, gain A. drop, drop, drop B. gain, gain, gain C. B gain, drop, drop D. E. drop, drop, gain 50 C D 40 E
30 20

GAIN

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 11

0

10

Checkpoint 2
In the following circuit, consider the loop abc. The direction of the current through each resistor is indicated by black arrows. g y DROP

If we are to write Kirchoff's voltage equation for this loop in the clockwise direction starting from point a, what is the correct order of voltage gains/drops that we will encounter for resistors R1, R2 and R3? A A. drop, drop, drop B. gain, gain, gain C. drop, gain, gain B gain, drop, drop D. E. drop, drop, gain C D E

With the current Against the current

GAIN

VOLTAGE DROP VOLTAGE GAIN Physics 212

Lecture 10, Slide 12

1 2 1

2V 1V 1V I2

Calculation
In this circuit, assume Vi and Ri are known. What is I2 ??

Conceptual Analysis:

Strategic Analysis

Circuit behavior described by Kirchhoffs Rules: KVR: Vdrops = 0 p KCR: Iin = Iout

Write down Loop Equations (KVR) Write down Node Equations (KCR) Solve

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 13

R1
+ +

V1
-

I1 I2 I3

Calculation
In this circuit, assume Vi and Ri are known. What is I2 ??

R2
+ - +

V2
-

R3
+ +

V3
-

(1) Label and pick directions for each current (2) Label the + and side of each element
This is easy for batteries For resistors, the upstream side is + Now write down loop and node equations

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 14

R1
+ +

V1
-

I1 I2 I3

Calculation
In this circuit, assume Vi and Ri are known. What is I2 ??

R2
+ - +

V2
-

R3
+ +

V3
-

How many equations do we need to write down in order to solve for I2? (A) 1 Why??

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4

(E) 5

We have 3 unknowns: I1, I2, and I3 We need 3 independent equations to solve for these unknowns

( ) (3) Choose loops and directions p

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 15

R1
+ +

V1
-

I1 I2 I3

Calculation
In this circuit, assume Vi and Ri are known. What is I2 ??

R2
+ - +

V2
-

R3
+ +

V3
-

Which of the following equations is NOT correct? (A) (B) (C) (D) I 2 = I1 + I 3 - V1 + I1R1 - I3R3 + V3 = 0 - V3 + I3R3 + I2R2 + V2 = 0 - V2 I2R2 + I1R1 + V1 = 0

(4) Write down voltage drops (5) W i down node equation Write d d i

Why??

(D) is an attempt to write down KVR for the top loop g g Start at negative terminal of V2 and go clockwise Vgain (-V2) then Vgain (-I2R2) then Vgain (-I1R1) then Vdrop (+V1)
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 16

R1 R2 R3

V1 V2 V3

I1 I2 I3

Calculation
In this circuit, assume Vi and Ri are known. What is I2 ?? We need 3 equations: Which 3 should we use? A) Any 3 will do B) 1, 2, and 4 C) 2, 3, and 4

We have the following 4 equations: 1. 2. 2 3. 4. I2 = I1 + I 3 - V1 + I1R1 - I3R3 + V3 = 0 - V3 + I3R3 + I2R2 + V2 = 0 - V2 I2R2 - I1R1 + V1 = 0

Why??

We need 3 INDEPENDENT equations q , , Equations 2, 3, and 4 are NOT INDEPENDENT Eqn 2 + Eqn 3 = - Eqn 4 We must choose Equation 1 and any two of the remaining ( 2, 3, and 4)
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 17

R1 R2 R3

V1 V2 V3

I1 I2 I3

Calculation
In this circuit assume Vi and Ri are known circuit, known. What is I2 ?? We have 3 equations and 3 unknowns.
I2 = I1 + I 3 V1 + I1R1 - I3R3 + V3 = 0 V2 I2R2 - I1R1 + V1 = 0

R 2R R

2V V V

I1 I2 I3

(6) Solve the equations The solution will get very messy!
Simplify: assume V2 = V3 = V V1 = 2V R1 = R3 = R R2 = 2R

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 18

Calculation: Simplify
In this circuit, assume V and R are known.
R 2R R 2V V V I1 I2 I3
current direction

What is I2 ??

We have 3 equations and 3 unknowns.

I2 = I1 + I 3 -2V + I1R - I3R + V = 0 (outside) -V I2(2R) - I1R + 2V= 0 (top)

With this simplification, you can verify:

I2 = ( 1/5) V/R I1 = ( 3/5) V/R I3 = (-2/5) V/R

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 19

FollowFollow-Up
R 2R
a b

2V V V

I1 I2 I3

We know:

I2 = ( 1/5) V/R I1 = ( 3/5) V/R ) I3 = (-2/5) V/R

(A) (B) (C) (D) ( )

Suppose we short R3: Vab Vab Vab Vab remains the same changes sign increases g goes to zero

What happens to Vab (voltage across R2?)

R Why? Redraw: 2R
a b

2V V V
c

I1 I2 I3

Bottom Loop Equation: Vab + V V = 0 Vab = 0

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 20

Is there a current flowing between A and B ?

A) Yes B) No
A & B have the same potential Current flows from battery and splits at A No current flows between A & B Some current flows d S t fl down Some current flows right
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 21

Checkpoint 3a
Consider the circuit shown below. Note that this question is not identical to the similar looking one I1 I2 y you answered in the p prelecture.

Which of the following best describes the current flowing in the blue wire connecting points a and b? A. Positive current flows from a to b B. Positive current flows from b to a C. No current flows between a and b

current flowing through R is greater than current flowing through 2R, so current must flow from a to b potential at b is higher than that at a p g It has equal to the top and bottom of it
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 22

Checkpoint 3a
Consider the circuit shown below. Note that this question is not identical to the similar looking one I1 I2 y you answered in the p prelecture. I2

I1

I3

I4

Which of the following best describes the current flowing in the blue wire connecting points a and b? Which of the following best describes theB. Positive current flows from b connecting points a and b? current flowing in the blue wire to a A. Positive current flows from a to b C. No current flows between a and b

I1R I2 (2R) = 0 I4R I3 (2R) = 0 a: I1 = I + I3 b: I + I2 = I4

I2 = I1 I4 = 2 I 3

I1 - I3 + I1 = 2I3

I1 = 2I3

I = +I3
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 23

Prelecture

Checkpoint

What is the same?

Current flowing in and out of the battery

2R 3 2R 3

What is different?

Current flowing from a to b

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 24

I
2/ I 3 1/ I 3

R a R

2R b

V
2/ I 3

V/2
2R

1/ I 3

2/ I 3 2 1/ I 3

1/ I 3 1/ I 0 3 1/ I 3 2/ I 3

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 25

Consider the circuit shown below.

Checkpoint 3b

In which case is the current flowing in the blue wire connecting points a and b the largest? A. Case A B. Case B C. They are both the same

since there is less resistance the voltage drop is less. so the current is greater The current will want t avoid th 4R more th it will want t avoid th 2R Th t ill t to id the than ill t to id the 2R. Since the resistance on both top and bottom is the same, the current in a line 'ab'' (in both cases) is zero. ab
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 26

Consider the circuit shown below.

Checkpoint 3b
IA IB

In which case is the current flowing in the blue wire connecting points a and b the largest? A. Case A B. Case B C. They are both the same

Current will flow from left to right in both cases In both cases Vac = V/2 cases, I2R = 2I4R IA = IR I2R = IR 2I4R IB = IR I4R
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 27

Model for Real Battery: Internal Resistance

+
r V0 R VL V0

VL

Usually cant supply t much current t th U ll t l too h t to the load without voltage sagging
Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 28

( ) (1) Label all currents

Choose any direction

Kirchhoffs Laws
R1
A

(2) Label +/- for all elements

Current goes + - (for resistors) Battery signs fixed!

I1 + R2 I2 + R5 + V3 I3 R3 + + I 5 I4 R4 +

+ + V - 1

(3) Choose loops and directions

Must start on wire, not element.

(4) Write down voltage drops

First sign you hit is sign to use. Iin = Iout

V2

(5) Write down node equations q (6) Solve set of equations

Physics 212 Lecture 10, Slide 29 17