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Acids and Bases Notes

Spring 2011

What is an acid or base?


A solution!
Acid Solute: hydrogen ions (H+) Base Solute: hydroxide ions (-OH) Solvent: water

The pH scale
used to measure hydrogen ions (H+) pH = power of hydrogen Litmus Test:
pH < 7 is an ACID 7 is NEUTRAL (6.5 7.5) pH > 7 is a BASE
LITMUS PAPER

Properties of acids
Have hydrogen ions (H+) Have a sour or tangy taste Acids are electrolytes: they have dissolved ions that conduct electricity Turn litmus paper red Ex: fruits, coffee, vinegar

Properties of Bases
Have hydroxide (OH-) ions Have a bitter taste Are electrolytes Turn litmus paper blue Ex: shampoo, detergent, antacids

Strong vs. Weak


A strong solution is (lots of solute) is close to the edge of the pH scale Strong = more dangerous Strong Acids = pH 0 - 1 Strong Bases = pH 13 - 14

Strong Acids and Bases


3 Strong Acids
HCl hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid

3 Strong Bases
NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide

Indicators
Dyes that turns colors based on pH weak acids or weak bases Universal indicator is a mix of several

Litmus Paper
Red = acid Blue = base

Phenolphthalein
Clear in acids Pink > pH 8

Universal Indicator
A mix of several indicators Changes color at each pH

Common Indicators

ACID

The pH scale
measure hydrogen ion (H+) content pH = power of hydrogen range from 0 to 14
0 = very acidic 14 = very basic

BASE

ACID

The pOH scale


Power of OH (hydroxide) How basic something is depends on hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration OPPOSITE OF pH!
0 = very basic 14 = very acidic

BASE

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

pH and pOH
equation for switching between pH and pOH scales: pH + pOH = 14

Formulas pH= -log


+] [H (-pH) 10

+] [H

pOH= -log [OH-]


(-pOH) 10

-] [OH

What is neutralization?
double-replacement reaction between an acid and a base products are water and a salt Salts are ionic compounds:
cation from a base anion from an acid

General Equation:
Acid + Base -orHX + QOH acid base QX + HOH salt water Salt + H2O

Titration
Neutralization is done by titration drop-by-drop mixing of acid and base until the solution is neutral (pH = 7)

Weak vs. Strong


Strong acid + strong base = neutral Weak acid + weak base = neutral Weak acid + strong base = ? Strong acid + weak base = ?

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