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Spring 2011
The pH scale
used to measure hydrogen ions (H+) pH = power of hydrogen Litmus Test:
pH < 7 is an ACID 7 is NEUTRAL (6.5 7.5) pH > 7 is a BASE
LITMUS PAPER
Properties of acids
Have hydrogen ions (H+) Have a sour or tangy taste Acids are electrolytes: they have dissolved ions that conduct electricity Turn litmus paper red Ex: fruits, coffee, vinegar
Properties of Bases
Have hydroxide (OH-) ions Have a bitter taste Are electrolytes Turn litmus paper blue Ex: shampoo, detergent, antacids
3 Strong Bases
NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
Indicators
Dyes that turns colors based on pH weak acids or weak bases Universal indicator is a mix of several
Litmus Paper
Red = acid Blue = base
Phenolphthalein
Clear in acids Pink > pH 8
Universal Indicator
A mix of several indicators Changes color at each pH
Common Indicators
ACID
The pH scale
measure hydrogen ion (H+) content pH = power of hydrogen range from 0 to 14
0 = very acidic 14 = very basic
BASE
ACID
BASE
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
pH and pOH
equation for switching between pH and pOH scales: pH + pOH = 14
+] [H
-] [OH
What is neutralization?
double-replacement reaction between an acid and a base products are water and a salt Salts are ionic compounds:
cation from a base anion from an acid
General Equation:
Acid + Base -orHX + QOH acid base QX + HOH salt water Salt + H2O
Titration
Neutralization is done by titration drop-by-drop mixing of acid and base until the solution is neutral (pH = 7)